Nepalese Samples Research Articles

Population genetics comparison of Lilioceris cheni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) colonies released onto Dioscorea bulbifera in Southeastern U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Multiple importations of Lilioceris cheni, a defoliating beetle of the invasive air potato plant, were received by the ARS-Invasive Plant Research Laboratory from 2002 to 2012. The last two, in 2011 (China) and 2012 (Nepal), formed the basis of two colonies from which releases were made into six Southeastern U.S. States. Colony populations were examined using the mitochondrial COI sequence. Phylogenetics, evolutionary divergence, a haplotype network, population statistics, and migration models were generated for the two colonies, countries of origin, and the inferred populations (clades). Phylogenetics eliminated the possibility of cryptic speciation and alleviated the need for host-range testing of the 2012 Nepalese samples. Evolutionary divergence showed the Chinese colony was 1.65X as divergent as the Nepalese, but one Nepalese clade was the most distinctly different of all clades. AMOVA showed most (>70%) genetic variation resided within rather than between colonies. In contrast, AMOVAs showed high levels (>61.5%) of genetic variation between underlying clades with proportionally less variation within. The haplotype network showed broad agreement with the phylogeny. Clade C, from China, displayed the largest number of haplotypes and the largest mutation-scaled effective population size in MIGRATE software. The best MIGRATE models indicated that migration and descent followed the order of phylogenetic descent. The results suggest that the genetic diversity being offered to the adventive range by these very divergent colonies (and clades) is large and should support great ecological flexibility.

Determinants of Audit Report Lag of Commercial Banks in Nepal

The purpose of the study to analyzed the determinants of audit report lag of commercial banks in Nepal. The secondary balance panel data of seven commercial banks for the period of 2013/2014 to 2017/ 2018, latest five years fresh data for the analysis. The sample have been choice from the convenience sampling technique. The descriptive statistics, correlational and casual comparative research design has been employed. The study has been selected audit report lag as dependent variable and return of total assets (ROA), leverage, size of bank, size of board, and bank age as independent variables. The result has been analysis by three different models like Pooled OLS, Fixed Effects and Random Effects Model with the help of Gretl Statistical Software version 1.9.4. The result of Poled OLS and Random Effects Model has appropriate of this cases. In the Fixed Effects Model has not prediction of statically because there is not any variable significant. The study found that leverage and board size are the determinants of audit report lag in the Nepalese commercial banks perspectives. The study also found that the minimum 18 days to maximum 242 days lag of audit report of sample banks. The study concluded that leverage and board size have major determinants of audit report lag in Nepalese samples banks perspectives.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and measurement properties of the Nepali version of the central sensitization inventory (CSI)

BackgroundCentral sensitization is thought to be an important contributing factor in many chronic pain disorders. The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a patient-reported measure frequently used to assess symptoms related to central sensitization. The aims of the study were to translate and cross-culturally adapt the CSI into Nepali (CSI-NP) and assess its measurement properties.MethodsThe CSI was translated into Nepali using recommended guidelines. The CSI-NP was then administered on 100 Nepalese adults with sub-acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain with additional demographic and pain-related questions. The CSI-Nepali was administered again about 2 weeks later. Four measurement properties of the CSI-NP were evaluated: (1) internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha, (2) test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), (3) measurement errors, and (4) construct validity testing five a priori hypotheses. Confirmation of construct validity was determined if a minimum of 75% of the hypotheses were met.ResultsThe CSI was successfully translated into Nepali. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were both excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.91, and ICC = 0.98). The standard error of measurement was 0.31 and the smallest detectable change was 0.86. Four out of five (80%) a priori hypotheses were met, confirming the construct validity: the CSI-NP correlated strongly with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale total scores (r = 0.50); moderately with the total number of pain descriptors (r = 0.35); weakly with the Numerical Rating Scale (r = 0.25); and women had significantly higher CSI scores than men. However, the CSI scores did not correlate significantly with the total duration of pain, as hypothesized (r = 0.10).ConclusionsThe Nepali translation of the CSI demonstrated excellent reliability and construct validity in adults with musculoskeletal pain. It is now available to Nepali health care providers to help assess central sensitization-related signs and symptoms in individuals with musculoskeletal pain in research or clinical practice to advance the understanding of central sensitization in Nepalese samples.

