Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Mothers Research Articles

Compassionate Care: Listening Visits Provided by Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nurses.

Although mothers of infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) often experience clinically significant levels of depression symptoms, accessing mental-health treatment may be difficult. NICU mothers need emotional support that is conveniently delivered at the infant's point-of-care by a trusted professional who is knowledgeable about the medical and nursing care in the NICU. Listening Visits are an effective and accessible, nurse-delivered depression intervention, yet little is known about what mothers discuss during these sessions. This analysis of sessions recorded during the randomized controlled trial evaluation of Listening Visits in the NICU provides a glimpse into NICU mothers' concerns and experiences. This is a secondary, qualitative case analysis of the recorded Listening Visits sessions of four depressed NICU mothers as indicated by a score of 12 or above on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The mothers, who were all White, varied in their economic resources, educational level, availability of support, and infant illness severity. Mothers discussed similar concerns and experiences, often at analogous temporal points in the six Listening Visit sessions, as well as one common concern they voiced throughout: family and friends do not understand what it is like to have an infant in the NICU. For mildly to moderately depressed mothers of infants hospitalized in the NICU, Listening Visits provide a way for bedside nurses to deliver compassionate care by listening to mothers' concerns and experiences.

Thai novice nurses’ lived experiences and perspectives of breastfeeding and human milk in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

BackgroundBreastfeeding and human milk have well-documented health benefits for newborn infants, particularly those who are sick. However, breastfeeding rates and human milk feeding among infants in neonatal intensive units (NICU) in Thailand are still low; thus, breastfeeding promotion and support are required for Thai mothers of premature infants. Newly graduated nurses can play a critical role within the healthcare support system and can have a significant impact on improving breastfeeding practices in the NICU. The objective of this study was to investigate the lived experiences and perspectives of Thai novice nurses on supporting breastfeeding and human milk feeding in the NICU.MethodsThe study was conducted between March 2021 and May 2022 at three medical centers in the central region of Thailand. This study employed a descriptive phenomenological approach to explore Thai novice nurses’ experiences and perspectives on breastfeeding. Purposive sampling was used to invite Thai novice nurses who have work experience in providing breastfeeding support to NICU mothers and their infants to participate in online interviews using a video conference platform (Zoom). Semi-structured questions were used to interview study participants in their native language. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method of data analysis to identify emergent themes. Member checks, peer debriefing, and self-reflection were applied to ensure the validity and trustworthiness of the study results. Back-translation was also used as a quality and accuracy assurance.ResultsA total of thirteen novice nurses agreed to participate in the study. All were female, and their ages ranged from 21 to 24 years old at the time of the interview. The researchers identified five major themes related to the overall study objectives and research questions. They are: positive attitude toward breastfeeding and human milk, facing breastfeeding challenges at work, self-confidence rooted in experience, professional skill needs, and requiring further support.ConclusionsOur results suggest that breastfeeding education plays a vital role in encouraging new nurses to provide breastfeeding support to mothers of preterm infants. Establishing breastfeeding support training and innovative learning strategies can be crucial in developing appropriate breastfeeding practice guidelines and policies to support Thai breastfeeding mothers in the NICU.

Intimate Partner Violence and Depression Screening of Mothers with Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of partner violence and depression in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) mothers. This was a descriptive study. Mothers were screened in a safe room away from their partner with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Abuse Assessment Screen Tool (AAS) within 2 days of the newborn's admission. The EPDS was administered again 2 weeks later and then at discharge. Nearly 20% of mothers reported on the AAS that they had experienced physical abuse since pregnancy. Abuse significantly predicted baseline depression 48 hours after delivery. A significant relationship emerged between depression and past year partner violence, with 100% experiencing abuse in the past year after pregnancy. Regular hospital intake questions underreported NICU mothers' partner violence experience and feelings of depression. There was a marked difference between what mothers reported in their health history at admission versus evidence-based surveys in a private setting. These results challenge assumptions that accurate screening happens at hospital admission. It is imperative to use evidence-based scales after delivery to improve outcomes. · Intake questions undermeasure partner violence and depression.. · Clinical depression emerges by 2 weeks postdelivery.. · Screening is optimal postdelivery, rather than at admission..

Parenting Expectations, NICU Experiences, and Maternal Psychological Outcomes: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Study.

