Nervous Systems Research Articles

Biomarkers Unveiling the Interplay of Mind, Nervous System, and Immunity.

The field of psychoneuroimmunology has significantly expanded in the last few decades and so has our understanding of the bidirectional communications between the immune and central nervous systems (CNS). There is a preponderance of evidence supporting the fact that immunological pathways and neuroinflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of multiple neurological and mental health conditions. In this chapter, we have explored various neuroimmunological biomarkers involved in these pathways, responsible for developing and perpetuating different neuropsychiatric disorders. This chapter will examine inflammatory biomarkers and those associated with intestinal homeostasis, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, glial cells, and neuronal injury. A range of tests has been developed to evaluate these markers, and we will also explore the existing methods currently employed for these techniques. Further studies of these inflammatory and neurological markers are needed to support their utility as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis and to inform treatment strategies for various neuropsychiatric disorders.

The Integrative Single-Case Design as a Biosemiotic-Systemic Research Tool in Psychoneuroimmunology.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a field of research that deals with the interactions between psyche, nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Investigating these complex PNI relationships under asecologically validas possible conditions ("life as it is lived") necessitates a paradigm change in research. This shift placesfactors such as "time" and "subjective meaning" of personal experiences at the center of the research methodology. For this purpose, the biosemiotic-systemic research design "Integrative Single-Case Study" was developed. Initial results from healthy individuals as well as patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), breast cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis(RA) support the validity of the research approach. Specifically, in connection with the occurrence ofemotionally meaningful everyday incidents, we repeatedlyobserved stress system reactions, which were(1) delayed over several days, (2) cyclically patterned, (3) anticipatory, and (4) opposing, depending on a)whether participants experienced emotionally positive or negative everyday incidents, b)whether they were healthy or ill, and c)which stress system parameter was investigated. In this chapter, the Integrative Single-Case Study design is introduced as a holistic research option, presented in detail in its methodology, and critically discussed in terms of its limitations.

Psycho-Neuro-EndocrinE-Immunology Therapy of Cancer, Autoimmunity, Geriatric Disorders, Covid-19, and Hypertension.

Despite the great number of experimental investigations in the area of psycho-neuro-endocrine-immunology showing that endocrine, nervous, and immune systems cannot be in vivo physiologically separated, the diagnosis and therapies of the pathologies of these three functional biological systems continue to be separately performed from a clinical practice point of view. The separation between experimental and clinical medicine became dramatic after the discovery of more than 10 human molecules provided by anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity, completely devoid of any toxicity, which may be subdivided into three fundamental classes, consisting of the pineal indole, beta-carboline, and methoxy-kynuramine hormones. Moreover, human systemic diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and cardiovascular pathologies, despite their different pathogenesis and symptomatology, are commonly characterized by a progressive decline in the endogenous production of pineal hormones, endocannabinoids, and Ang 1-7, with a consequent inflammatory status and diminished natural resistance against cancer. Then the evaluation of the functional status of the pineal gland, the endocannabinoid system, and ACE2-Ang 1-7 axis should have to be included within the laboratory analyses for the systemic diseases. Finally, the correction of cancer- and autoimmunity-related neuroimmune and neuroendocrine alterations could influence the clinical course of systemic diseases. In fact, preliminary clinical results would demonstrate that the neuroimmune regimen with pineal hormones, cannabinoids, and Ang 1-7 may allow clinical benefits also in patients affected by systemic pathologies, including cancer, autoimmunity, and cardiovascular diseases, who did not respond to the standard therapies.

Microglia Sing the Prelude of Neuroinflammation-Associated Depression.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by sadness and anhedonia and is closely linked to chronic low-grade neuroinflammation, which is primarily induced by microglia. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which microglia elicit depressive symptoms remain uncertain. This review focuses on the mechanism linking microglia and depression encompassing the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the gut-brain axis, the vagus and sympathetic nervous systems, and the susceptibility influenced by epigenetic modifications on microglia. These pathways may lead to the alterations of microglia in cytokine levels, as well as increased oxidative stress. Simultaneously, many antidepressant treatments can alter the immune phenotype of microglia, while anti-inflammatory treatments can also have antidepressant effects. This framework linking microglia, neuroinflammation, and depression could serve as a reference for targeting microglia to treat depression.