Genomic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) in Nepal

Objectives/BackgroundSequence variants in HPV16 confer differences in oncogenic potential; however, to date there have not been any HPV sequence studies performed in Nepal. The objective of this study was to characterize HPV16 viral genome sequences from Nepal compared to a reference sequence in order to determine their lineages. Additionally, we sought to determine if five High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL) subjects were genetically distinct from the non-HSIL subjects. MethodsDNA was isolated from exfoliated cervical cells from 17 individuals in Nepal who were previously identified to be HPV16-positive. A custom HPV16 Ion Ampliseq panel of multiplexed degenerate primers was designed that generated 47 overlapping amplicons and covered 99% of the viral genome for all known HPV16 variant lineages. All sequence data were processed through a custom quality control and analysis pipeline of sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis. ResultsThere were high similarities across the genomes, with two major indels observed in the non-coding region between E5 and L2. Compared to the PAVE reference HPV16 genome, there were up to 9, 4, 38, 27, 8, 7, 52, and 32 nucleotide variants in the E6, E7, E1, E2, E4, E5, L2, and L1 genes in the Nepalese samples, respectively. Based on sequence variation, HPV16 from Nepal falls across the A, C, and D lineages in this study. We found no evidence of genetic distinctness between HSIL and non-HSIL subjects. ConclusionsThe evolutionary and pathological characteristics of the representative HPV16 genomes from Nepal seem similar to results from other parts of the world and provide the basis for further studies.

Root Morphology and Tooth Length of Maxillary First Premolar in Nepalese Population

Introduction: Maxillary first premolar teeth are commonly extracted teeth for orthodontic purpose and commonly root treated tooth because of dental caries. There are different variations on root form, number as well length of the root and tooth. Objective: To find out the root morphology and average tooth and root length of maxillary first premolars in Nepalese population samples. Materials and methods: Total 100 maxillary first premolar teeth were collected for the study and carefully stored in chambers separated for male and female. Root form was identified and recorded. Similarly tooth length and root length was measured by digital caliper (MC, China) and compared by independent t-test. Result: 58% of the samples had single rooted roots. Whereas double root, fused root and triple root form were 20%, 21% and 1% respectively. There was not any significant difference on male and female toot and root length. Conclusion: Majority of Nepalese premolars have a tendency to be single rooted. Overall tooth length is shorter than the established tooth length.

Assessment of Validity of Pont’s Index and Establishment of Regression Equation to Predict Arch Width in Nepalese Sample

Objective: To evaluate the validity of Pont’s index in Nepalese population and establish the regression equation to predictprobable arch width from sum of the maxillary incisors.Materials & Method: The sample comprised of 50 female and 50 male subjects of the age ranging 17-24 years. Sum of themesio-distal widths of the maxillary incisors were measured. Descriptive statistics, Coefficient of regression, and regressionequation were calculated to predict the arch width in premolar and molar regions. Independent t-test was performed to findthe difference between mean values of male and female subjects. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 17.0.Result: Mean value of Pont’s index ratio was 0.80 and 0.63 for premolar and molar respectively for Nepalese sample. Statisticalanalysis showed no significant difference between male and female in Pont’s premolar and molar index. The correlation ofcoefficient for Sum of Incisors/Premolar width and Sum of Incisors/Molar width were 0.39 and 0.46 respectively.Conclusion: Pont’s analysis can be applied in Nepalese samples. There is no significant difference in values between male andfemale samples.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v4i1.11305 Orthodontic Journal of Nepal Vol.4(1) 2014; 12-16

Comparative Cephalometric Analysis of Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusion Between Nepalese and Chinese Subjects

