Net Agricultural Income Research Articles

Strengthening the agricultural entrepreneurship: Insights on transformative influence

Agri-entrepreneurship being very important component of attracting youth to agriculture, the efforts made by different public agencies in India in this direction through various interventions and enterprises needed to be studied. Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production is one of the most popular enterprises promoted to pursue this objective throughout India. This study considered 2016–17 as the base year and 2020–21 as the assessment year. Mushroom production in India almost doubled during the assessment period (1.29 lakh tonnes in 2016–17 and 2.59 lakh tonnes in 2020–21) at a robust compound annual growth rate of 19.17%. The net agricultural income of the respondents at national level (other than mushroom income) was ₹1.25 lakh/annum during 2020–21 while their net income from mushroom cultivation was 2.48 lakh/annum. On an average 532 man-days of employment per unit was generated by the mushroom entrepreneurs at national level with considerable variation in income and employment generation across the states/UTs. Age of the entrepreneur was found having negative effect on employment generation, validating the relevance of attracting rural youth to agriculture in India. The lack of ability of resource centres for building capacity of the entrepreneurs for generating net income to the level of sizeable proportion of their annual expected livelihood was observed to be the strong reason for higher attrition rate in this enterprise. The insights suggest that redesigning of capacity building programs and institutional supports as per the current challenges in entrepreneurship development can better influence the ultimate outcomes.

Heterogeneous and short-term effects of a changing climate on farmers' labor allocation: An empirical analysis of China.

There is growing interest in the impact of climate change on agricultural labor supply in China, rigorous empirical evidence for this issue is insufficient. This potentially important channel through which climate change may affect agricultural labor supply has not received attention. Using a panel survey data of 100 administrative villages and 2977 farmers in China, we find that temperature and precipitation do affect farmers' labor allocation, 1°C increase from the current average temperature will reduce agricultural labor supply by 0.252%, and 1mm increase from the current average rainfall will reduce agricultural labor supply by 0.001%. Climate change also leads to the decline of net agricultural income, which creates distorted incentives for households to over-supply labor to non-agriculture. Moreover, farmers with relatively lower risk tolerance preferred to reduce the current supply of agricultural labor when net agricultural income is projected to decrease under climate change scenarios.

AN ECONOMIC PROGNOSTIC STUDY TO EXAMINE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL SMES OF CENTRAL EUROPE DURING THE COVID-19 CRISIS

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic disturbed the world's Agri-businesses. Several economies are attempting to demonstrate attempts to maintain agribusiness, the agriculture industry, and marketplaces, but distribution networks, access to markets, and affordable farm goods are still vulnerable. The poor and various disempowered populations, particularly those with lower buying power, have been harmed by the COVID-19 outbreak. This study examines the productivity of Central Europe's agricultural SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. A predictive model between independent and dependent factors was used to determine and forecast the index or risk for future agricultural SMEs' functioning. The Central European agricultural SMEs' performance indicators were used, such as agricultural output, production of agriculture goods and services, vegetable and horticultural products, fixed capital consumption, agriculture determinants' actual income index, absolute net agriculture business income index, and net agricultural entrepreneurial income. Our results reveal pre and post-COVID-19 agribusiness analyses and their implications for food distribution and sustainability. Our findings also revealed a widespread influence of COVID-19 on Central European areas. The study findings can help agricultural enterprises and policymakers manage the COVID-19 outbreak by providing essential recommendations and consequences.

