Net Oil Importer Research Articles

Volatility Transmission between Oil Price and Exchange Rate

This article presents a study on the transmission of oil price volatility to the exchange rates of 14 countries (net oil exporters and importers) during the period from 02/01/2000 to 31/11/2022. The aim is to compare the effect of oil price fluctuations on exchange rate volatility based on the country's nature. Using ARCH, GARCH, and GARCH-BEKK models, our results reveal that the real effective exchange rate is significantly linked to fluctuations in the real oil price for both categories of countries: oil importers and exporters. These findings have important implications for monetary, fiscal, inflationary, and trade policies for these countries.

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

Asymmetric effects of oil demand and oil supply shocks on New Zealand's trade

We analyze how different types of oil price shocks affect trade and whether these effects are asymmetric. Our focus is on New Zealand, which has historically been a net oil importer but recently transitioned to an import-only model to meet its needs for finished petroleum products. The analysis proceeds in two stages. First, we identify oil supply shocks, aggregate demand shocks, and oil-specific demand shocks using a recursive structural vector autoregression model. Then, we study whether the effects of these shocks on New Zealand's exports to and imports from its key trading partners—Australia, China, and the United States—are asymmetric using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models. The results show differences in the effects of different types of oil price shocks on exports and imports in the short and long run; however, there is limited evidence of asymmetries in these effects, especially in the case of exports. Exports to Australia and China, the most critical markets for New Zealand's exporters, are largely insensitive to oil price shocks.

Does agricultural trade respond asymmetrically to oil price shocks? Evidence from New Zealand

AbstractDo rising oil prices affect agricultural trade differently from falling oil prices? We answer this question using data on New Zealand, a net importer of oil and a net exporter of agricultural commodities. We consider a disaggregated approach, analysing exports and imports of five key commodity classes; nonlinear autoregressive lag models are employed to conduct the analysis. We find considerable evidence suggesting asymmetries in the effects of oil price shocks on agricultural trade in the long and the short run. Furthermore, in the long run, agricultural exports and imports appear to be largely insensitive to foreign and domestic real income, respectively; there is limited evidence for imports and exports being associated with the real effective exchange rate. In the short run, however, income and exchange rates are associated with imports and exports.

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

Do institutions matter for oil prices and economic growth relationship?: A regulatory policy implication

This study empirically investigates the moderating effect of institutional quality on the oil price-economic growth relationship among selected African oil-importing economies for a thirty-year period from 1990 to 2020. The study employs a panel autoregressive distributed lag (PARDL) model using a pooled mean group estimator (PMG) with oil price and institutional quality as the main variables. Results from the analyses indicate that oil price increase has a negative effect on economic growth in oil-importing countries and these results are consistent with the previous findings by Kudabayeva et al. (2024) amongst others. Moreover, the study established a positive and significant effect of institutional quality on economic growth. The positive and significant effect of the interaction term between oil price and institutional quality suggests that better quality institutions are critical for moderating the negative effects of oil price changes on economic growth, consistent with findings by Abdelsalam (2023). The findings from this study suggest that net oil importers should focus on eliminating dependency on oil energy and promote investment into alternative non-petroleum renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Policy reforms should focus on strengthening of robust institutions to mitigate the effects of oil price shocks and promote the growth prospects of African countries.

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

The role of renewable energy in hedging against oil price risks: A study of OECD net oil importers

The role of renewable energy in hedging against oil price risks: A study of OECD net oil importers

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

The Terms of Trade Effect on Agriculture Export the Case of Indonesia as a Net Oil Importer Country

This study investigates the effects of changes in terms of trade (t.o.t) on economic indicators in net oil-importing countries. Findings demonstrate that improving trade conditions lead to increased profitability, investment opportunities, and capital accumulation, although the pace of accumulation slows down after an initial period of rapid growth. The study also highlights the positive impact of trade terms on foreign debt in developing economies, as enhanced terms of trade contribute to higher export revenues and better capacity to service debt obligations. The study suggests two measures: strengthening domestic energy production and implementing hedging strategies to mitigate the impact of oil price fluctuations on foreign debt. Furthermore, the analysis explores the influence of terms of trade on employment, interest rates, capital costs, net oil imports, final output, and agricultural product exports. These indicators are affected by changes in terms of trade, driven by factors such as increased productivity, shifts in comparative advantage, and market dynamics. Overall, this study emphasizes the significance of terms of trade in shaping economic dynamics and provides insights into policy measures to enhance energy security, reduce oil import dependency, and promote economic resilience in net oil-importing countries.

