Nested Bethe Ansatz Research Articles

Higher-rank sectors in the hexagon formalism and marginal deformations

Abstract The hexagon approach provides an integrability framework for the computation of structure constants in N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions. Three-point functions are cut into two hexagonal patches, on which the excitations of the long-range Bethe ansatz of the spectrum problem scatter. To this end, the Bethe states representing the operators also need to be cut into two parts. In rank-one sectors such entangled states are fairly straightforward to construct so that most applications of the method have so far been restricted to this simplest case. In this article we construct entangled states for operators in psu(1, 1|2) sectors, importing a minimum of information from the nested Bethe ansatz. The idea is successfully tested against free field theory for a sample set of correlators with up to three higher-rank operators.
Further, we take a look at the same correlators in the presence of marginal deformations of the theory. While a systematic modification of the hexagon procedure remains out of reach for now, in practical applications the undeformed amplitudes are surprisingly efficient, especially for a certain one-parameter deformation.

Double excitations in the AdS(5)/CFT(4) integrable system and the Lagrange operator

It is argued that the integrable model for the planar spectrum of the AdS/CFT correspondence can accommodate for the full spectrum of excitations Dαα˙,ϕ[IJ],ψI,ψ¯I,Fαβ,F˜α˙β˙ (with I,J∈1…4) if double excitations are allowed for all three lowering operators of the internal SU(4) group as well as the supersymmetries. We present a tree-level analysis of related creation amplitudes in the nested Bethe ansatz as well as in the original level-1 picture in which excitations of various flavours scatter by a true S-matrix. In the latter case, the creation amplitudes for all double excitations we encounter take a perfectly universal form.Building on these ideas we work out Bethe solutions and states relevant in the mixing problem concerning the on-shell Lagrangian of N=4 super Yang-Mills theory. Owing to the very existence of double excitations, the chiral Yang-Mills field strength tensor can be represented by the four fermions {ψ31,ψ32,ψ41,ψ42} moving on a spin chain of length two. Our analysis remains restricted to leading order in the coupling, where the conformal eigenstate corresponding to the on-shell Lagrangian only comprises the pure Yang-Mills action. It should eventually be possible to augment our analysis to higher loop orders by incorporating coupling corrections in the relevant ingredients from the Bethe ansatz.Finally, it was recently realised how structure constants for operators containing the hitherto hidden half of the excitations can be computed by the hexagon formalism. We use this for a first test of our conjecture for the on-shell Lagrangian, namely that its three-point function with two half-BPS operators of equal length ought to vanish.

Current fluctuations in a partially asymmetric simple exclusion process with a defect particle.

We study an exclusion process on a ring comprising a free defect particle in a bath of normal particles. The model is one of the few integrable cases in which the bath particles are partially asymmetric. The presence of the free defect creates localized or shock phases according to parameter values. We use a functional approach to Bethe equationsresulting from a nested Bethe ansatz to calculate exactly the mean currents and diffusion constants. The results agree very well with Monte Carlo simulations and reveal the main modes of fluctuation in the different phases of the steady state.

Bethe-state counting and Witten index

We count the physical Bethe states of quantum integrable models with twisted boundary conditions using the Witten index of 2d supersymmetric gauge theories. For multi-component models solvable by the nested Bethe ansatz, the result is a novel restricted occupancy problem. For the SU(3) spin chain and the t-J model, we propose formulae for the solution count on singular loci in the space of twist parameters.

Transition probability and total crossing events in the multi-species asymmetric exclusion process

We present explicit formulas for total crossing events in the multi-species asymmetric exclusion process (r-ASEP) with underlying symmetry. In the case of the two-species TASEP these can be derived using an explicit expression for the general transition probability on in terms of a multiple contour integral derived from a nested Bethe ansatz approach. For the general r-ASEP we employ a vertex model approach within which the probability of total crossing can be derived from partial symmetrisation of an explicit high rank rainbow partition function. In the case of r-TASEP, the total crossing probability can be show to reduce to a multiple integral over the product of r determinants. For two-TASEP we additionally derive convenient formulas for cumulative total crossing probabilities using Bernoulli-step initial conditions for particles of type 2 and type 1 respectively.

Three-point functions in ABJM and Bethe Ansatz

We develop an integrability-based framework to compute structure constants of two sub-determinant operators and a single-trace non-BPS operator in ABJM theory in the planar limit. In this first paper, we study them at weak coupling using a relation to an integrable spin chain. We first develop a nested Bethe ansatz for an alternating SU(4) spin chain that describes single-trace operators made out of scalar fields. We then apply it to the computation of the structure constants and show that they are given by overlaps between a Bethe eigenstate and a matrix product state. We conjecture that the determinant operator corresponds to an integrable matrix product state and present a closed-form expression for the overlap, which resembles the so-called Gaudin determinant. We also provide evidence for the integrability of general sub-determinant operators. The techniques developed in this paper can be applied to other quantities in ABJM theory including three-point functions of single-trace operators.