Infant neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization increases maternal risk for psychological distress. However, no universal screening standards exist and predicting maternal risk remains challenging. Reconceptualizing maternal distress in relation to differences between parenting expectations and NICU experiences may illuminate commonalities across a range of experiences. This study explored parenting expectation-experience differences (EEDs) among NICU mothers and assessed correlations between EED scores and psychological outcomes 1 to 5 years post-NICU hospitalization. A 3-phase explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was used. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to measure relationships between EED scores and maternal psychological outcomes. Reflexive thematic analysis of one-on-one, semi-structured interviews contextualized EED scores. Most participants (92.9%) reported negative EED scores, indicating NICU experiences fell short of parenting expectations. Significant inverse correlations were found between EED scores and maternal outcomes, including depression ( r = -0.25, P < .01), anxiety ( r = -0.25, P < .01) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms ( r = -0.41, P < .001), and perceived parenting self-efficacy ( r = -0.28, P < .01). Major qualitative themes included unexpected versus prepared, lost parenting experiences, and surviving and thriving. Data synthesis contextualized EED scores and revealed key differences in meaning ascribed to unmet parenting expectations. Preparing mothers for infant NICU hospitalization and creating a NICU parenting environment, which better supports mothers and their engagement in parenting tasks, may help to reduce differences between parenting expectations and NICU experiences. Further research is needed to elucidate the impacts of parenting EEDs in this population.

Outcomes of a Breast Pump Combining Compression and Vacuum Technology in Exclusively Pumping Mothers of VLBW Infants in the NICU

Objective:To determine whether exclusively pumping mothers of very low birth weight (VLBW) neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) infants could achieve adequate milk production using the PJ’s Comfort®multiuser breast pump, with its compression and vacuum technology and flexible silicone breast cup.Methods:We employed a single-site, convenience sample, 24-month, prospective, nonexperimental, descriptive study in NICU mothers of VLBW infants who were asked to complete a pumping log for 15 days.Results:Of mothers with complete pumping logs (36/51), the mean time to first pumping was 9.5 hours and the mean number of pumping sessions was 7.4/24 hours. By day 15, 83% reached a milk volume of ≥350 mL/day, 66% reached ≥500 mL/day, and 29% reached ≥700 mL/day. Comments regarding the comfort, ease of use, and features of the pump were very favorable.Conclusions:Using current technologies, PJ’s Comfort®is a cost-effective option for establishing adequate milk production in mothers of VLBW infants in the NICU.

Development and content validation of yoga module for the mental health of NICU mothers

BackgroundPostnatal yoga has been found to be effective for maternal mental health management. But a validated yoga module for the mental health of early postpartum mothers with infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is lacking. AimTo design and validate a yoga module for the mental health of early postpartum mothers having infants admitted to the NICU. Materials and methodsFirst phase: A yoga module was designed through a review of published research articles and yogic texts for NICU mothers. Second phase: thirty-eight yoga experts validated the yoga module. Lawshe's formula was used to calculate each item's content validity ratio (CVR). The intra-class correlation coefficient was determined for the validated yoga module. Third phase: The validated yoga module was pilot-tested with a sample size of 20 NICU mothers. ResultsThirty-eight yoga experts validated the yoga module for NICU mothers. Thirteen practices included in the module indicated good content validity (cutoff value: 0.316). The module's content validity index (CVI) and intra-class correlation coefficient were 0.672 and 0.924, respectively. Ten days of practicing the yoga module resulted in a significant reduction in maternal stress levels in the yoga group (p < 0.001) compared to the control group (p = 0.427). ConclusionThe present study suggests good content validity of the yoga module for the mental health of NICU mothers. However, future randomized controlled trials must be carried out to determine both the feasibility and clinical efficacy of the Yoga Module for NICU mothers.

Peripartum Traumas and Mental Health Outcomes in a Low-Income Sample of NICU Mothers: A Call for Family-Centered, Trauma-Informed Care.

Postpartum depression (PPD), postpartum anxiety (PPA), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among birthing people have increased substantially, contributing to adverse maternal/infant dyad outcomes, with a high prevalence in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Despite calls for trauma-informed care in the NICU and high rates of post-traumatic stress, little research has examined the rates of or the relationships between peripartum mood and adverse child experiences (ACEs) in NICU mothers or evaluated which peripartum traumas are most distressing. This study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore whether peripartum-related traumas and NICU-related stressors mediated the associations between ACEs and mental health outcomes in 119 lower-income, racially diverse mothers in a Level IV NICU. Mental health concerns were prevalent and highly comorbid, including 51.3% PPA, 34.5% PPD, 39.5% post-traumatic stress, and 37% with ≥4 ACEs. The majority (53.8%) of mothers endorsed multiple peripartum traumas; NICU admission was the most common trauma (61%), followed by birth (19%), pregnancy (9%), and a medical event in the NICU (9%). Our SEMs had good fit and demonstrated that ACEs predicted peripartum distress. Trauma-informed care efforts should employ transdiagnostic approaches and recognize that women commonly present to the NICU with childhood trauma history and cumulative peripartum traumas.