Determinants of adoption of climate resilient practices and their impact on yield and household income

Climate change poses a risk to the livelihoods of rural communities by negatively impacting agricultural output and raising production costs. Climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices have been advanced as a possible solution to adapt to and mitigate climate change issues. This paper examined the main drivers of adoption of two CSA practices such as crop rotation and integrated soil management and their impact on paddy yield and net agricultural income. Household survey data was obtained from the coastal and inland districts of an eastern Indian state, namely, Odisha. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify the determinants of CSA adoption and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method was used to assess the impacts of these adopted CSA practices. The findings from the PSM method show that both paddy crop yield and net agricultural income have been higher for the adopters of crop rotation and integrated soil management. While, adoption of crop rotation resulted in an increase of 42–45% in farm income, the same for integrated soil management was between 27 and 34%. Further, adoption of these practices led to a yield improvement of about 2.5 quintals per acre of paddy crop for the adopters. The major drivers that jointly influenced farmers to adopt these practices were found to be access to extension service, access to credit, subsidies for seed and electricity use in agriculture. In light of these findings, main policy suggestions are – (i) extension staff need to be trained on regular basis on the technical aspects of CSA practices and (ii) more finances for CSA need to be raised and allocated for strengthening extension support, providing timely subsidies to the right beneficiaries and building CSA enabling infrastructure such as watershed projects and micro-irrigation facilities.

Effect of farm machinery adoption on household income and food security: evidence from a nationwide household survey in India

An increase in farm productivity and income is crucially linked to farm mechanization. Labour shortage in rural areas and frequent extreme weather events have made a resounding pitch for the deepening of farm mechanization in India. Our study examines the effect of agricultural machinery adoption on net agricultural income, household income, and household consumption in India; the latter is considered as an indicator of food security. A nationwide household survey of 10253 households drawn from the majority of states of India has been used. To assess the impact of machinery adoption on the outcome variables, the endogenous switching regression (ESR) model is used. Of the three types of machineries investigated, such as tractors, electric pumps, and diesel pumps, the average adoption rates are found to be low in the country, i.e., 8% for tractors, 24% for electric pumps, and 14% for diesel pumps. The wide heterogeneity in terms of adoption is mostly rooted in the large geographical differences among the states of India, as machinery adoption is concentrated in the north and north-central plains of the country. The first stage of ESR, which is a probit model, reveals the determinants of mechanization as access to credit, climatic shocks, access to irrigation, and farmer cooperative membership. The average treatment effect estimates from the second stage outcome regression reveal that the adoption of machineries has increased net agricultural income by 31%, household income by 19%, and food consumption by 5%. Given these demonstrable positive effects of mechanization in agriculture, there is a need for deepening of low-cost scale appropriate farm machines suitable for small holders. Government support would play a pivotal role in this direction by making farm credits accessible to smallholders, providing timely subsidies on machinery purchase, and providing required extension services.

Profitability analysis of onion production in Morocco

This study aims to analyze the profitability of onion production in Fes Meknes Region in Morocco and to visualize sensitivity of this production on an increase in production costs or a decrease in yield due to climate change. The data used were collected from 80 randomly selected producers. Different analysis methods were used in the analysis of data: budgetary analysis, cost-benefit analysis and correlation analysis. The budgetary analysis results show that onion production is profitable and the profitability is sensitive to a decrease in production or an increase in costs. By comparison, the analysis shows that the repercussions of the onion production shock are more detrimental than an increase in production costs. So, the farmers are supposed to adopt farming practices that boost the productivity and reduce his sensitivity. Correlation analysis reveals a positive and significant relationship between net agricultural income, the type of irrigation and the level of education of the farmers. These variables must be taken into account to improve the level of agricultural profitability.

How has the new round of farmland certification in China affected farmers’ economic welfare?

It is vital to evaluate the effects of China’s farmland certification programme on farmers’ economic welfare and clarify the impact mechanism. This paper uses the China Labour Dynamics Survey (2014, 2016),1 building endogenous switching regression and endogenous switching probit models to test the impact of the farmland certification programme on farmers’ net agricultural income and poverty status after correcting for endogeneity. A robustness analysis is conducted applying instrumental variable and propensity score matching methods. The results indicate that the farmland certification programme can significantly increase farmer households’ economic welfare, including an 83.10% improvement in agricultural net income and a 3.17% reduction in poverty. Farmland certification also prompts farmers to allocate more resources to agriculture and reduces poverty by increasing farmers’ agricultural income. This study presents a constructive evaluation of the performance of China’s farmland certification policy, providing a strong theoretical and empirical foundation and a useful policy reference for consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation and effectively linking rural revitalisation.