The LeClair-Mussardo series and nested Bethe Ansatz

We consider correlation functions in one dimensional quantum integrable models related to the algebra symmetries gl(2|1) and gl(3). Using the algebraic Bethe Ansatz approach we develop an expansion theorem, which leads to an infinite integral series in the thermodynamic limit. The series is the generalization of the LeClair-Mussardo series to nested Bethe Ansatz systems, and it is applicable both to one-point and two-point functions. As an example we consider the ground state density-density correlator in the Gaudin-Yang model of spin-1/2 Fermi particles. Explicit formulas are presented in a special large coupling and large imbalance limit.

New integrable 1D models of superconductivity

In this paper we find new integrable one-dimensional lattice models of electrons. We describe all such nearest-neighbour integrable models with symmetry by classifying solutions of the Yang–Baxter equation following the procedure first introduced in []. We find 12 R-matrices of difference form, some of which can be related to known models such as the XXX spin chain and the free Hubbard model, and some are new models. In addition, integrable generalizations of the Hubbard model are found by keeping the kinetic term of the Hamiltonian and adding all terms which preserve fermion number. We find that most of the new models cannot be diagonalized using the standard nested Bethe Ansatz.

Generalized Gibbs Ensemble and string-charge relations in nested Bethe Ansatz

The non-equilibrium steady states of integrable models are believed to be described by the Generalized Gibbs Ensemble (GGE), which involves all local and quasi-local conserved charges of the model. In this work we investigate integrable lattice models solvable by the nested Bethe Ansatz, with group symmetry SU(N)SU(N), N\ge 3N≥3. In these models the Bethe Ansatz involves various types of Bethe rapidities corresponding to the “nesting” procedure, describing the internal degrees of freedom for the excitations. We show that a complete set of charges for the GGE can be obtained from the known fusion hierarchy of transfer matrices. The resulting charges are quasi-local in a certain regime in rapidity space, and they completely fix the rapidity distributions of each string type from each nesting level.

Current operators in integrable spin chains: lessons from long range deformations

We consider the finite volume mean values of current operators in integrable spin chains with local interactions, and provide an alternative derivation of the exact result found recently by the author and two collaborators. We use a certain type of long range deformation of the local spin chains, which was discovered and explored earlier in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. This method is immediately applicable also to higher rank models: as a concrete example we derive the current mean values in the SU(3)SU(3)-symmetric fundamental model, solvable by the nested Bethe Ansatz. The exact results take the same form as in the Heisenberg spin chains: they involve the one-particle eigenvalues of the conserved charges and the inverse of the Gaudin matrix.

Asymptotic four point functions

We initiate the study of four-point functions of large BPS operators at any value of the coupling. We do it by casting it as a sum over exchange of superconformal primaries and computing the structure constants using integrability. Along the way, we incorporate the nested Bethe ansatz structure to the hexagon formalism for the three-point functions and obtain a compact formula for the asymptotic structure constant of a non-BPS operator in a higher rank sector.

Integrable quenches in nested spin chains I: the exact steady states

We consider quantum quenches in the integrable -invariant spin chain (Lai–Sutherland model) which admits a Bethe ansatz description in terms of two different quasiparticle species, providing a prototypical example of a model solvable by nested Bethe ansatz. We identify infinite families of integrable initial states for which analytic results can be obtained. We show that they include special families of two-site product states which can be related to integrable ‘soliton non-preserving’ boundary conditions in an appropriate rotated channel. We present a complete analytical result for the quasiparticle rapidity distribution functions corresponding to the stationary state reached at large times after the quench from the integrable initial states. Our results are obtained within a quantum transfer matrix (QTM) approach, which does not rely on the knowledge of the quasilocal conservation laws or of the overlaps between the initial states and the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. Furthermore, based on an analogy with previous works, we conjecture analytic expressions for such overlaps: this allows us to employ the quench action method to derive a set of integral equations characterizing the quasi-particle distribution functions of the post-quench steady state. We verify that the solution to the latter coincides with our analytic result found using the QTM approach. Finally, we present a direct physical application of our results by providing predictions for the propagation of entanglement after the quench from such integrable states.

Nested Bethe Ansatz for the RTT Algebra of sp(4) Type

We show how to formulate the algebraic nested Bethe ansatz for RTT algebras with an R-matrix of the sp(4) type. We obtain the Bethe vectors and Bethe conditions for any highest-weight representation of these RTT algebras.

On Nested Bethe Ansatz for RTT Algebra of o(2n) Type

We study the highest weight representations of the RTT algebras for the R matrix of o(2n) type by the nested algebraic Bethe ansatz. We show how auxiliary RTT algebra A can be used to find Bethe vectors and Bethe conditions. For special representations, in which representation of RTT algebra A is trivial, the problem was solved by Reshetikhin.