Postpartum Depression Among Mothers of Infants Hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization of newborn babies has been shown to have a negative impact on the mental health of postpartum women. The mental health of new mothers may be further burdened by the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on social, economic, and psychological dimensions. This study aimed to evaluate postpartum depression and related factors in mothers of infants hospitalized in NICU during two distinct COVID-19 pandemic periods and examine anyadditional effects of the pandemic on the mental health of postpartum women. Methodology The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was applied to 250 NICU mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The first 125 women's children were hospitalized during a period of high number of cases and deaths when restrictions were in place for NICU parental visits (November 2021 to February 2022, the early group). The remaining 125 women completed the scale when there was a lower number of cases and restrictions had been eased (March to June 2022, the late group). Results In the early group, the EPDS scores were statistically higher(7.53.9 vs. 5.63.4; p < 0.001), smoking and NICU stay duration were significantly higher (p = 0.01), whereas the duration ofmarriagewas significantly lower (p = 0.01). Women in the late group with EPDS scores ≥13 were statistically less educated (p = 0.01). EPDS scores ≥13 were significantly associated with depression during pregnancy and with a history of abortion/stillbirth/neonatal death (odds ratio (OR) = 5.240, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.114 to 27.967, p = 0.03 and OR = 1.641, 95% CI = 1.009 to 2.669, p = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions NICU admission is a significant maternal risk factor for postpartum depression due to the disruption of maternal-infant bonding, and this risk may be exacerbated during times of global public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression during pregnancy and the presence of a perinatal loss may also contribute to worse postpartum mental outcomes in NICU mothers.

Stress Levels in Mothers of Admitted Newborns in NICU and Effect of Counseling.

To examine the effect of counseling on stress levels in mothers of neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). This prospective research was carried out from January 2020 to December 2020 in a central India teaching hospital providing tertiary care. Parental Stressor Scale (PSS):NICU questionnaire was used to measure maternal stress among mothers of540 admitted infants between 3 and 7 d of admission. Counseling was done at the time of recruitment and its effect was measured after 72h and re-counseling was done. This cycle of stress assessment and counseling was repeated every 72h till the baby was admitted in the NICU. Overall stress levels for each subscale were determined, and pre- and post-counseling stress was compared. For the subscales of sight and sound, appearance and behavior, change in the parental role, and staff behavior and communication, the median scores were 1.5 (IQR-1.2-1.88), 2.5 (2.3-2.9), 3.3 (3.0-3.6) and 1.3 (1.1-1.62), respectively indicating high stress in the parental role alteration. Counseling was effective in reducing stress levels among all mothers irrespective of various maternal factors (p <0.01). Stress reduces more with increasing number of counseling, as suggested by higher change in the stress score with increased number of counseling. This study shows that NICU mothers are under remarkable stress and repeated counseling sessions targeted at particular concerns might assist.

NICU parents' mental health: A comparative study with parents of term and healthy infants.

To compare mental health in parents of preterm/ill infants and parents of term and healthy infants before birth and 1 month after hospital discharge. A comparative cohort design was used. In total 439 parents from six neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and 484 parents from four maternity units (MUs) in Sweden answered a survey 1 month after discharge. Parents in neonatal units experienced significantly more psychologically traumatic births and rated their health and the health of their infants less favourably the first week after delivery than parents in MUs. In the neonatal units, both parents had better possibilities to stay together with the infant during hospital stay. There was no difference between the NICU and MU groups in postpartum depressive symptoms 1 month after discharge. Experiencing a traumatic birth was not related to an increased risk of perinatal depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ≥13) for mothers in NICUs. In contrast, the risk of depression increased for mothers in MUs. Family togetherness, parent-infant closeness and emotional support at NICUs may contribute to the positive outcome. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of how family togetherness and closeness influence families long term.