Self-organizing nervous systems for robot swarms.

We present the self-organizing nervous system (SoNS), a robot swarm architecture based on self-organized hierarchy. The SoNS approach enables robots to autonomously establish, maintain, and reconfigure dynamic multilevel system architectures. For example, a robot swarm consisting of n independent robots could transform into a single n-robot SoNS and then into several independent smaller SoNSs, where each SoNS uses a temporary and dynamic hierarchy. Leveraging the SoNS approach, we showed that sensing, actuation, and decision-making can be coordinated in a locally centralized way without sacrificing the benefits of scalability, flexibility, and fault tolerance, for which swarm robotics is usually studied. In several proof-of-concept robot missions-including binary decision-making and search and rescue-we demonstrated that the capabilities of the SoNS approach greatly advance the state of the art in swarm robotics. The missions were conducted with a real heterogeneous aerial-ground robot swarm, using a custom-developed quadrotor platform. We also demonstrated the scalability of the SoNS approach in swarms of up to 250 robots in a physics-based simulator and demonstrated several types of system fault tolerance in simulation and reality.

Epigenetic modifications associated to diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (Review).

The present review aimed to provide an update on the scientific progress of the role of epigenetic modifications on diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP). DPNP is a devastating and troublesome complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), which affects one third of patients with DM and causes severe hyperalgesia and allodynia, leading to challenges in the treatment of these patients. The pathophysiology of DPNP is multifactorial and is not yet fully understood and treatment options for this disease are currently unsatisfactory. The underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology of DPNP have largely been explored in animal models and a mechanism‑derived approach might offer a potential therapeutic‑target for attenuating certain phenotypes of DPNP. Altered gene expression levels within the peripheral or central nervous systems (CNS) are a crucial mechanism of DPNP, however, the transcriptional mechanisms of these genes have not been fully elucidated. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications (methylation, acetylation, or phosphorylation), can alter gene expression levels via chromatin remodeling. Moreover, it has been reported that altering gene expression via epigenetic modifications within the peripheral or CNS, contributes to the changes in both pain sensitivity and pharmacological efficacy in DPNP. Therefore, the present review summarized the findings of relevant literature on the epigenetic alterations in DPNP and the therapeutic potential for targeting these alterations in the future treatment of this disease.

Elimination of olfactory sensory neurons by zinc sulfate inoculation prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection of the brain in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), attributed to the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed global health challenges since it first emerged in 2019, and its impact continues to persist. The neurotropic nature of SARS-CoV-2 remains undisclosed, though researchers are proposing hypotheses on how the virus is transmitted to the central nervous system. One of the prevailing hypotheses is that SARS-CoV-2 travels through the olfactory nerve system via the olfactory epithelium (OE). Using a K18-human angiotensin converting-enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mouse model with impaired olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) induced by zinc sulfate, we examined the role of the olfactory nerve in the brain invasion by SARS-CoV-2. Mice lacking OSNs exhibited reduced levels of viral transmission to the brain, leading to significantly improved outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between viral persistence in the OE and brain infection. These results indicate that early inhibition of the olfactory nerve pathway effectively prevents viral invasion of the brain in K18-hACE2 mice. Our study underscores the significance of the olfactory nerve pathway in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to the brain.