Potential Revealed for Hydrogen Production From Offshore Wind in Uruguay

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 31879, “Assessment of the Potential for Hydrogen Production From Bottom‑Fixed Offshore Wind in Uruguay,” by Juan Tomasini, SPE, Pablo Gristo, SPE, and Santiago Ferro, SPE, ANCAP, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ With almost the entire electricity matrix having been decarbonized, the next step in the Uruguayan energy transition includes the development of a hydrogen economy. In the complete paper, the authors present the results of the assessment of two regions suitable for bottom-fixed offshore wind energy (OWE) technologies. Results are encouraging and could lead to new possibilities in supporting the development of a hydrogen economy. Introduction For Uruguay, hydrogen is expected to play an important role in tackling the various challenges of the second phase of decarbonization; it holds the potential for use in the transport sector and in raw materials and chemical products. Having no oil production, Uruguay is a net oil importer; therefore, the extensive use of hydrogen in the domestic market may have a profound effect on the national economy and energy sovereignty. Preliminary findings show that Uruguay may have hydrogen production costs between $1.2 and $1.4/kg, placing the country among the world’s net exporters. Green Hydrogen Production From Offshore Renewable Energy Compared with onshore wind, OWE presents several advantages, including a greater capacity of each turbine (fewer turbines required for the same wind-farm capacity) and the availability of larger areas (allowing larger wind-farm capacity). Even if bottom-fixed is the predominant technology for OWE projects, floating technology is attracting increasing investment and public policy support because of its potential to access wind resources at water deeper than 40 m, where bottom-fixed may be less feasible technically, economically, or logistically. Green Hydrogen Production. Contrasting with blue or gray hydrogen (produced from fossil fuels with or without carbon capture and storage, respectively), green hydrogen provides the lowest near-zero-emissions option. Green hydrogen can be produced through the gasification of biomass or the electrolysis of water powered by renewable electricity. Alkaline electrolysis and proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) technologies are widely available commercially. Alkaline electrolysis is a fully mature technology that represents the lower-cost option, but its operational load limits are not as broad as those for PEM; therefore, its coupling with variable renewable sources should be carefully managed. On the other hand, PEM electrolysis is not yet a fully mature technology, with higher costs that are expected to be reduced in the coming years.

Does price of oil and inflation have an impact on the GDP of Africa's largest net oil importers? Evidence from a non‐linear heterogeneous panel ARDL

AbstractThe article explores the non‐linear relationship between oil prices, inflation, and GDP in eight African countries that import oil from other nations. The study uses various econometric techniques, including symmetric and asymmetric dynamic panel ARDL models, mean group, and pooled mean group approaches, to examine quarterly data from 1983 Q2 to 2020 Q4. The analysis looks at both short‐term and long‐term variations to measure the positive and negative effects of oil prices and inflation on GDP. The findings reveal that the variables are related, but there are significant non‐linearities in the long run. While both rising oil prices and inflation have a positive impact on GDP in most instances, lower oil prices and inflation might have a neutral or negative impact.

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.

Asymmetric impact of oil price on current account balance: Evidence from oil importing countries

This study investigates the asymmetric linkage between oil price and current account balance (CAB) in ten oil-importing emerging countries by employing a unique “Quantile-on-Quantile” methodology. The estimations reveal that the oil price is adversely related to CAB in selected economies at various quantiles of data distribution. The findings suggest that the impact of oil prices on CAB is asymmetric, with increases having a more significant negative effect than decreases having a positive effect. Furthermore, the effect of oil prices on CAB is more significant for net oil importers that have a higher dependency on oil imports. Finally, the findings highlight the need for policymakers in oil-importing countries to recognize the non-linear relationship between oil prices and CAB.

International Trade

Values of net oil imports(‐)/exports for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, the United States and Australia. Updated on a monthly basis.Number of imports for Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), and Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, (OECD Asia‐Pacific), and Total OECED.Current data for Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Other EU‐15 (EU‐15), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, and Other Europe (OECD Europe), Canada, Mexico, and the United States (OECD Western Hemisphere), Australia, Japan, Republic of Korea, and New Zealand (OECD Asia‐Pacific). Updated on a monthly basis.Current data for principal importers of natural gas and the amount in which they import from United States, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Spain (Table 19.1).Current data for principal exporters of natural gas and the amount they export to Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Turkmenistan, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia (Table 19.2). Updated on a monthly basis.