Nephrotoxicity In Albino Rats Research Articles

Renal biochemical marker changes in renal protective effects of different doses of Aloe vera on Amphotericin B induced nephrotoxicity in Albino rats: An animal Study

Drug induced nephrotoxicity remains one of the leading causes of acute and chronic kidney diseases in Africa and other developing countries. This can be attributed to environmental pollution due to increased industrialization, poor waste disposal systems, and changes in diets among other factors. The care and treatment of these patients is extremely expensive especially when a patient requires dialysis or kidney transplant. Nephrotoxicity is normally characterized by elevated urea and creatinine levels. The aim of the present study was to evaluate these changes and draw a viable conclusion out of it. In this study a total of 25 rats were used having been calculated using modified resource equation formula. The animals were then systematically sampled and allocated to either pretreatment or treatment groups. Animals in treatment groups were subjected to similar dose of Amphotericin B and different doses of Aloe vera to achieve protection. Later animals were sacrificed humanely and blood collected through cardiac puncture and preserved for renal biochemical analysis. It was noted that there was a significant increase (P=0.0001 and P=0.0001) in both BUN and creatinine respectively in ABG group as compared to pretreatment group. There was a significant reduction (P=0.0001 and P=0.0001) in BUN and creatinine in HDAB group respectively when compared with ABG group. There was no statistical significance (P= 1.000 and P= 1.000) respectively in BUN and creatinine in HDAB group as compared to pretreatment group. It can therefore be concluded that high dose Aloe vera has renal protective benefits in Amphotericin B induced nephrotoxicity as seen in changes of biochemical parameters.

Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) a traditional food medicine protects the kidney from the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats

The nutritional seeds from Macrotyloma uniflorum (MU) were studied for their unexplored beneficial effect in kidney diseases. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the MU seed for its nephroprotective efficacy against cisplatininduced nephrotoxicity in an animal model. The nephroprotective potential for the Macrotyloma uniflorum seed extract (MUSE) was evaluated in albino rats (250 and 500 mg/kg; p.o.) for 10 days. At the end of the study, the nephroprotective effect was assessed based on the levels of various biochemical parameters of serum, urine, and kidney tissue. The GC-MS analyses of extract confirmed the antioxidant phytochemical constituents responsible for the nephroprotective activity. The MUSE treatment at 250 and 500 mg/kg p.o. showed a significant reduction in the levels of blood urea nitrogen (p<0.05), serum creatinine (p<0.01), serum urea (p<0.001), restore the urine volume (p<0.01), and urine creatinine (p<0.01) as compared to the negative control (cisplatin-injected rats). Subsequently, the abnormal conditions of creatinine clearance (p<0.05) and serum albumin (p<0.05) were restored to normal. For respective doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg p.o, the superoxide dismutase activity increased (p<0.05) to 82.91 and 98.8 U/g whilst the glutathione level significantly increased (p<0.01) to 36.24 and 46.17 µg/mg. Similarly, the catalase activity was significantly improved (p<0.001) to 485.9 and 573.5 µM/g with a significant reduction (p<0.001) in the level of the malondialdehyde to 84.56 and 68.56 nM/mg, respectively for low and high doses. The histopathology of kidney tissues confirmed the pronounced nephroprotection effect of MUSE against the cisplatin-induced injuries like tubular necrosis, hyaline cast, and vascular congestions. The major constituents found in GC-MS were inositol, ethyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside, n- hexadecanoic acid, 9, 12-octadecadienoic aci, 3-betastigmast-5-en-3-ol, Vitamin E, and stigmasterol. The results indicate the promising nephroprotective potential of Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds in nephrotoxicity induced rats, and the efficacy was comparable with vitamin E.

Effect of Oleo-gum-resin of Boswellia serrata Roxb. (Kundur) on Cadmium Chloride Induced Renal Toxicity in Albino rats