Objective: To identify the craniofacial features of Nepalese and Chinese subjects with Angle Class II division 1 malocclusion; andto compare between Nepalese and Chinese samples and Nepalese gender groups.Materials & Method: The cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 96 Nepalese (mean ages16.34 ± 5.4 years) and 39Chinese (mean age 17.18 ± 7.1 years) subjects with Angle Cass II division 1 malocclusion. Ten skeletal, nine dental and three softtissue variables were investigated.Result: The craniofacial features between Nepalese and Chinese samples showed significant differences among fifteen of thetwenty-two variables studied; whereas in comparison between gender groups, six parameters were significantly different.Conclusion: Both samples showed well positioned maxilla, retrusive mandible and Class II skeletal tendency. In comparison,maxilla was more protrusive, mandible was more retrusive and overjet was more increased in Chinese. The Nepalese showedmore prominent nose and chin.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v4i1.11306 Orthodontic Journal of Nepal Vol.4(1) 2014; 17-

Polynomial Analysis of Dental Arch Form of Nepalese Adult Subjects

Introduction: Human dental arch acquires stable form and dimensions with the attainment of adulthood. The orthodontic treatment regimen signifies the predetermination of the shape and type of dental arch form of a particular adult population to harmonize with their natural pattern. The use of predetermined arch form helps in diagnosis, treatment planning and stability of orthodontic treatment results. Objective: To analyze the dental arch forms of Nepalese adults and to classify them into morphological types. Materials & Method: Predetermined transverse and sagittal dimensions on dental stone models of one hundred Nepalese adults aged 17-32 years with normal occlusion and dentofacial proportion were measured using standardized Boley gauze. The analysis was done according to Raberin’s mathematical sixth degree polynomial method. The study compared the gender difference among the Nepalese samples. Result: The distribution of the Nepalese arch form types were; 26% flat arch, 24% wide arch, 19% pointed arch, 18% narrow arch and 13% mid arch. Conclusion: Considerable variation in distribution of dental arch form types found between Nepalese male and female samples and among population groups. The analysis enables the mathematical method that predetermines the dental arch form of the individual orthodontic patient.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v3i1.9267 Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol.3, No.1, 2013: 7-13

Betel-quid dependence and oral potentially malignant disorders in six Asian countries

Despite gradual understanding of the multidimensional health consequences of betel-quid chewing, information on the effects of dependent use is scant. To investigate the 12-month prevalence patterns of betel-quid dependence in six Asian populations and the impact of this dependence on oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). A multistage random sample of 8922 participants was recruited from Taiwan, mainland China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Participants were evaluated for betel-quid dependency using DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria and assessed clinically for oral mucosal lesions. The 12-month prevalence of dependence was 2.8-39.2% across the six Asian samples, and 20.9-99.6% of those who chewed betel-quid were betel-quid dependent. Men dominated the prevalence among the east Asian samples and women dominated the prevalence in south-east Asian samples. 'Time spent chewing' and 'craving' were the central dependence domains endorsed by the Chinese and southern/south-east Asian samples respectively, whereas the Nepalese samples endorsed 'tolerance' and 'withdrawal'. Dependency was linked to age, gender, schooling years, drinking, smoking, tobacco-added betel-quid use and environmental accessibility of betel-quid. Compared with non-users, those with betel-quid dependency had higher pre-neoplastic risks (adjusted odds ratios 8.0-51.3) than people with non-dependent betel-quid use (adjusted odds ratio 4.5-5.9) in the six Asian populations. By elucidating differences in domain-level symptoms of betel-quid dependency and individual and environmental factors, this study draws attention to the population-level psychiatric problems of betel-quid chewing that undermine health consequences for OPMD in six Asian communities.