The Potential Health Risks and Benefits of Progesterone in the Transgender Woman Population—A Narrative Review

Introduction: Currently, progesterone is notably absent from conventional feminizing hormone therapies for transgender women. Anecdotal reports indicate the potential for health advantages following the incorporation of progesterone into treatment regimens. The primarily female hormone, progesterone naturally surges in women during the menstrual luteal phase. When administered exogenously, it may expedite bodily changes that are pivotal for gender transition. Progesterone holds promise as a potential remedy for various health conditions prevalent in the transgender woman population. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes existing literature and presents a comprehensive account of the administration of exogenous progesterone in transgender women. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate databases. The following keywords were used in the search: progesterone, transgender, breast neoplasms, lactation, prostate, testicular neoplasms, and thrombosis. These terms were combined using Boolean operators. The results of the initial search were screened by three independent reviewers based on their relevance to the topic under study. Results: A total of 104 studies were initially identified as meeting the criteria for inclusion. Following an assessment based on the contents of the title, abstract, and full text, 39 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion. A critical examination of health outcomes was conducted across key sections, including breast development, mental health, lactation, cancer risk (breast and prostate), thrombosis, and nervous and other systems. Discussion: The use of progesterone in the transgender woman population is a topic that has yet to be sufficiently researched. The limited sample size, short follow-up periods, and lack of randomization restrict the potential for achieving a robust scientific evidence base. In order to gain a fuller understanding of this topic, findings from studies on contraception, hormone replacement therapy, and animal models were considered. Conclusions: Progesterone may have a beneficial effect on the bodies of transgender women without significant adverse health effects. Further investigation through well-designed studies is recommended. Randomized controlled trials that include various dosages, broad and long-term effects, and precise demographics are needed. There is an immediate need for more knowledge to create appropriate patent and clinical practice guidelines.

Abstract 4121234: Macrophage activation in aorticorenal ganglion as a potential trigger to induce renal sympathetic overactivation-related ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction

Background: Ischemia-related ventricular arrhythmia is the leading cause of death in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although the therapeutic potential of renal denervation (RDN) for ventricular arrhythmias has been reported, RDN-induced adverse complications partially limit its use in the clinic. Since neuroinflammation has recently emerged as a key factor for sympathetic overactivation in the central and peripheral nervous systems, this study aims to test if macrophage activation in renal sympathetic postganglionic (RSP) neurons located in the aorticorenal ganglion (ARG) contributes to renal sympathetic overactivation-related ventricular arrhythmogenesis post-AMI. Methods and Results: AMI was induced by surgical ligation of the left anterior descending artery in rats. Data from immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of Iba1, TNF-α, and IL-1β was increased in ARGs at 3 days post-AMI rats compared with sham rats, suggesting that macrophage activation and neuroinflammation occurred in the ARG at an early stage after AMI. Direct recording of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) found that the RSNA was much higher in the 3 days post-AMI rats than in sham rats. To validate the contribution of macrophage activation to AMI-elevated RSNA, we depleted macrophages in ARGs by local microinjection of clodronate liposomes (CL) into ARGs. Immunofluorescence staining data showed that microinjection of CL into ARGs attenuated the AMI-induced macrophage activation (Iba1) and neuroinflammation (TNF-α and IL-1β) in ARGs. Flow cytometry data also confirmed that macrophage depletion in ARGs reduced the AMI-elevated macrophage infiltration in ARGs, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in RSNA in CL-treated AMI rats. To test the ventricular arrhythmogenesis post-AMI, we measured ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) from 24-hour telemetry ECG recording in conscious rats. Our data showed that macrophage depletion in ARGs alleviated AMI-induced ventricular arrhythmogenesis, as evidenced by a significant reduction in the occurrence of VT/VF in CL-treated AMI rats. Conclusion: These data suggest that macrophage activation and neuroinflammation in the ARG might be critical factors responsible for the renal sympathetic overactivation-related ventricular arrhythmia post-AMI. Inhibiting macrophage activation and neuroinflammation in the ARG could be an effective strategy to achieve the antiarrhythmic effect of RDN after AMI.

Nicotinamide and Nicotinoyl-Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid as Neuroprotective Agents Against Type 1 Diabetes-Induced Nervous System Impairments in Rats.