Kundur (oleo-gum-resin of Boswellia serrata Roxb.) is an ingredient in certain Unani formulations used in kidney disorders. Cadmium is potentially a severe nephrotoxin, because cadmium has a biologic half life of more than 30 years. In the present study the effects of Kundur and its methanol soluble (MS) and methanol insoluble (MINS) fractions were investigated on Cadmium chloride induced nephrotoxicity in Albino rats. The animals of group I and II were administered with 1% CMC (1000mgl/kg, p.o.) and the animals of groups III, IV and V were administered with Kundur (1000mg/kg, p.o.), MS (650mg/kg, p.o.) and MINS (350mg/kg, p.o.) respectively for eight days. Animals in group II, III, IV and V were co-administered Cadmium chloride (3mg/kg/bodyweight) from the fourth day to the end of study (eight day). On the 9th day (after 24h s.c. ingestion) blood samples were withdrawal, blood samples centrifuged and serum was separated to measure the concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine. Albino rats fed with Kundur and MI fraction showed a significant prevention in the rise of serum markers while MS failed to prevent the rise of these serum makers. These results suggest that Kundur (Boswellia serrata Roxb.) and MINS fraction may have potential to reduce the nephrotoxicity in Albino rats.

Effect of Arabic Gum (Acacia senegal) on Paracetamol-Induced Chronic Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

Effect of Arabic Gum (Acacia senegal) on Paracetamol-Induced Chronic Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

Possible ameliorative effect of human placental extract on methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats

BackgroundMethotrexate (MTX) is one of chemotherapeutic drugs that induce several side effects. The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of human placental extract (HPE) against MTX-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. In this study, forty adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups. Control group: rats were daily injected intraperitoneally with physiological saline (0.5 ml for each rat) for 5 days, HPE group: rats were subcutaneously injected with HPE at a dose level of 10.08 mg/Kg b.w/day for 2 weeks, MTX group: rats were intraperitoneally injected with MTX at a dose level of 5 mg/Kg b.w/day for 5 consecutive days, MTX and HPE group: rats were intraperitoneally injected with MTX (at the same dosage of MTX group) for 5 days and at the same time they were subcutaneously injected with HPE (at an exact dosage of HPE group), daily for 2 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last dose for each treatment, rats were killed and blood samples were collected for determination of urea, creatinine, sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels. Kidney tissues were taken for histological examination and immunohistochemical staining of both cysteine-aspartic protease-3 (caspase-3) and proliferating antigen Ki-67 (Ki-67) expressions.ResultsFrom the obtained data, MTX induced nephrotoxicity through a highly significant increase in urea, creatinine, Na+ and K+ levels compared with the control group. In addition to massive histological alterations, a highly significant increase in caspase-3 expression and a significant decrease in Ki-67 expression were observed. On the other hand, injection with HPE ameliorated urea, creatinine, Na+ and K+ levels comparing to MTX group. Moreover, HPE markedly improved the histological and immunohistochemical changes resulted from MTX treatment.ConclusionsIt is concluded that HPE ameliorated the nephrotoxicity induced by MTX.

Nephroprotective Effect of Methanolic Extract of Solanum nigrum (Mako) and its Fractions on Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

Background: Renal failure is an emerging problem worldwide and it is defined as the presence of renal parenchymal damage. Its manifestations are abnormal albumin excretion or decreased kidney function. Solanum nigrum L. (Mako), ‘Black Nightshade’, belongs to the family Solanaceae known in Unani medicine for its nephroprotective activity, especially in renal disease, as the berries are used to treat many renal ailments including renal failure. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of the berries of Mako on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups of six animals in each. Group I served as the control, group II the toxicant group (cisplatin only), group III included the methanolic extract of Mako, group IV petrol soluble fraction of ME, group V chloroform soluble fraction of ME, group VI water soluble fraction of ME, and group VII the water soluble fraction of ME. All groups except for control group received a single dose of cisplatin 7 mg/kg injection on the 4th day, and test drugs were co-administered from day 1 to day 7. On the 8th day, samples were collected for the analysis of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine and for histopathological examination of renal tissues. Results: Results were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. It was revealed that the ME of Mako and its fractions significantly reduced the rise in BUN and serum creatinine levels caused by cisplatin. The histopathological analysis also showed the protective nature of Mako in the nephrotoxic modules. Conclusion: Hence, the biochemical parameters and histopathological results affirmed the nephroprotective effect of the berries of the Mako against cisplatin-induced renal damage.