Digital Rural Construction and Farmers’ Income Growth: Theoretical Mechanism and Micro Experience Based on Data from China

This study analyzes the effect of digital rural construction on farmers’ income growth and the underlying mechanism using a 2SLS instrumental variable approach based on the county digital village index developed by Peking University and AliResearch, as well as micro-survey data of farmers in China. After fully correcting for endogeneity and verifying the robustness of the models, we found that digital rural construction has a significant positive impact on farmers’ total household income, wage income, and property income, while also inhibiting the growth of net agricultural income. Furthermore, we found that digital rural construction increases farmers’ income mainly by promoting non-agricultural employment and asset transformation. In terms of heterogeneity analysis, digital rural construction has a greater effect on increasing farmers’ income with high physical and human capital, but it is not beneficial to farmers with moderate social capital. It also has a greater effect on increasing farmers’ income in villages with better infrastructure. In addition, digital rural construction more significantly increases farmers’ income in the eastern, central, and southern regions of China compared with the western and northern regions. These findings provide new empirical evidence of the effect of digital rural construction on farmers’ income growth in China and other developing countries.

Relationships between management factors in dairy production systems and mental health of farm managers in Japan

To facilitate sustainable dairy farming, it is essential to assess and support the mental health of dairy farm workers, which is affected more than that of workers in other industries, as indicated by the relatively few studies to date. In addition, the limited investigations on mental health in dairy workers minimize the opportunities to suggest practical approaches of improvement of their mental health. Therefore, further data acquisition and analysis is required. In the present study, we undertook quantitative surveys on 17 management factors and administered a mental health questionnaire to 81 dairy farm managers (80 male, 1 female) in Hokkaido, northern Japan. The management factors were categorized into 3 groups: production input, production output, and facility indicator; mental health was evaluated based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Principal component analysis assigned the factors into 2 groups: intensiveness factors of dairy production systems (PC1: livestock care cost, fat- and protein-corrected milk, stocking density, medical consultation fee per unit time per animal unit, nonfamily wages, fertilizer and pesticide expenses, and net agricultural income ratio) and basic dairy management factors (PC2: net agricultural income ratio, quantity of concentrate feed, and milk quality variable). The depression symptoms of dairy farm managers were not significantly associated with PC1 and milking methods; however, they were significantly negatively associated with PC2, which integrated 3 management factors, including factors related to finances, feeding, and milk quality. According to the findings of the present study, the efforts needed for stable economic farm management, adequate feed supply, and milk quality maintenance may increase the depression levels of dairy farm managers and negatively affect their mental health. These findings could be the basis for future studies on the relationship between the mental health of farm managers and sustainable dairy farm management and production.

An economic study of the effects of infringement on agricultural lands in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate

The study aims at identifying the economic effects of the infringement on agricultural lands in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. The most important results of the study were the rise of the annual average area of infringement in the whole country from about 2.3, 10.3 thousand feddans during the period (1983-2010), (2011-2018) respectively , equivalent to about 4.5 times the pre-revolution level. It also rose in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate from about 93.3 feddans to about 740.7 feddans for the same two periods, equivalent to about 7.9 times its pre-revolution level . The study estimated the loss of net agricultural income for the following crops : Wheat , Sugar Beet , Clover, Clover Tahreesh, Broad Beans, Onion , Flax , Potatoes , Tomato at 8.5, 33.0, 75.9, 7.7, 0.15, 0.40, 0.03, 0.01, 1.80 million pounds. Its counterpart for other crops such as Rice , Cotton , Maize , Nili Maize, Water-melon pulp was estimated at 11.8, 10.7, 6.1, 0.26, 10.3 million pounds. As for Potatoes, Tomato, Eggplant, Pepper, Water-melon , Cucumber they were respectively estimated at 4.12, 0.83, 0.26, 0.34, 0.84, 0.27 million pounds .The study also estimated the total loss of net agricultural income, feddan productivity, food security, daily employment at 97.4 million pounds, 169,000 tons, 32.6 thousand tons, and 1076.4 working days per man, respectively. The total area to be repaired to compensate for the loss of the area cultivated for the period (2003-2018) was estimated at 17.6 thousand feddans , at a total cost of about 1.51 billion pounds.

