Nest Parasitism In Birds Research Articles

鳥類における托卵行動の進化 : 野外観察・実験と理論

鳥類における托卵行動の進化 : 野外観察・実験と理論

An updated list and some comments on the occurrence of intraspecific nest parasitism in birds

This paper presents a list, compiled from the literature, of bird species in which intraspecific nest parasitism (INP) occurs. INP was reported in 234 species: one Struthioniformes, two Tinamiformes, two Procellariiformes, six Podicipediiformes, five Ciconiiformes, one Phoenicopteriformes, 74 Anseriformes, one Falconiformes, 32 Galliformes, eight Gruiformes, 19 Charadriiformes, nine Columbiformes, five Cuculiformes, two Apodiformes, one Coraciiformes and 66 Passeriformes. Hence, INP is very common among precocial species, and less so among altricials. Irrespective of this, most INP birds are colonial.

On the Origin and Rarity of Interspecific Nest Parasitism in Birds

Interspecific nest parasitism is surprisingly rare in birds given the potential advantages for the parasite of exploiting the parental care of other species. One possibility is that chicks will not thrive with the parental care and food of heterospecifics. I simulated parasitism in nonparasitic congeners by switching eggs between nests of three species of titmice (great tit Parus major, blue tit Parus caeruleus, and coal tit Parus ater). The experiment showed that compatibility of parental care was not a constraint preventing parasitism. I also used the model system to compare fitness consequences of inter- and intraspecific nest parasitism, addressing the problem of which form is ancestral. Fledging success (body mass, survival) was higher when an egg was added to the nest of a smaller species than to the nest of a conspecific and also higher when the parasitic chick hatched early rather than late relative to host chicks. This suggests that interspecific nest parasitism may not require a stage of intraspecific nest parasitism before evolving but may start from a larger species directly exploiting the parental care of a smaller species or a species with shorter incubation period directly exploiting a species with longer incubation period.

On the Origin and Rarity of Interspecific Nest Parasitism in Birds

On the Origin and Rarity of Interspecific Nest Parasitism in Birds

Skin from Feet of Museum Specimens as a Non-Destructive Source of DNA for Avian Genotyping

DNA fingerpinting in the Brown Skua. Journal of Heredity. 83:350-355. OLIVER, W. R. B. 1930. New Zealand birds. A.W. and A.H. Reed, Wellington, New Zealand. POWLESLAND, R. G. 1983. Breeding and mortality of the South Island Robin in Kowhai Bush, Kaikoura. Notornis 30:265-282. PRICE, D. K., G. E. COLLIER, AND C. F. THOMPSON. 1989. Multiple parentage in broods of House Wrens: Genetic evidence. Journal of Heredity 80:1-5. SOPER, M. F. 1972. New Zealand birds. Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, New Zealand. TRIVERS, R. L. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. Pages 136-179 in Sexual selection and the descent of man (B. Campbell, Ed.). Heinemann, London. WESTNEAT, D.F. 1990. Genetic parentage in the Indigo Bunting: A study using DNA fingerprinting. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27:6776. WESTNEAT, D.F., P. W. SHERMAN, AND M. L. MORTON. 1990. The ecology and evolution of extra-pair copulations in birds. Current Ornithology 7:331369. WETTON J. H., R. E. CARTER, D. T. PARKIN, AND D. WALTER. 1987. Demographic study of a wild House Sparrow population using DNA fingerprinting. Nature 327:147-149. WETTON, J. H., D. T. PARKIN, AND R. E. CARTR. 1992. The use of genetic markers for parentage analysis in Passer domesticus (House Sparrows). Heredity 69:243-254. YAMAGISHI, S., I. J. NISHIUMI, AND C. SHIMODA. 1992. Extra-pair fertilization in monogamous Bullheaded Shrikes revealed by DNA fingerprinting. Auk 109:711-721. YoM-Tov, Y. 1980. Intraspecific nest parasitism in birds. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 55:93-108.