The possible ameliorative role of Moringa oleifera seed oil on sofosbuvir-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats; histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical studies

BackgroundHepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. Sofosbuvir (sofo) is a nucleotide analog inhibitor of HCV NS5B polymerase used to treat chronic hepatitis C infection as a component of a combination of antiviral treatment regimen. Many side effects of sofo were reported in different mammalian organs including kidney. Moringa oleifera (MO) is one of the medicinal plants which have many pharmacological activities and nutritional applications due to its rich phytonutrients content. This study aimed to investigate the possible ameliorative effect of MO seed oil against nephrotoxicity induced by sofo in adult male albino rats. The experimental animals were divided equally into four groups. Group I: animals were served as control. Group II: animals were orally given MO oil (2 ml/kg/day). Group III: animals were orally administered with sofo (36 mg/kg/day). Group IV: animals were orally given sofo then after 2 h they were given MO oil (with the same previous doses). All doses were daily given to the animals for eight weeks. At the end of the experiments, animals were sacrificed and sera were collected to determine urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels and catalase activity. Kidneys were removed out and prepared for both the histological and immunohistochemical studies.ResultsSofo-treated animals showed many pathological changes; damaged glomeruli and degenerated renal tubules with vacuolated lining epithelial cells contain pyknotic nuclei. In addition, leukocytic infiltration, congested blood vessels and hemorrhage were seen. Caspase-3 and PCNA were expressed in a large number of cells in the same group. Moreover, a significant increase in urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels was recorded as well as a significant decrease in catalase activity. Co-treatment of MO oil with sofo effectively counteracted the observed adverse effects. It attenuated the histological picture of the kidney, significantly ameliorated urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels and catalase activity and restored the normal expressions of caspase-3 and PCNA.ConclusionsMoringa oleifera oil can ameliorate nephrotoxicity induced by sofo via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.

Cytoprotective potentialities of carvacrol and its nanoemulsion against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: development of nano-encasulation form

Cisplatin (Cisp) is a widely distributed chemotherapeutic drug for cancers. Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common side effects of the use of this drug. Carvacrol (CV) is a common natural compound in essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants with potent in vivo and in vitro bioactivities. The work was extended to achieve the target of investigation of the protective potentialities of CV and its nanoemulsion as a cytoprotective drug against Cisp-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. CV-nanoemulsion was prepared by a hydrophilic surfactant polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) and deionized water. The TEM image of the particle distribution prepared nanoemulsion is mainly spherical in shape with particle size varying between 14 and 30 nm. Additionally, the Cisp administration caused the increasing of the levels of urea and creatinine in the blood and serum. These increasing of urea and creatinine levels caused consequently the turbulence of the oxidative stress as well as the rising of hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in the serum. Also, histopathological changes of the kidney tissue were observed. These changes back to normal by treatment with CV-nanoemulsion. Expression levels of nephrotoxicity-related genes including LGALS3, VEGF, and CAV1 in kidney tissue using qRT-PCR were measured. The results revealed that the expression of LGALS3, VEGF and CAV1 genes was highly significantly increased in only Cisp treated group when compared with other treated groups. While, these genes expressions were significantly decreased in Cisp + CV treated group when compared with Cisp treated rats (P < 0.001). In addition, there were no significant differences between Cisp + nano-CV treated group and both negative control and nanoemulsion alone groups but it was not significant. In addition, the Western blot of protein analysis results showed that the LGALS3 and CAV1 are highly expressed only in Cisp + CV treated group compared with other groups. There was no significant difference between Cisp + nano-CV treated animals and negative control for both mRNA and protein expression. Based on these results, CV was combined with calcium alginate; a more stable capsule is formed, allowing for the formation of a double wall in the microcapsule. These results supported the therapeutic effect of CV and its nano-emulsion as cytoprotective agents against Cisp nephrotoxicity.

Comparison of Antioxidant Effect of Crocus Sativus and Vitamin E on Amakicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Objectives: The present study evaluated the protective effect of Crocus Sativus against Amikacin-induced Nephrotoxicity.&#x0D; Methods: The prospective descriptive study was conducted at the department of orthopedic surgery, Dr. Ruth KM Pfau Adult laboratory albino rats of the Wistar strain were used in this experimental study. In this study, 75 albino rats were subdivided into 3 groups, including experimental groups B and C. The control group (A) received normal saline intraperitoneally, group (B) received Amikacin 30mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally and Group (C) received Crocus sativus 50 mg/kg body weight orally and vitamin E orally in a dose of 50mg/kg of body weight. Kidneys of rats obtained after dissection were processed, sectioned, and stained in PAS Hematoxylin and Gomoris Methenamine Silver stains. The present study was conducted at Dow University of Health Sciences in the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Animal House of Dow University and Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory. The duration of the study was Three months. Inclusion criteria were Albino rats of both sexes, kidneys of either side (right &amp; left), rats with an approximate weight of 140 to 180 grams were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were overweight rats and pregnant rats.&#x0D; Results: A significant increase in kidney weight was observed in group B. A considerable addition was observed in proximal tubular in groups B and C. A considerable increase was also observed in the number of intact proximal tubule nuclei and the nuclear diameter of groups B &amp; C.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study provides evidence that Crocus Sativus has protective effects in Amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity, comparable to widely used Antioxidant Vitamin E. The study recommends the addition of Crocus Sativus in dietary supplements after further evaluation in human subjects.