New compact construction of eigenstates for supersymmetric spin chains

The problem of separation of variables (SoV) in supersymmetric spin chains is closely related to the calculation of correlation functions in mathcal{N}=4 SYM theory which is integrable in the planar limit. To address this question we find a compact formula for the spin chain eigenstates, which does not have any sums over auxiliary roots one usually gets in the widely adopted nested Bethe ansatz. Our construction only involves one application of a simple Bg(uk) operator to the reference state for each of the magnons, in complete analogy with the mathfrak{s}mathfrak{u}(2) algebraic Bethe ansatz. This generalizes our SoV based construction for mathfrak{s}mathfrak{u}(n) to the supersymmetric mathfrak{s}mathfrak{u}left(1Big|2right) case.

Threshold singularities in the one-dimensional supersymmetric boson–fermion gas mixture

A one-dimensional gas mixture consisting of bosons and fermions without spin interacting via a repulsive [Formula: see text]-function potential is considered. The model is integrable and soluble via two nested Bethe ansatz, if all particles are assumed to have equal masses and the interaction strength between the bosons and among the bosons and fermions is the same. The low energy excitation spectrum is a two-component Luttinger liquid and can be parametrized by a conformal field theory with conformal charges c = 1. In the low-energy limit, where the band curvature terms in the dispersion can be neglected, the linear dispersion of a Luttinger liquid is asymptotically exact. The spectral function, however, displays deviations from the Luttinger behavior for higher energy excitations. In the neighborhood of the single-particle (hole) energy, the spectral function is represented by an effective X-ray edge type model. Expressions of the critical exponents for the single-hole Green’s function are obtained using the Bethe ansatz solution in the limit of the bosonic gas. The results could be of relevance in the context of ultracold atoms confined to an elongated optical trap.

Modified n-level, n − 1-mode Tavis–Cummings model and algebraic Bethe ansatz

Using the quantum group technique we construct a one-parametric family of integrable modifications of the n-level, mode Tavis–Cummings Hamiltonian possessing an additional Stark-type term. We show that in the ‘quasiclassical’ limit the constructed Hamiltonian transforms into the integrable Hamiltonian of the quantum n-level, mode Tavis–Cummings model with the equal interaction strengths considered in Skrypnyk (2008 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 41 475202, 2009 J. Math. Phys. 50 103523). We diagonalize the constructed ‘modified’ Tavis–Cummings Hamiltonian and its second order integrals of motion using the nested Bethe ansatz.

“Twisted” rational r-matrices and the algebraic Bethe ansatz: Applications to generalized Gaudin models, Bose–Hubbard dimers, and Jaynes–Cummings–Dicke-type models

We construct quantum integrable systems associated with the Lie algebra gl(n) and non-skew-symmetric “shifted and twisted” rational r-matrices. The obtained models include Gaudin-type models with and without an external magnetic field, n-level (n−1)-mode Jaynes–Cummings–Dicke-type models in the Λ-configuration, a vector generalization of Bose–Hubbard dimers, etc. We diagonalize quantum Hamiltonians of the constructed integrable models using a nested Bethe ansatz.

“Generalized” algebraic Bethe ansatz, Gaudin-type models and Zp-graded classical r-matrices

We consider quantum integrable systems associated with reductive Lie algebra gl(n) and Cartan-invariant non-skew-symmetric classical r-matrices. We show that under certain restrictions on the form of classical r-matrices “nested” or “hierarchical” Bethe ansatz usually based on a chain of subalgebras gl(n)⊃gl(n−1)⊃...⊃gl(1) is generalized onto the other chains or “hierarchies” of subalgebras. We show that among the r-matrices satisfying such the restrictions there are “twisted” or Zp-graded non-skew-symmetric classical r-matrices. We consider in detail example of the generalized Gaudin models with and without external magnetic field associated with Zp-graded non-skew-symmetric classical r-matrices and find the spectrum of the corresponding Gaudin-type hamiltonians using nested Bethe ansatz scheme and a chain of subalgebras gl(n)⊃gl(n−n1)⊃gl(n−n1−n2)⊃gl(n−(n1+...+np−1)), where n1+n2+...+np=n.

Z2-graded classical r-matrices and algebraic Bethe ansatz: applications to integrable models of quantum optics and nuclear physics

We consider quantum integrable models based on the Lie algebra gl(n) and non-skew-symmetric classical r-matrices associated with Z2-gradings of gl(n) of the following type: , where . Among the considered models are Gaudin-type models with an external magnetic field, used in nuclear physics to produce proton–neutron Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieer-type models, n-level many-mode Jaynes–Cummings–Dicke-type models of quantum optics, matrix generalization of Bose–Hubbard dimers, etc. We diagonalize the constructed models by means of the ‘generalized’ nested Bethe ansatz.