ANALYSIS OF THE PROFITABILITY OF GROWING HERBS AND THE MOST COMMONLY CULTIVATED AGRICULTURAL CROP SPECIES

Background. The aim of this study was to determine the profitability index of herbs (evening primrose, glandular plantain, black caraway, garden dill) and to compare it with the index of dominant species in the cropping system in Poland.Material and methods. Economic analyzes were carried out based on accounting books made available by the owners of two farms located in the Koronowo Gmina (community) of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship and on data provided by the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Agricultural Advisory Centre. The calculations concern the years 2017–2019 and took into account production value, the amount of gross margin, net agricultural income and profitability index.Results. The calculations carried out confirmed the hypothesis that in most cases growing herbs in the field is more profitable than it is for other plant species. The analysis showed that glandular plantain and garden dill had the highest profitability indices. Herbs from which lower financial results were obtained still enabled an income similar to that from sugar beet, pea or winter oilseed rape. The most profitable among the other species was table potato. A farmer's decision regarding the choice of plants for cultivation on a farm should depend on the possibility of selling the produced raw materials on local markets and on their base of machinery and equipment. The study has shown that growing plants from groups that occupy the largest acreage in the cropping structure is characterized by the need to incur very high overheads.Conclusion. Some selected herbs are characterized by a large profitability index that is even several times higher when compared to commonly cultivated agricultural crop species. While other analyzed herb species allow for an income that is at a similar level compared to crops that occupy the largest acreage in Poland. The selection of herbs for cultivation is an economic opportunity, especially for farms with a small area. Their cultivation enables larger agricultural incomes due to their relatively low overhead costs compared to other species. Herb cultivation, however, is a very specific branch of agriculture that requires more human labour.

MUZARA’AH PADA USAHA PERTANIAN PADI: ANALISIS NILAI-NILAI ISLAMI DAN KEUANGAN

The purpose of this study is to deeply explore the cooperation system in paddy farming in Bangsalsari District Jember. This study uses a positivist paradigm with a qualitative method and case study approach. Research informants were collected from the snowball sampling method, consisting of 4 landowners and 4 sharecroppers. The results showed that the cooperation system was manifested in the muzara’ah contract. This study found that the Islamic values implemented in the muzara’ah business practice were consisted of not doing the despotic act, being fair and trustworthy, and implementing profit sharing and halal principles. This study designed a model of business cooperation based on revenue sharing. This study also conducted a financial analysis by calculating the net agricultural income and the value of the revenue sharing for the landowners and the farmers.
 Keywords: cooperation, financial calculations, Islamic values, muzara'ah contract

Rural economic benefits of land consolidation in mountainous and hilly areas of southeast China: Implications for rural development