Nephroprotective Activity of the Hydro-alcoholic, Ethanolic Extract and its Fractions of Tukhme Soya (Anethum sowa Roxb.) against Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> Nephrotoxicity is an emerging health issue in many countries due to exogenous or endogenous toxicants. Many drugs are responsible for causing renal damage including antibiotics such as aminoglycoside, cisplatin, etc. Meanwhile some herbs are traditionally used to treat kidney disorders due to their nephroprotective properties. One of them is Tukhme- soya (Seed of Anethum sowa) from family Umbelliferae. This study aims to evaluate the Tukhm-e-soya in gentamicin induced nephrotoxic kidney models in Albino rats. <strong>Methods: </strong>The rats were divided in to eight groups and each group was comprised of six rats. Group I- VIII were control, toxic, hydro-alcoholic, ethanolic, petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, aqueous groups respectively. 1% carboxy methyl cellulose was used as control and gentamicin was used as toxicant. Duration of the study was 8 days. Serum creatinine (S.Cr), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), histopathological studies of kidneys, and lipid peroxidation (LPO), were evaluated. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett&rsquo;s post hoc test.<strong> Results:</strong> BUN, S.Cr and LPO levels were significantly increased in toxicant group when compared with control. Groups III - VIII showed significantly lower values close to control group in these parameters. Study revealed that it has a potent antioxidant activity which may be responsible for its nephroprotective actions. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Therefore, it is concluded that all the extracts and fractions of Tukhme soya were effective in nephroprotection but acetone fraction, hydroalcoholic and chloroform fractions were more effective than other groups. <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Key words: </strong>Nephroprotective, Tukhm-e-soya, Gentamicin, Histopathology, Lipid peroxidation.

Effect of ethanolic extract of Rosa centifolia against doxorubicin induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats

BackgroundEfficacy of Anthracycline derivative Doxorubicin (Dox) has been proven in several malignancies such as breast cancer, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute leukemia, lung, thyroid and ovarian cancer. However its clinical usefulness is restricted due to its cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Rosa centifolia belongs to family Rosaceae and in Ayurveda it is claimed for use in renal disorders. The main phyto-constituents of the plant are terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, pro-antroocyanides, pectin and riboflavin. ObjectiveTo investigate the ameliorative role of ethanolic extract of petals of R. centifolia in doxorubicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and methodsNephrotoxicity was produced by administration of doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p. alternate day) in six equal injections for two weeks to achieve a cumulative concentration of 15 mg/kg. Low (LERC - 100 mg/kg p.o.) and high (HERC - 200 mg/kg p.o.) dosees of ethanolic extract of petals of R. centifolia was administered as a pretreatment prior to doxorubicin administration. The general parameters such as body weight, food and water intake were measured throughout the study period. Serum biomarkers such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine and albumin were measured before treatment and at the end of the experiments. Anti-oxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), melonldehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were monitored after the last dose. Nephrotoxicity was assessed through histopathological analysis. ResultsThe repeated administration of doxorubicin produces several morphological changes including reduction in the body weight as well as decreased food and water consumption. Serum biomarkers such as BUN, serum creatinine were increased and albumin concentration was decreased. The GSH, SOD and CAT concentrations were decreased, whereas MDA concentration was increased. Deteriorating changes in the histological architecture of kidney tissue were observed. In the LERC and HERC pretreated groups following changes were observed in dose dependent manner: increase in body weight, food and water intake (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), decrease in the BUN (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) and serum creatinine (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05) concentrations respectively. The significant increase in the albumin (p < 0.01) concentration was observed only in HERC. The pretreatment with LERC and HERC increased the antioxidant enzymes concentrations i.e. GSH (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01), SOD (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01), CAT (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) and decreased the MDA concentration (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) respectively. Histopathological studies showed that the pretreatment with low and high doses of ethanolic extract of petals of Rosa centifolia LERC and HERC groups minimized the tubular damage and reduced the inflammation as compared to doxorubicin treated group. ConclusionThe biochemical and histopathological data from the present study clearly support the nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of petals of R. centifolia, which might be credited to its anti-oxidant property.