Diabetes is a multifunctional chronic disease that affects both the central and/or peripheral nervous systems. This study assessed whether nicotinamide (NAm) or conjugate of nicotinic acid with gamma-aminobutyric acid (N-GABA) could be potential neuroprotective agents against type 1 diabetes (T1D)-induced nervous system impairments in rats. After six weeks of T1D, induced by streptozotocin, nonlinear male Wistar rats were treated for two weeks with NAm (100mg/kg, i. p.) or N-GABA (55mg/kg, i. p.). Expression levels of myelin basic protein (MBP) were analyzed by immunoblotting. Polyol pathway parameters of the sciatic nerves were assessed spectrophotometrically, and their structure was examined histologically. NAm had no effect on blood glucose or body weight in T1D, while N-GABA reduced glucose by 1.5-fold. N-GABA also increased MBP expression by 1.48-fold, enhancing neuronal myelination, while NAm showed no such effect. Activation of the polyol pathway was observed in the T1D sciatic nerves. Both compounds decreased sorbitol content and aldose reductase activity, thereby alleviating changes similar to primary degeneration in the sciatic nerves and preventing peripheral neuropathy development. These results demonstrate that NAm and, more notably, N-GABA may exert neuroprotective effects against T1D-induced nervous system impairments by increasing MBP expression levels, improving myelination processes in the brain, inhibiting the polyol pathway, and partially restoring morphometric parameters in the sciatic nerves. This suggests their potential therapeutic efficacy as promising agents for the prevention of T1D-induced nervous system alterations.

Bio-Inspired Neuromorphic Sensory Systems from Intelligent Perception to Nervetronics.

Inspired by the extensive signal processing capabilities of the human nervous system, neuromorphic artificial sensory systems have emerged as a pivotal technology in advancing brain-like computing for applications in humanoid robotics, prosthetics, and wearable technologies. These systems mimic the functionalities of the central and peripheral nervous systems through the integration of sensory synaptic devices and neural network algorithms, enabling external stimuli to be converted into actionable electrical signals. This review delves into the intricate relationship between synaptic device technologies and neural network processing algorithms, highlighting their mutual influence on artificial intelligence capabilities. This study explores the latest advancements in artificial synaptic properties triggered by various stimuli, including optical, auditory, mechanical, and chemical inputs, and their subsequent processing through artificial neural networks for applications in image recognition and multimodal pattern recognition. The discussion extends to the emulation of biological perception via artificial synapses and concludes with future perspectives and challenges in neuromorphic system development, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of neural network processing to innovate and refine these complex systems.

Identification of a postnatal period of interdependent neurogenesis and apoptosis in peripheral neurons.

During neurogenesis, excessive numbers of neurons are produced in most regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Nonessential neurons are eliminated by apoptosis, or programmed cell death. This has been most thoroughly characterized in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) where targets of innervation play a key role in this process. As maturing neurons project axons towards their targets of innervation, they become dependent upon these targets for survival. Survival factors, also called neurotrophic factors, are produced by targets, inhibit apoptosis cascades, and promote further growth and differentiation. Because neurotrophic factors are limited, as is target size, neurons that do not correctly and efficiently innervate targets undergo apoptosis ( Levi-Montalcini, 1987; Davies, 1996). Thus, excessive neurogenesis acts to ensure that sufficient numbers of neurons are produced during development. In the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), this process of neurogenesis and subsequent apoptosis is reported to be complete by postnatal day 3-4 (P3-P4) in mice. Surprisingly, we observed significant numbers of apoptotic neurons out to P14, and neurogenesis was still present at P14 as well. In both the SCG and geniculate ganglion (GG), postnatal neurogenesis was dependent on apoptosis because little or no postnatal neurogenesis was observed in Bax-/- mice, in which apoptosis is eliminated. These results indicate that both neurogenesis and apoptosis continue to occur well after birth in peripheral ganglia, and that neurogenesis depends on apoptosis, suggesting that neurogenesis continues postnatally to replace neurons that are eliminated during synaptic refinement.

The journey of young scientists in Brazil: challenges and perspectives.

As a young scientist in Brazil, my journey began with a modest education in a public school system that often lacked the resources needed to provide students with comprehensive support. However, with persistence and determination, I successfully gained admission to the University of São Paulo, a prestigious institution and one of the top universities in Latin America. My research focuses on the relationship between the nervous and immune systems in psychosis, a topic I am deeply passionate about. In this piece, I will discuss the systemic issues within the Brazilian education and research systems and delve deeper into my own challenges and achievements as a young scientist in Brazil, sharing insights that can inspire others in similar situations.