The Effect of Hopelessness on Depressive Symptoms in Mothers of Infants Hospitalized at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: The Mediating Role of Anxiety

Objective: Mothers of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at high risk for depressive symptoms. This study investigated whether anxiety symptoms mediate the relationships between hopelessness and depressive symptoms in mothers with newborn infants admitted to the NICU. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the NICU of a university hospital in Turkey between October 2021 and March 2022. A total of 100 mothers whose infants were hospitalized in the NICU participated in the study. The data were collected using the Sociodemographic Data Form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). Linear regression analysis was used to examine the effect of demographic characteristics on scale scores. In order to test whether the anxiety score has a mediating role in the relationship between hopelessness and depression, the analysis was made based on the bootstrap method and the Maximum Likelihood method. Results: Levels of the depression, anxiety and hopelessness levels of the NICU mothers were not affected by the demographic variables of the parent and the infant. Hopelessness was found to predict depressive symptoms (β = 0.476; p < .050). In addition, according to the mediator variable analysis results, it was found that anxiety had a mediating role between the level of hopelessness and depressive symptoms (β = 0.596; p < .050). Accordingly, hopelessness explains 52.5% of the change in depression along with anxiety. Conclusion: Our study detailed the specific process of depressive symptoms caused by hopelessness in NICU mothers.

Anxiety and Depression of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Mothers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: To determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression of the mothers whose babies were admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for any reason other than COVID-19 during the pandemic, and the effect of duration of NICU stay on mothers' anxiety and depression. Materials and Methods: The NICU mothers were divided into three groups according to duration of hospitalization of their babies. The duration of hospitalization of the babies was &amp;lt; 7 days for the first group of the mothers (G1), ≥ 7- &amp;lt;14 days for the second group (G2), and ≥ 14- &amp;lt; 30 days for the third group (G3). The anxiety level of the mothers was assessed with "State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)", and a cut-off score above 40 was used to define probable clinical levels of anxiety. Depression was evaluated with “Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS)”, and a cut-off score above 12 was considered as probable risk for presence of postpartum depression. Results: Among 150 mothers (in each group n=50), the STAI-State scores of all mothers were &amp;gt; 40, indicating clinical levels of anxiety. Seventy three (48.7%) of the mothers had a EPDS score &amp;gt; 12. The STAI-State scores of the mothers in G3 were higher than the mothers in G2 (p=0.029). Depression scores did not differ between the three groups. Conclusions: All the NICU mothers were found to be anxious and nearly half of them were depressive. Mean state anxiety levels were higher in mothers of babies who stayed longer in NICU.

Telehealth Listening Visits for emotionally distressed mothers of hospitalized newborns: Proof-of-concept.

Newborn admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is stressful. Yet in clinical practice, at best, NICU mothers are screened for depression and if indicated, referred to a mental-health specialist. At worst, no action is taken. Listening Visits, an empirically supported nurse-delivered intervention addressing emotional distress, can be conveniently provided by a NICU nurse. Prompted by the need to minimize face-to-face contacts during the pandemic, the primary purpose of this small pilot trial was to assess the feasibility of having nurses provide Listening Visits to NICU mothers over Zoom. Secondarily, we assessed pre-to post-Listening Visits depression symptom scores as a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of this type of support. Nine NICU mothers with mildly to moderately severe depression symptoms received up to six Listening Visits sessions from a NICU nurse via Zoom. Participants completed the Inventory Depression and Anxiety Symptoms-General Depression scale (IDAS-GD) at study entry and 4- and 8-weeks post enrollment. They completed the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) at the 8-week assessment. Using an intent-to-treat approach, the effect of time from the mixed model analysis of IDAS-GD was statistically significant (F(2,26) = 10.50, p < 0.001), indicating improvement in IDAS-GD scores from baseline to follow-up. The average CSQ score was high (M = 29.0, SD = 3.3), with 75% of participants rating the quality of help they received as "excellent". In this pilot trial, we learned it is feasible to provide Listening Visits over Zoom, that this mode of delivery is associated with a significant decrease in depression symptom scores, and that women value this approach. [https://clinicaltrials.gov/], identifier [#201805961].