Synthesis, characterization and protective effect of green tea-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles against ochratoxin A induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in albino rats

Synthesis, characterization and protective effect of green tea-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles against ochratoxin A induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in albino rats

The Prophylactic Effect of some herbs extract on Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

The Prophylactic Effect of some herbs extract on Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGb 761) on Lead-induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats.

Background: Lead is a well-known omnipresent environmental toxin that is harmful to almost any system of the body. Kidneys being the major site of excretion, are very susceptible to its toxic effects. The damage usually involves the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) and glomeruli, mainly because of the oxidative stress induced by lead. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), being known to have natural anti-oxidative properties, was used in this study to see whether it ameliorates the lead-induced nephrotoxic effects of not.&#x0D; Methodology: Twenty male Wistar albino rats were divided into four equal groups. Group A was kept as control and given nothing, Group B was given 8 mg/kg body weight lead acetate intraperitoneally, Group C was given EGb 761 100 mg/kg body weight orally and Group D received both lead acetate as well as EGb 761 simultaneously in the above-mentioned doses. The treatment continued daily for 42 days, after which the rats were sacrificed and histomorphological and immunohistochemical parameters were studied from the extracted kidneys.&#x0D; Results: Lead-induced histomorphological changes, including widened PCTs, contracted glomeruli, decreased and pyknotic nuclei and widened urinary spaces, were all reverted to near control in Group D animals. EGb 761 itself did not produce changes in Group C rats except that expression of laminin was marginally decreased. Overall, the laminin expression was not much affected in any of the groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study suggests an ameliorating effect of EGb 761 on lead-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. At the same time, other major paralogues of laminin need to be incorporated into the study to see the specific paralogue which is affected in lead-induced nephrotoxicity.

Effect of Ethanolic extract of Boerhvia diffusa against doxorubicin induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

Anthracycline derivative i.e. doxorubicin (Dox) has proven efficacy in several malignancies such as breast cancer, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute leukemia, lung, thyroid and ovarian cancer. The clinical usefulness is restricted due to its cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Boerhaavia diffusa belongs to family Nyctaginaceae and in Ayurveda, it is claimed for use in renal disorders. The main phytoconstituents of the plant are alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds. To investigate the ameliorative role of ethanolic extract of petals of B. diffusa in doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Nephrotoxicity was produced by administering doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p. alternate day) in six equal injections for two weeks to become cumulatively 15 mg/kg. Low (LEBD–100 mg/kg p.o.) and high (HEBD–200 mg/kg p.o.) dose of ethanolic extract of Boerhhvia diffusa was administered as a pretreatment before doxorubicin administration. The general parameters such as body weight, food, and water intake were measured throughout the study period. Serum markers such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine and albumin were measured. Antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were monitored after the last dose. Histopathological studies were also carried out to evaluate nephrotoxicity. The repeated administration of doxorubicin produces several morphological changes, decreased body weight, food, and water consumption. Serum markers such as BUN and serum creatinine were increased and albumin levels decreased. The GSH, SOD, and CAT were decreased, whereas the MDA level was increased, and deteriorating changes in the histological architecture of kidney tissue were observed. The HEBD pretreated groups dosedependently increased body weight and food and water intake (p is less than 0.01 and p is less than 0.05), whereas LEBD does not show any significant changes. The LEBD and HEBD pretreated groups decreased the BUN (p is less than 0.05 and p is less than 0.01) and serum creatinine (p is less than 0.05 and p is less than 0.05) and increased in the albumin (p is less than 0.05 and p is less than 0.05) levels, respectively. The pretreatment with LEBD and HEBD increased the level of the antioxidant enzyme i.e., GSH (p is less than 0.05 and p is less than 0.01), SOD (p is less than 0.05 and p is less than 0.01), CAT (p is less than 0.05 and p is less than 0.01) and decreased the MDA level (p is less than 0.05 and p is less than 0.01) respectively. Histopathological studies showed that the pretreatment with LEBD and HEBD groups minimized the tubular damage and reduced the inflammation as compared to doxorubicin-treated group. The biochemical and histopathological results data support the nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of B. diffusa, which might be credited to its antioxidant property.