Abstract Land consolidation has become a massive organized activity and is widely implemented in rural areas. However, research remains somewhat scarce on the contributing mechanism of land consolidation with production factors to regional rural economies. In this study, we sampled 4710 land consolidation projects during the year of 2006–2016 and recorded their benefits to the rural economies within the project area, in the mountainous and hilly rural areas in Southeast China. A random forest (RF) model was used to explain the variation of rural economic indicators quantitatively and partition the relative importance of each factor from land consolidation projects. The results showed that land consolidation contributed to the promotion of rural economies. The R2 of the RF models were 66.55% (for grain production increment), 55.19% (for net agricultural income increment), 37.01% (for land rental income), and 42.60% (for labor income) respectively. Despite the direct input factors especially newly added cropland area and total investment of land consolidation project dominant across the study area, the most important factors varied over the years and across counties considerably. Noteworthily in specific years and several counties (e.g. those in the north of study area), factors reflecting technological efficiency such as the mechanized agricultural area and the land-leveling area could also make primary contribution to grain production increment and net agricultural income increment. Moreover, the marginal returns law and the scarcity of land resources in the mountainous and hilly areas were also suggested. The results revealed the significance of engineering measures for technological efficiency. The study highlights the importance of land consolidation to regional rural economies in mountainous and hilly areas, and provides valuable insights for promoting the efficiency of regional rural land consolidation arrangements in the future.

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY TO ENCROACH ON AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ITS IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY OF EGYPT

The problem of research is the persistence of the phenomenon of encroachment on agricultural land, despite the existence of agricultural legislation that criminalize this, which led to the continuous decline of the average per capita agricultural land in Egypt, in addition to the continued deterioration of the productivity of agricultural land, which will affect the rates of self-reliance in the provision of goods Strategic food to achieve food security in Egypt, as well as impact on net agricultural income, and exacerbate the problem of unemployment in rural areas, if the situation continues. The study aimed at assessing the impact of agricultural land on food security in Egypt and proposing methods to reduce the spread of agricultural land in Egypt to increase agricultural production at the national level, thereby increasing the self-sufficiency rates of agricultural commodities and reducing the deficit in the trade balance, and to reduce the problem of unemployment among rural people, The research used descriptive analysis to achieve the research objective. The results of the research showed that the total area of agricultural land that was attacked during the period (1983 - 2018) amounted to about 318,5 thousand feddans, and the total loss of quality in agricultural lands due to the decline in productivity about 658,7 thousand acres. The results indicated that the most important reasons for the encroachment on agricultural land in Egypt are the increase in the number of rural households, the decrease in the value of building fines on farmland, the exceptions to the ban on construction on agricultural land, Encouraging their owners to turn them into non-farm activities, allowing the delivery of facilities to the offending buildings on farmland, and the limited phenomenon of renting residential buildings in rural areas. The study recommended increasing the minimum building fines on farmland to be more effective and effective in reducing the encroachment on farmland, not allowing the facilities to be connected to the buildings erected on the farmland, and expanding the reclamation of agricultural lands in light of the current water resources and irrigation development projects, And continue projects to improve and maintain agricultural land to reduce the qualitative deterioration in agricultural land and achieve a higher degree of dependence on domestic production to achieve food security in Egypt,

Empirical Analysis on the Impact of Poverty Alleviation by Rural E-commerce on Farmers' Income

According to the data of 200 valid questionnaires collected in 11 poor villages of 7 townships, 5 counties in Zhumadian region, this paper use the Difference-in-differences(DID) model to calculate the change difference of the per capita net income, per capita agricultural operating net income, and per capita non-agricultural net income between the farmers who have participated or so. After that, this paper used the fixed effect model to analyze the effect of other control variables on the farmers’ income. The research results are as follows: The rural E-commerce poverty alleviation policy has a significant positive impact on per capita net income, per capita net agricultural operating income, and per capita non-agricultural net income of farmers, and the income structure of the farmers’ family can be changed in the short term through poverty alleviation.