Association between maternal-infant bonding and depressive symptoms in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit mothers: A case-control study

ObjectivesMaternal perinatal depression has been associated with impaired mother-infant bonding. The adverse effect of this impaired bonding has been reported. This study aimed to investigate and compare the posnatal depressive symptoms and the mother-infant bonding in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and of mothers with healthy newborns respectively. Secondly, was to explore the association between depressive symptomatology and bonding in both groups. MethodsIn this case study, mothers in the early pospartum period who gave birth in the same perinatal center of Greece were recruited to participate. The cases consisted of 88 mothers of neonates who were hospitalized in the NICU and controls were 100 mothers of full-term healthy neonates. For the collection of the data questionnaires including demographics and perinatal variables were used. For the bonding and posnatal assessment, the Mother to Infant Bonding Scale, the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. ResultsThere was a significant difference between the mean of bonding scores of NICU mothers and the control group (t = −2.696, P = 0.008). NICU mothers presented lower scores in bonding with the newborn compared to the control group and presented higher depression scores compared to those of controls (χ2 = 28.588, P = 0.000). The depression scores were correlated with bonding scores in both groups. DiscussionA NICU admission has an impact on bonding and in some way interacts with maternal pospartum mental health, therefore more research is needed. ConclusionsNICU mothers have been presented as more vulnerable than mothers of healthy infants since they expressed a lower mother-infant bonding and higher depression scores. The support of these vulnerable mothers and the facilitation of mother-infant bonding by the NICU staff is of utmost importance.

Prevalence of mental health problems in mothers of preterm infants admitted to NICU: A cross-sectional study.

To study the prevalence of mental health problems among mothers of preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In this cross-sectional two-arm study, 130 mothers in each group, with either term infants not in NICU or preterm infants admitted to NICU, underwent mental health assessment using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire and Modified Parental Stress Scale-NICU. Their coping styles and quality of life were also assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS IBM 25.0. Anxiety (66.2% versus 46.9%) and depression (45.4% versus 23.1%) were more common among NICU mothers. Regarding subdomains of acute stress reaction, a higher number of NICU mothers showed symptoms of anxiety, re-experience and functional impairment. For mothers with infants in NICU, sight, sound, and parental role alterations were stressful. They had reduced quality of life scores in domains of physical health, psychological health, and social relationships. Also, a higher number of these mothers exhibited problem-solving and emotion-focused coping. Preterm birth with NICU admission of the infant is more stressful for a mother than the term birth of a healthy neonate. It affects her mental health and quality of life. Both the obstetrician and the pediatrician should be mindful of this.

BLOSSoM: Improving Human Milk Provision in Preterm Infants Through Texting Support.

Introduction:Mother’s own milk (MOM) reduces complications of preterm birth. Despite high initiation rates of expression, half of preterm infants do not receive MOM at discharge. Frequent outreach and a short message service (SMS) have improved MOM provision in term dyads. We aimed to improve MOM provision rate from 61% to >80% by implementing standardized lactation education and Breastfeeding & Lactation Outreach via SMS Supporting Mothers (BLOSSoM).Methods:The baseline period was June 2019 to April 2020. A multidisciplinary team implemented PDSA cycles: education/documentation (standardized lactation education and education documentation, May 2020–April 2021), and BLOSSoM (SMS program providing educational texts/videos, reminders, 2-way communication with neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) lactation, May 2021–December 2021). The primary outcome was MOM provision at NICU discharge/transfer for infants younger than 34 weeks, as analyzed on the SPC chart. BLOSSoM participants evaluated the program using a 5-point Likert scale.Results:Demographic and clinical characteristics were unchanged among the three periods. However, the monthly MOM provision rate improved from 61% to 81%. Eighty-seven percent of BLOSSoM participants completed the evaluation with 83% rating the program most supportive, 78% rating the videos as the most helpful, followed by team check-ins (54%) and 2-way texting (24%).Conclusions:Using a multidisciplinary approach, we improved the monthly MOM provision rate at discharge/transfer for preterm infants. SMS providing educational texts/media and 2-way communication supporting lactating NICU mothers was critical to our success. Providing another method of communication through SMS was well accepted and valued by the majority.

My Paradoxical Sunrises and the Ongoing Amazing Grace of NICU Narrative Medicine

ABSTRACT In this autoethnographic account of my experience as a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) mother, I bring attention to socially silenced health issues begging our acknowledgment. The lack of discourse about complications with pregnancies and births leave too many women and men shocked and traumatized by experiences that are far more common than we believe. Currently, 10 percent of pregnancies in the United States end in preterm birth, which are often accompanied by a variety of serious health conditions requiring newborns to be admitted to a NICU. Postpartum depression rates among NICU mothers are 40 percent and parents of NICU children are at high-risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. As I lived and continue making sense of this journey, narrative medicine has been a constant source of strength. My hope is that my family’s story might enlarge our understandings of narrative medicine and its remarkable capacities as we live amid health challenges and learn to live with their lingering effects on our stories. Specifically, narrative medicine is a dynamic, relational experience capable of cultivating hope within contexts scattered with hardship, transformative in its immediate and long-term affective force.

