Net Inflow Rate Research Articles

Factors That Attract the Population: Empirical Research by Multiple Regression Analysis Using Data by Prefecture in Japan

The development of the local economy and correcting the concentration in the capital city have long been the target for many countries. Furthermore, in the wake of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the momentum for rural migration has been increasing to prevent the risk of infection with the help of the rise of remote work. However, there is not enough debate about what kind of land will attract the population. Therefore, in this paper, we performed correlation and multiple regression analyses, with the inflow rate and the net inflow rate of the population as the dependent variables, using the average values of government statistics for each prefecture in 2010 and 2017. As a result of the analyses, in addition to economic factor variables, variables of climatic, amenity, and human factors correlated with the inflow rate, and it was shown that the model had the greatest explanatory power when multiple factors had been used in addition to specific factors. It indicated that local prefectures were required to take regional promotion measures focusing not only on economic factors but also on multifaceted factors to attract the outside population. In addition, when the dependent variable was replaced with the 2020 population inflow rate, the model in which human factors were used as the independent variable showed the largest improvement in explanatory power. Therefore, it was shown that human factors have become more important in attracting people during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Inflow and Outflow Rate Evolution of Local Milky Way–mass Star-forming Galaxies since z = 1.3

Abstract We study the gas inflow rate (ζ inflow) and outflow rate (ζ outflow) evolution of local Milky Way–mass star-forming galaxies (SFGs) since z = 1.3. The stellar mass growth history of Milky Way–mass progenitor SFGs is inferred from the evolution of the star formation rate (SFR)−stellar mass (M *) relation, and the gas mass (M gas) is derived using the recently established gas-scaling relations. With the growth curve, the net inflow rate κ is quantified at each cosmic epoch. At z ∼ 1.3, κ is comparable with the SFR, whereas it rapidly decreases to ∼0.15 × SFR at z = 0. We then constrain the average outflow rate ζ outflow of progenitor galaxies by modeling the evolution of their gas-phase metallicity. The best-fit ζ outflow is found to be (0.5–0.8) × SFR. Combining κ and ζ outflow, we finally investigate the evolution of ζ inflow since z = 1.3. We find that ζ inflow rapidly decreases by ∼80% from z = 1.3 to z = 0.5. At z < 0.5, ζ inflow continuously decreases but with a much lower decreasing rate. Implications of these findings on galaxy evolution are discussed.

Large‐scale inflation of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) revealed by Persistent Scatterers SAR interferometry

AbstractThe Tungurahua volcano, in Ecuador, has been experiencing a substantial activity period since 1999, with several eruptions, including those of 2006 and 2008. We use a persistent scatterers approach to analyze a time series of Envisat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data over the period 2003–2009, to investigate surface deformation in the region of the volcano. We measure a continuous large‐scale uplift with a maximum line of sight displacement rate of about 8 mm/yr, which is the first evidence of a sustained inflation in the Andes for an active volcano encompassing several eruptions. We model this signal as magma emplacement in a permanent storage zone at 11.5 km below sea level, with a net inflow rate of 7 million m3/yr. The paroxysmal eruptions in 2006 and 2008 did not seem to disrupt this long‐term signal. However, we observe significant deformation during the 2006 eruption consistent with an additional intrusion of 4.5 million m3 of magma.

Accretion shocks and cold filaments in galaxy formation

A generic expectation for gas accreted by high-mass haloes is that it is shock-heated to the virial temperature of the halo. In low-mass haloes, or at high redshift, however, the gas cooling rate is sufficiently rapid that an accretion shock is unlikely to form close to the virial radius. Instead, the accretion shock will form at smaller radii, perhaps close to the central galaxy. Semi-analytic models have always made a clear distinction between the regimes in which accretion is limited by the cooling time of hot gas and by the dynamical time-scale of the halo, using simple estimates of the mass-scale at which the transition from rapid to slow cooling occurs. In this work, we revisit this issue using the latest understanding and calibration of accretion shock formation. Starting from the well-established Galform code, we investigate the effect of accounting for the presence or otherwise of an accretion shock close to the virial radius using the shock stability model of Birnboim & Dekel. As expected, when we modify the code so that there is no effective feedback from galaxy formation, we find that so-called ‘cold-mode’ accretion is the dominant channel for feeding gas into the galaxies at high redshifts, such that 90 per cent of baryons in galaxies (averaged over all galaxies) arrive via this channel. The mass-scale at which the rapid to slow cooling transition occurs is significantly affected at high redshifts and accretion rates become dominated by cold-mode accretion. However, the impact of this change in the cooling channel on galaxies properties is mitigated by compensating effects in the star formation and feedback cycle. When effective feedback, which reheats gas from galaxies to the virial temperature but which allows no gas to escape from a halo, is included in the model, we find that the ‘cold mode’ is even less apparent because of the presence of gas ejected from the galaxy's disc, although it can still contribute almost 50 per cent of the net inflow rate when averaged over all galaxies. Thus, the inclusion of the latest calibration of accretion shock physics makes little difference to basic results from earlier semi-analytic models, which used a simpler treatment. We conclude that this ‘cold-mode’ physics is already adequately accounted for in semi-analytic models and that feedback represents a much larger uncertainty than any of these effects.