THE OPTIMAL CROP ROTATION OF AI-RASHEED DISTRICT FARMS USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE

The objectives of this research are to determine the optimal agricultural plane to achieve the optimum crop combination that maximizes the profits and the total and net agricultural income of the Al-Rasheed / Hamorabi Farm in Baghdad using L.P technique to reach the production volume that maximizes profit to choose the best plan and to increase the efficiency of the use of available resources at the farm level, to optimize the utilization of natural water resources and to protect them from the risk of attrition and to promote their use by deriving mathematical models for use in water needs assessment, including the application of an agricultural rotation to maintain soil fertility. The research has reached a number of conclusions, perhaps the most important is that the optimal solution using the linear programming method shows us the difference in the optimum crop combination of the actual crop structure of the agricultural crops and their areas. The farm has achieved a much higher income than the resulting income of the actual farm plan, as explained by the resource-based model, the LHS of the model, is less than the available resources that represent the RHS, which means that optimal plans have used fewer resources and given higher net income. From the conclusions reached, we can make a number of recommendations. The most important of these is the implementation of the linear programming technique to determine the extent to which the available resources are invested efficiently, which helps to increase the production in order to achieve the economic efficiency of the farmers and the need to generalize and apply this method in associations with similar environments to determine the optimal use of different productive resources.

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR THE FACTORES EFFECTING ON NET FARM INCOME USING PANEL DATA

The aim of this research is studying the affecting factors in net farm income via using panel data models .To achieving requirements of the study we collected the data randomly from 41 farmers in al-maden district – province of Baghdad.To all production activities in farm in 2015 and 2016. We used eviews 6 program and GLS method, we used OLS to estimate three models were net agricultural income was dependent variable and each of the area, costs, value of animal production and value of assets were independent variables, according to LM test and hausman test, the random effects model was the best of the estimating models which confirm that increasing the assets, area and cost by 1% will increase net agricultural income by (0.049, 0.227, 0.552 )% respectively. While the farm size entire as a dummy variable in the random effects model indicates that net agricultural income will increase 1.035 when increase this size by one unit. The research concluded that the results of estimation in panel data were more accurate and degree of freedom were more than using one models. The research recommended to intensive the suitable technological factors and providing the required financing and recycling part income to invest it in farming assets.

DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY OF BEEKEEPING PRODUCTION IN POLAND

The aim of the paper was to identify factors affecting the profitability of apiculture production in Poland. In the work was used data from the Central Statistical Office, the Polish Beekeeping Association and literature on the subject. Eight direct interviews with beekeepers were also conducted. The calculations were made for four types of apiaries differing in the scale of production and the way of management. For the types of apiaries indicated, the calculated direct surplus for two methods of selling honey (purchase and direct sales). The highest results were obtained in the case of a migratory apiary. The value of direct surplus per bee colony amounted to PLN 1,160 for direct sales, and PLN 450 for purchase. In the case of stationary management, the amount of direct surplus was from 2 to a dozen times lower than in the case of a migratory apiary. Similar differences were also recorded when estimating the value of net agricultural income. The factors determining the profitability of beekeeping production in Poland include: the scale of production, the kind of economy in the apiary (stationary or migratory), honey distribution channels and the beekeeper’s reputation.

Development through electrification: Evidence from rural China

This paper estimates the effects of a nation-wide rural electrification program in China using an informative dataset for 2459 Chinese villages. The combined propensity score matching and difference-in-differences approach is adopted to address potential selection bias. Accordingly, the program can significantly increase the net agricultural income per capita of farmers in the targeted villages. Moreover, matching grants with private assets and obligation labor force both can increase the effectiveness of the program. The program also highlights the complementarity between infrastructure and institution, in which the introduction of grassroots democracy will increase the effectivity of the rural electrification program.

ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF FAMILY DAIRY FARMS

For optimal farm management, it is very important to research potential opportunities of raising its rental ability. These opportunities lie as by side of selling income as of its costs. It causes a necesity of constant cost control and of looking for new methods of reducing these costs. The aim of study was the assessment of economic viability of family dairy farms .The economic efficiency of these farms was analysed according to scale of production. Basic indicators and measures of the economic efficiency of production, such as net agricultural income, gross margin, production costs, parity income and break-even point were calculated. The paper presents the analyze of disproportion income between small and large farms. The executed analysis showed that from economic point of view the optimal dairy farms maintains about 60 cows.