Risk Factors for Drug Abuse Among Nepalese Samples Selected from a Town of Eastern Nepal

The study focuses on the serious issue related to the adolescents’ and adults’ behavior and health. It aims to identify the risk factors for drug abuse from samples taken from a town of Eastern Nepal. This is a matched case-control study. The conditional logistic regression method was adopted for data analysis. The diagnosis cut off was determined by Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. A representative sample of 150 matched pairs was recruited from Dharan in 2006. The final model after adjusting 17 possible variables each other, detected some factors like education, occupation, short temper, depression, etc that were significantly associated with drug abuse, but shy behavior was not a significant predictor for drug abuse among the study sample. The level of education, occupation and depression were the strong predictors as identified by the model. The findings of the study may have implications to aware families and schools in developing countries like Nepal.

Diversity of 26-locus Y-STR haplotypes in a Nepalese population sample: Isolation and drift in the Himalayas

Twenty-six Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci were amplified in a sample of 769 unrelated males from Nepal, using two multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The 26 loci gave a discriminating power of 0.997, with 59% unique haplotypes, and the highest frequency haplotype occurring 12 times. We identified novel alleles at four loci, microvariants at a further two, and nine examples of amelogenin-Y deletions (1.2%). Comparison with a similarly sized Bhutanese sample typed with the same markers suggested histories of isolation and drift, with drift having a greater effect in Bhutan. Extended (11-locus) haplotypes for the Nepalese samples have been submitted to the Y-STR Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD).

Immunoassay of Aflatoxin in Food and Human Tissue

AbstractAn enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed to determine aflatoxin in food was adapted to analyse rapidly human serum for aflatoxin.Sera from subjects in the U.K., Nigeria and Nepal were studied. No aflatoxin was found in U.K. sera, whilst 76% and 100% respectively of Nigerian and Nepalese samples were found positive for aflatoxin.Study was also made of maternal and cord sera from Thai subjects. Only 6% of maternal blood had detectable aflatoxin whilst 49% of cord sera were found positive for aflatoxin. This is evidence of trans-placental transfer of aflatoxin in humans and possibly of concentration of aflatoxin by the feto-placental unit.

Measured 234,238U and Fallout 239,240Pu in Human Bone Ash from Nepal and Australia

Human bone samples from Nepal and Australia were analyzed for isotopic uranium and fallout plutonium. The Nepalese samples were obtained for a 3-yr period (1976–78) while the Australian samples are representative of a single year (1977). The surface air plutonium concentrations for the latitude bands of these countries were either measured and/or estimated from 1954 through 1978. With the plutonium air concentrations and age-dependent breathing rates as input data, the measured human bone results were compared with skeletal estimates derived from the ICRP Task Group Inhalation Model, and the agreement was found to be reasonably good. The measured isotopic uranium concentrations in these samples provide a benchmark against which to assess fallout plutonium based upon a comparison of the skeletal alpha radiation dose from a natural actinide to these populations.

Measured 234,238U and Fallout 239,240Pu in Human Bone Ash from Nepal and Australia

Human bone samples from Nepal and Australia were analyzed for isotopic uranium and fallout plutonium. The Nepalese samples were obtained for a 3-yr period (1976–78) while the Australian samples are representative of a single year (1977). The surface air plutonium concentrations for the latitude bands of these countries were either measured and/or estimated from 1954 through 1978. With the plutonium air concentrations and age-dependent breathing rates as input data, the measured human bone results were compared with skeletal estimates derived from the ICRP Task Group Inhalation Model, and the agreement was found to be reasonably good. The measured isotopic uranium concentrations in these samples provide a benchmark against which to assess fallout plutonium based upon a comparison of the skeletal alpha radiation dose from a natural actinide to these populations.

Plasma protein and red cell enzyme groups among the Nepalese.

Nepalese blood samples were tested for two plasma proteins and seven red cell enzyme systems. Polymorphic variation was present for the haptoglobin protein system and for the acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase locus 1, adenylate kinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase loci controlling red cell enzyme systems. Gene frequencies are compared between the eastern and western Nepalese tribes, and with the distribution pattern known in other South and South-East Asian population groups. The possible interpretations of these observations are discussed.