The Sexual Dimorphism of the Neuroimmune Response in the Brains of Taenia crassiceps-Infected Mice

Background: Helminth infections are associated with cognitive deficits, especially in school-age children. Deworming treatment in heavily infected children improves their short- and long-term memory recall. In mice, intraperitoneal helminth infection with Taenia crassiceps (T. crassiceps) shows sexual dimorphism in terms of the parasite load, immune response, hormone levels, and behavioral changes. We have previously shown poorer short-term memory performance and changes in the concentrations of cytokines and neurotransmitters in the hippocampus, which were replicated in this study. The molecular changes in other brain structures, such as those related to reproduction, are unknown. Methods: Male and female Balb/cAnN mice were chronically infected with T. crassiceps larvae. We determined the peritoneal parasite load and established the presence of cytokines and neurotransmitters in the hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and hypothalamus. Results: The parasite load was higher in female than male infected mice, as expected. In the hippocampus, the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin increased in males but decreased in females. In contrast, in the olfactory bulb and hypothalamus, the neurotransmitters assessed showed no statistical differences. The cytokine profiles were different in each brain structure. The TNF-α levels in the olfactory bulb and the IL-4 levels in the hippocampus of infected mice were dimorphic; IFN-γ was augmented in both male and female infected animals, although the increase was higher in infected males. Conclusions: The brain responds to peripheral infection with cytokine levels that vary from structure to structure. This could be a partial explanation for the dimorphic behavioral alterations associated with infection, it also demonstrates the synergic interaction between the immune, the endocrine, and the nervous systems.

Influence of sleep on physiological systems in atherosclerosis.

Sleep is a fundamental requirement of life and is integral to health. Deviation from optimal sleep associates with numerous diseases including those of the cardiovascular system. Studies, spanning animal models to humans, show that insufficient, disrupted or inconsistent sleep contribute to poor cardiovascular health by disrupting body systems. Fundamental experiments have begun to uncover the molecular and cellular links between sleep and heart health while large-scale human studies have associated sleep with cardiovascular outcomes in diverse populations. Here, we review preclinical and clinical findings that demonstrate how sleep influences the autonomic nervous, metabolic and immune systems to affect atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Precision medicine and Friedreich ataxia: promoting equity, beneficence, and informed consent for novel gene therapies

Friedreich Ataxia (FA) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease with systemic consequences affecting vital organs including those of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This article will use FA as an example to explore some of the practical and ethical issues emerging in precision medicine for rare diseases. It will first describe the existing management strategies available for FA patients, before considering the potential impact of gene therapy trials on the prevention and treatment of disease symptoms. Finally, ethical considerations will be discussed, including equity of access and managing resource allocation dilemmas; balancing benefits, burdens and harms; and gaining informed consent for novel treatments.

Long-term observations of a sponge in situ reveal a rich repertoire of contractile behaviors, including winter dormancy

Sponges are remarkably active animals with a range of behaviors that are broadly termed sneezes. Little is known about what triggers sneezes or how sneezes propagate in an animal that lacks either muscular or nervous systems. We explored the triggers of sponge behavior in situ in the demosponge Suberites concinnus. The placement of this tennis ball-sized sponge at the focal point of a camera array on an instrument platform in Barkley Sound, BC, Canada, provided a unique opportunity for our investigation. The observatory has a suite of environmental sensors measuring parameters such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), oxygen, turbidity, salinity, pressure, current speed, and temperature. An array of 8 cameras designed for 3D imaging was used to capture hourly images. Our findings revealed both long-term (annual) and short-term (daily) behaviors in S. concinnus. The sponge contracted for 2 mo each winter. In February, it gradually expanded and became very active with short-term full-body contractions each lasting 11 h through the summer. A meta-analysis of contraction behaviors in other species of sponge showed that contraction duration is a factor of sponge size and that all sponges contract faster than they expand. Invertebrates and fish were frequently in contact with the sponge, but no single interaction was found to correlate with patterns of sponge behavior. However, significant correlations between sponge behaviors and chlorophyll and turbidity were found using generalized additive mixed models. Our study underscores the dynamic nature of these sessile filter feeders and their responses to their environment.