Hot Accretion with Conduction: Spontaneous Thermal Outflows

Motivated by the low collisionality of gas accreted onto black holes in Sgr Aand other nearby galactic nuclei, we study a family of two-dimensional advective accretion solutions with thermal conduction. While we only impose global inflow,the accretionflow spontaneously develops bipolar outflows.The role of conduction is key in providing the extra degree of freedom (latitudinal energy transport) necessary to launch these rotating thermal outflows. The signoftheBernoulliconstantdoesnotdiscriminate betweeninflowingandoutflowingregions.Ourparametersurvey covers mass outflow rates from � 0% to 13% of the net inflow rate, outflow velocities from � 0% to 11% of the local Keplerian velocity, and outflow opening angles from � 0 � to 60 � . As the magnitude of conduction is increased, out- flows canadopt aconical geometry,pureinflow solutionsemerge, andthelimit oftwo-dimensional nonrotatingBondi- like solutions is eventually reached. These results confirm that radiatively inefficient, hot accretion flows have a hydrodynamic propensity to generate bipolar thermal outflows. Subject headingg accretion, accretion disks — black hole physics — conduction — hydrodynamics Online material: color figures

Climate-Based Estimation of Hydrologic Inflow into Lake Okeechobee, Florida

This paper presents a comparative evaluation of methods for climate-based estimation of the net inflow rate into Lake Okeechobee, Fla. The estimated net inflow rate is used by the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) to support the management and operations of the Lake Okeechobee hydrologic system. The first method evaluated in this paper (Croley) uses rainfall outlooks provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Climate Prediction Center (CPC) to calculate a weighed average of historical inflow values for each month. The second method evaluated in this paper (SFWMD Empirical) uses a linear regression on statistics of historical data to predict the net inflow rate. These two methods were developed and have been used operationally by the SFWMD since 2000. Three new methods are presented and comparatively evaluated to gauge their ability in estimating net inflow rates. The first two of these methods are based on CPC issued forecasts in decile probability density format. The ...

1177. 矩形流路内に生じるヘリウム―空気対向流に関する研究

This paper deals with numerical analysis of helium-air counter flow in a rectangular channel with an aspect ratio of 10. The channel has a cross sectional area of 5-50mm and a length of 200mm. The inclination angle was varied from 0 to 90 degree.The velocity profiles and concentration profiles were analyzed with a computer program [FLUENT]. Following main features of the counter flow are discussed based on the calculated results. (1) Time required for establishing a quasi-steady state counter flow. (2) The relationship between the inclination angle and the flow patterns of the counter flow. (3) The developing process of velocity profiles and concentration profiles. (4) The relationship between the inclination angle of the channel and the velocity profiles of upward flow and the downward flow. (5) The relationship between the concentration profile and the inclination angle. (6) The relationship between the net in-flow rate and the inclination angle.We compared the computed velocity profile and the net in-flow rate with experimental data. A good agreement was obtained between the calculation results and the experimental results.

The fate of water in the rumen

1. The 51Cr complex of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid was used as a soluble marker substance in sheep fed restricted amounts (700 g daily) of roughage diets. It was injected into the rumen at various stages of the feeding cycle and rumen volumes and flow rates were calculated.2. The average resting rumen volume for sixteen sheep (average body-weight 39 kg) was 3.9 l.; the average resting dilution rate was 0.077 h-1 so that the net inflow rate averaged 0.29 l./h; the average rate of absorption of water from the resting rumen into the blood was 0.05 l./h.3. There were marked differences in all these values, both within sheep on different days (coefficient of variation nearly 20%) and between sheep (coefficient of variation more than 25%). The resting salivary inflow rate was also found to fluctuate considerably.4. During feeding, the salivary inflow rate increased; there was usually both an expansion of rumen volume and an increased rate of outflow. There was no evidence of diffusion of water from the blood into the rumen.5. Following eating, return to resting conditions was slow.6. When the sheep drank, there was an expansion of the rumen volume and usually an increased outflow rate. The rate of absorption of water from the rumen increased slightly, but only for a short time. Occasionally after drinking it was found that rumen marker concentrations were slightly higher than expected probably because a small part of the imbibed water bypassed the rumen down the reticular groove into the omasum.7. Most of the water drunk in a day was consumed in a few minutes. Compared with this rapid rate of drinking, the rate of absorption of water from the rumen was always a very slow process; this finding is in disagreement with recent views expressed in the literature. However, when considered over the whole day, the amount of water absorbed from the rumen may have been approximately equal to the amount of water drunk.8. During periods of both feeding and drinking, the mean outflow rate was about 0.7 l./h in several series of experiments.9. When sheep were held without food or water past their normal time for eating and drinking, the net inflow rate into the rumen soon started to decrease, but there was no immediate effect on rumen volume.10. The present work reveals the potential usefulness of the soluble marker technique in defining the changing patterns of fluid movement in the rumen throughout the day.