The Relationship Between Neonatal Surgery, Postpartum Depression, and Infant Clinical Course.

Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10-15% of mothers in the general population, and studies show increased incidence for mothers of infants with serious health conditions. This study investigates incidence of PPD in mothers of surgical patients in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and characterizes these patients' clinical and neurodevelopmental outcomes. This retrospective cohort study analyzed Nebraska's Tracking Infant Progress Statewide (TIPS) database and referring hospital medical records from February 2013 to June 2018. Upon NICU discharge, children were referred to the TIPS program, with scheduled follow-up appointments at approximately 6months corrected age. All patients seen in NICU follow-up clinic with recorded scores for maternal Edinburgh postnatal depression screen (EPDS) were eligible except infants with congenital heart disease as this cohort was previously studied. Patients were stratified into groups based on presence or absence of a general surgical procedure within the first 6 months of life and positive (≥ 10) or negative (< 10) EPDS score. Statistical analyses assessed for significant differences between groups regarding gestational age, birth weight, maternal age, length of NICU stay (LOS), number of days on a ventilator, payment method, ethnicity, developmental testing, and rate of referral for early intervention services. Of 436 patients, 83 were surgical patients (16 with positive EPDS; 19.3% incidence), and 353 were non-surgical patients (44 with positive EPDS; 12.5% incidence). Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between neonatal surgery and positive EPDS (χ2 = 2.6, p = 0.1). While the surgical cohort had longer LOS and days on ventilator, maternal EPDS did not predict these factors. In the surgical cohort, mothers of children not independent on oral feeding at discharge were more likely to screen positive for depression (7/14, 50% vs. 7/61, 11%; p < 0.05). Mothers of surgical patients are not significantly more likely to screen positive for post-partum depression compared to other NICU mothers. This underscores the importance of routine screening for PPD in mothers of both surgical and non-surgical NICU patients in order to identify parents and children at risk.

Asociación entre el vínculo madre-hijo y los síntomas depresivos en madres de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales: estudio caso-control

ObjectivesMaternal perinatal depression has been associated with impaired mother-infant bonding. The adverse effect of this impaired bonding has been reported. This study aimed to investigate and compare the posnatal depressive symptoms and the mother-infant bonding in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and of mothers with healthy newborns respectively. Secondly, was to explore the association between depressive symptomatology and bonding in both groups. MethodsIn this case study, mothers in the early pospartum period who gave birth in the same perinatal center of Greece were recruited to participate. The cases consisted of 88 mothers of neonates who were hospitalized in the NICU and controls were 100 mothers of full-term healthy neonates. For the collection of the data questionnaires including demographics and perinatal variables were used. For the bonding and posnatal assessment, the Mother to Infant Bonding Scale, the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. ResultsThere was a significant difference between the mean of bonding scores of NICU mothers and the control group (t=-2.696, P=.008). NICU mothers presented lower scores in bonding with the newborn compared to the control group and presented higher depression scores compared to those of controls (χ2=28.588, P=.000). The depression scores were correlated with bonding scores in both groups. DiscussionA NICU admission has an impact on bonding and in some way interacts with maternal pospartum mental health, therefore more research is needed. ConclusionsNICU mothers have been presented as more vulnerable than mothers of healthy infants since they expressed a lower mother-infant bonding and higher depression scores. The support of these vulnerable mothers and the facilitation of mother-infant bonding by the NICU staff is of utmost importance.

Perinatal morbidity and health utilization among mothers of medically fragile infants.

To determine the burden of perinatal morbidity among mothers of medically fragile infants. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 6849 mothers who delivered liveborn infants at a quaternary care hospital during a two-year period. We compared mothers of well babies with mothers of infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and we used logistic regression to model predictors of postpartum acute care utilization among NICU mothers. Rates of obstetric morbidity were highest for mothers of infants staying ≥72 h in the NICU; 54.2% underwent cesarean birth, 7.5% experienced severe maternal morbidity, and 6.6% required a blood transfusion. Factors independently associated with postpartum acute care use included gestational age <28 weeks, ever smoking, non-Hispanic Black race, temperature >38 °C and receiving psychiatric medication during the birth hospitalization. Focused support for mothers of NICU infants has the potential to reduce maternal morbidity and improve health.