Nerve Growth Factor and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in COVID-19

Neurotrophins (NTs) constitute a family of small protein messengers that play a fundamental role in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In particular, the nerve growth factor (NGF) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play a subtle role in the survival, differentiation, and functioning of neuronal populations, as well as in the fine regulation of immune functions. The SARS-CoV-2 infection was characterized by a sequela of symptoms (serious respiratory pathology, inflammatory storm, neurological discomfort, up to the less serious flu-like symptoms), which caused, at the end of 2023, more than 7 million deaths worldwide. Despite the official end of the pandemic, the physical and psychological consequences are currently the object of scientific research, both acute and chronic/long-lasting (Long-COVID-19). Given the multifactorial nature of the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults and children, several studies have investigated the potential involvement of the NGF and BDNF systems in the pathology. This narrative review aims to summarize the most recent evidence on this crucial topic.

A Circle-Drawing Task for Studying Reward-Based Motor Learning in Children and Adults

Childhood is an obvious period for motor learning, since children’s musculoskeletal and nervous systems are still in development. Adults adapt movements based on reward feedback about success and failure, but it is less established whether school-age children also exhibit such reward-based motor learning. We designed a new ‘circle-drawing’ task suitable for assessing reward-based motor learning in both children (7–17 years old) and adults (18–65 years old). Participants drew circles with their unseen hand on a tablet. They received binary reward feedback after each attempt based on the proximity of the average radius of their drawing to a target radius set as double the radius of their baseline drawings. We rewarded about 50% of the trials based on a performance-dependent reward criterion. Both children (10.1 ± 2.5 (mean ± SD) years old) and adults (37.6 ± 10.2 years old) increased the radius of their drawings in the direction of the target radius. We observed no difference in learning between children and adults. Moreover, both groups changed the radius, less following reward than following reward absence, which is a sign of reward-based motor learning. We conclude that school-age children, like adults, exhibit reward-based motor learning.

Decoding Motor Skills: Video Analysis Unveils Age-Specific Patterns in Childhood and Adolescent Movement

Motor skill development is crucial in human growth, evolving with the maturation of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Quantifying these skills, especially coordinative abilities, remains challenging. This study aimed to assess the performance of five motor tasks in children and adolescents using high-speed video analysis, providing data for movement and health professionals. Seventy-two volunteers were divided into three age groups: 27 first-grade primary school students (19 males and 8 females, aged 6.5 ± 0.5 years), 35 fourth-grade primary school students (16 males and 19 females, aged 9.2 ± 0.4 years), and 28 s-year middle school students (16 males and 12 females, aged 13.0 ± 0.3 years). Participants performed five motor tasks: standing long jump, running long jump, stationary ball throw, running ball throw, and sprint running. Each task was recorded at 120 frames per second and analyzed using specialized software to measure linear and angular kinematic parameters. Quantitative measurements were taken in the sagittal plane, while qualitative observations were made using a dichotomous approach. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction. Significant differences were observed across age groups in various parameters. In the standing long jump, older participants exhibited a longer time between initial movement and maximum loading. The running long jump revealed differences in the take-off angle, with fourth-grade students performing the best. Ball-throwing tests indicated improvements in the release angle with age, particularly in females. Sprint running demonstrated the expected improvements in time and stride length with age. Gender differences were notable in fourth-grade students during the running long jump, with females showing greater knee flexion, while males achieved better take-off angles. Video analysis effectively identified age-related and gender-specific differences in motor skill performance. The main differences were measured between first-grade primary school and second-year middle school students while gender differences were limited to all age groups. This method provides valuable insights into motor development trajectories and can be used by professionals to objectively assess and monitor the technical aspects of motor skills across different age groups.