Evaluation of Protective and Therapeutic Potentials of Aqueous Extract of Corn Silk on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

Aim: To evaluate the protective and therapeutic potentials of corn silk extract on gentamicin (CN)-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats.&#x0D; Study Design: The rats were randomly selected and grouped as follows: Group 1 (NC): Were given only food and water. They served as negative control. Group 2 (PC): Were treated with 80 mg/kg/day of CN over a period of 7 days. They served as the positive control. Protective Treatment: Group 3a (CN+CSP 200 mg/kg): Concurrently treated with 200 mg/kg corn silk extract and 80 mg/kg/day of CN for 7 days. 200 mg/kg corn silk extract continued for 30 days. Group 3b (CN+CSP 400 mg/kg): Concurrently treated with 400 mg/kg corn silk extract and 80 mg/kg of CN for seven days. 400 mg/kg corn silk extract continued for 30 days. Therapeutic treatment: Group 4a (CN+CST 200 mg/kg): Induction of nephrotoxicity with 80 mg/kg/day of CN for seven days before the administration of 200 mg/kg of corn silk extract for 30 days. Group 4b (CN+CST 400 mg/kg): Induction of nephrotoxicity with 80 mg/kg/day of CN for 7 days before the administration of 400 mg/kg of corn silk extract for 30 days.&#x0D; Methodology: At the end of the treatment, the animals were allowed to fast for 18 hours and later anaesthetized using chloroform. Whole blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture and put into lithium heparin bottles. The samples were then spun at 3500 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain plasma. Kidney specimens harvested were fixed in 10% formol saline. Sections were prepared using histological techniques and stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Urea was analysed using Berthelot’s enzymatic colorimetric method, creatinine using Jaffe’s enzyme-kinetic method while the estimation of Na+, K+, and Cl- were performed using Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) analyzer.&#x0D; Results: Significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) values of creatinine and urea were seen in protective and therapeutic treatment groups when compared against positive control. Potassium indicated significantly lower values especially in the therapeutic groups when compared against negative control while chloride indicated significantly higher values in 400 mg/kg rats compared with positive control at p&lt;0.05. Histology of the protective treatment groups showed slightly distorted glomerular space, vacuolations, and dilated proximal and distal tubules. The positive control and the therapeutic treatment groups indicated severely damaged glomerulus, glomerular space, proximal and distal tubules as well as loss of parenchymal materials and presence of kupffer cell infiltration were seen but less severe in the therapeutic group compared to the positive control.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results obtained suggest protective and therapeutic potentials of corn silk extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. However, the therapeutic efficacy was progressively gradual and not be fast-effective as documented in most traditional or herbal literatures.

Arabic Gum Role In Ameliorating Cyclosporine- A Initiated Nephrotoxicity In Albino Rats

Recently many researchers reported that treatment using cyclosporine A in extended period in order to avoide the rejection of allograft is connected with renal impairment progress. Arabic gum is a valuable antioxidants and anti-carcinogenic factor with a protective effect against renal intoxications. This research aims at assessing the improving function of Arabic gum in ameliorating nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine A in adult rats by measuring urea and creatinine as renal function tests and histopathological changes plus redox status parameters. 80 mature rats males and females were classified into four groups during the period of expirment (45 days) first one act as control given saline; the second one was given 7.5gm/kg/day of Arabic gum ,while third group was given cyclosporine A( 25 mg/kg /day ) finally the fourth one was given 7.5gm/kg/day of Arabic gum together with the 25 mg/kg /day of cyclosporine A. Cyclosporine A group three rats had renal impairment beside injury, when reported by elevated values of urea and creatinine and renal pathological changes, relative to the first group(control) with high level of cyclosporine A in blood and bad parameters of redox status. Receiving of (Arabic gum) accompanied with (cyclosporine A) ameliorating renal damage by decreasing the level of urea and creatinine in the blood, renal histo pathological amelioration, moreover the improved parametersof antioxidant. The levels of catalase, glutathione, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were statistically reduced as regard group three G3 (cyclosporine) which was significant relative to the control & second groups G1,G2 although significantly elevated in the fourth group which given cyclosporine plus Arabic gum when compared with the third group (cyclosporine). Arabic gum has likely to behave like natural agent opposing cyclosporine A -provoked nephrotoxicity.