Theory of Evolution of Nest Parasitism in Birds

In birds, interspecific nest parasitism is generally thought to have evolved via intra-specific nest parasitism. In this article, the evolutionary dynamics of both intra- and interspecific parasitism are analyzed by using a quantitative genetic model. The birds were assumed to be capable of laying their eggs in the nests of either the same or a different species and to evolve to the optimal rates of intra- and interspecific parasitization. Four traits are considered in the model: recognition ability for conspecific eggs, clutch size, total parasitization rate, and interspecific parasitization rate. The model includes five predictions. First, the original form of nest parasitism is likely to be intraspecific. Second, nest parasitism of either type can evolve only when the cost of intraspecific parasitism is smaller than that of competition among offspring in a nest. Third, interspecific nest parasitism should evolve when the costs of both inter- and intraspecific parasitism are small. Fourth, if the margin...

Theory of intraspecific nest parasitism in birds

Abstract. The evolution of intraspecific nest parasitism is affected by egg recognition ability and clutch size. The coevolution of these three traits was analysed theoretically using a quantitative genetic model. Both multiple-nest parasites, which lay parasitic eggs in the nests of many hosts, and single-nest parasites, which lay in the nest of a single host, were analysed. The model predicts the following. (1) Brood parasitism evolves when the competition intensity among offspring in a nest, s, is larger than the parasitism cost, n. (2) The optimal parasitism rate, p* , the optimal recognition rate, r*, and the optimal clutch size, E*, increase with s/n. (3) r* , p* and E* are larger for multiple-nest parasites than for single-nest parasites. (4) The number of eggs laid in a female's nest is the same as the optimal clutch size without parasitism, Ê. (5) The optimal clutch size, E*, and the sum of the nest owner's eggs and the parasitic eggs in a nest, i.e. (1 - p*)E* + (l - r* )p*E*, are larger than Ê .

The distribution of conspecific nest parasitism in birds

Conspecific nest parasitism is much more common in birds that have self-feeding young than in those with parentally fed young. We review evidence for this pattern and suggest that it is produced by a fundamental dichotomy in selection pressure for defense against conspecific parasites. Species that feed their young should experience intense selection pressure for effective defense against parasitism, because their reproductive output is limited by post-hatching parental care. Species that have self-feeding young, however, experience only mild selection for parental defense against parasites, because their reproductive output is constrained chiefly by their ability to produce eggs. For such birds, parental care can be shared with little or no detriment to survival of young. Within both the self-feeders and the birds that feed their young the occurrence and intensity of conspecific nest parasitism is dictated primarily by the ability of parasitic females to find host nests. This pattern is particularly clear among waterfowl, where conspecific nest parasitism is frequent in ducks that nest in cavities, over water, or in high densities on islands. We review evidence that suggests greater conspecific nest parasitism for parentally fed species that nest in colonies than parentally fed species with dispersed nests. We also make predictions about the distribution of conspecific nest parasitism in nonavian groups.

INTRASPECIFIC NEST PARASITISM IN BIRDS

Summary(1) The incidence of intraspecific nest parasitism in birds is reviewed. This phenomenon can be identified by various methods, ranging from biochemical examination of protein and enzyme polymorphisms to observations on the sequence of appearance of eggs in the nest as well as on the shape and colour of the eggs. The phenomenon has been reported for at least 53 species (Table I), mostly among precocial birds.(2) The evidence suggests that the parasites are (a) young, unmated birds, (b) females which have lost their nests and (c) mated females which also lay in the nests of other females. High proportions of such females, and scarcity of suitable nest sites increase the rate of parasitism.(3) Breeding success in parasitized nests is reduced by factors such as egg loss, desertion, inefficient incubation, reduced clutch size and late layings. The upper limit of the rate of intraspecific parasitism is discussed. It is argued that its incidence will be higher in the tropics than in extreme zones, for example, high latitudes and deserts, because there is higher synchronization of breeding in the latter, and increased predation in the former zones. Also, it will be more common in species which lay large clutches, such as precocial species.