Effects of methanolic leaf extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides on the recovery from gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats

This study evaluated the effects of methanolic leaf extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides (MLEPS) on the recovery from gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. Fresh leaves of P. santalinoides were collected, dried, pulverized, and extracted by cold maceration technique using 80% methanol. Thirty male albino rats randomly assigned into six groups (A–F) of five rats each were used for the study. Nephrotoxicity was induced in groups A–E by intra-peritoneal administration of gentamicin (GM) once a day at 100 mg/kg for 10 days. Thereafter, the nephropathic (NP) rat groups (A–E) were used to assess the therapy with MLEPS. Group A was given drinking water (negative control). Groups B, C, and D were treated orally with MLEPS at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Group E was treated orally with silymarin at 200 mg/kg (positive control). Group F was not treated with GM and MLEPS (normal control). Parameters measured relating to kidney function were serum creatinine and urea concentrations, urine protein level, and 24-h water consumption. All the parameters were significantly (p 0.05) to that of the group F (normal control) rats on days 5 and 10 PTWE, though it was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the untreated control (group A). Urine protein levels of rats treated with 500 mg/kg MLEPS (group D) were lower and comparable to that of rats treated with silymarin (group E). Also, treatment with MLEPS at 250 and 500 mg/kg led to amelioration of renal tubular necrosis in the NP rats. It was concluded that treatment with MLEPS at 500 mg/kg significantly improved recovery time from GM-induced kidney damage in rats, based on the enhancement of creatinine and urea clearance from blood, reduction of protein loss in urine, and amelioration of histological lesions.

Methanol extract of Artemisia brevifolia as a curative agent against CCl4 induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a Potential nephrotoxin that causes severe and prolonged chemical toxicity. Investigations have been accomplished on numerous species of genus Artemisia, but the plant Artemisia brevifolia has hardly been used in this respect. The present study was considered to ascertain the effects of “Artemisia brevifolia plant extract” against CCl4 prompted nephrotoxicity in male albino rats. Forty-eight male albino rats were allocated into eight groups containing 6 rats in each. Group I was the control group. Group II was given dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (1 ml/kg) orally. Group III was treated with dissolved CCl4 in olive oil (1 ml/kg). Group IV was given CCl4 + Silymarine. Group V and VI were administered with Artemisia brevifolia extract (150 and 300 mg/kg respectively) + CCl4. Group VII and VIII were provided with only 150 and 300 mg/kg extract of Artemisia brevifolia respectively. Results displayed that CCl4 administration significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), albumin, creatinine clearance and Comet parameters (head length, % in head) while increased the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), urea, creatinine, urobilinogen, urinary proteins and comet parameters (number of comets, tail length, comet length, tail moment, % in tail). The administration of Artemisia brevifolia significantly (p < 0.05) improved the histopathology of renal tissues. The results revealed that Artemisia brevifolia has protective consequences against CCl4 induced kidney damage.

Possible Protective Potential of Atorvastatin and Black Seed (Nigella Sativa) Oil in Amikacin induced Nephrotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats

Background and Objectives: Amikacin (AMK) has long been utilized as a gainful antibiotic in preventing Gram-negative infections. Despite all the profitable impacts, amikacin has significant nephrotoxic side effects. The possible protective effects of atorvastatin (ATO) and/or black seed (Nigella sativa) oil (NSO) were evaluated in rats with amikacin-induced acute renal damage, in which generation of reactive oxygen species plays a noteworthy role. Methods: Rats were treated with AMK (30 mg/kg body weight/day, subcutaneously) alone or with ATO (5 mg/kg/day, by gavage) and/or NSO (400 mg/kg/day, by gavage) for 2 weeks. Nephrotoxicity was assessed using serum parameters in addition to tissue biomarkers of oxidative stress as well as renal histopathology. Results: Rats insulted with AMK showed increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Besides, AMK significantly decreased the antioxidant capacity as reflected by the change in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in the study. This was supported by the presence of marked morphological alterations of the kidney. Whereas pre-treatment with NSO alone protected the rats from AMK-induced renal toxicity, the nephroprotective effects of NSO-ATO combination were more potent than either of the two drugs alone. The simultaneous use of atorvastatin and NS oil resulted in a significant improvement of the above parameters of kidney functions and markers of oxidative stress as well as attenuation of histopathological alterations. Interpretation and Conclusion: Taken together, the present results indicate that the combination of ATO and NSO significantly minimizes AMK-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats, may be due to their antioxidant properties.