Nelumbo Nucifera Seeds Research Articles

Lotus growth and development in artificial water bodies in the conditions of the Stavropol Upland

Relevance. The creation of a botanical collection of the lotus family made it possible to study the biology and adaptive features of a rare relict species of Nelumbo nucifera and its variety in the conditions of the Stavropol Upland.Methods. The main phases of development (the beginning of growth, budding, flowering) were recorded. Statistical processing was carried out by the method of variance analysis according to G.N. Zaitsev.Results. In 2010, Nelumbo nucifera seeds were purchased from the Volga River Delta and planted in a 100-liter container, which was located in a closed ground. From 2010 to 2014, the plant vegetated every year from the second decade of January to November, in November, vegetation was artificially stopped. With such agricultural techniques, the plant had no flowering and fruiting phases. In June 2014, rhizomes were planted and lotus seeds were sown in a pond made of butyl rubber film. In 2017, the first flowering was observed. During the study period, the plants did not reach natural indicators, on average, the diameter of the leaves is less by 18.5 ± 1.6 cm, the flowers are 2 ± 0.1 cm, the height is 1.0–1.5 m. The duration of flowering is 57 ± 4 days, which corresponds to the natural conditions of lotus growth from mid-July to early September. During the years of research, 495 seeds were obtained. Under the influence of abiotic factors, the nut-bearing lotus lives up to 8 years in the botanical garden. Nelumbo nucifera Betsy grows intensively, flowering occurred in the third year after sowing, leaf diameter 57 ± 3 cm, height above the water surface 78 ± 7 cm, flowering duration 73 ± 7 days, which is longer than that of the nut-bearing lotus, full-fledged seeds are formed.

Disentangling the effects of liquid nitrogen on impermeable seed coated species

Nelumbo nucifera, commonly known as the sacred lotus, is a plant of deep cultural, nutritional, and environmental importance, especially in Asian countries. It is widely used for its edible seeds and roots, and it also has ceremonial significance in many cultural traditions. In addition to its use in cuisine and rituals, Nelumbo nucifera plays a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, oxygenating the water and providing habitat for various species of wildlife. However, the wider use of Nelumbo nucifera in nature management and agriculture is hindered by the physical dormancy of its seeds. This dormant trait prevents seeds from germinating under normal conditions, thereby limiting their natural dispersal and use in controlled cultivation and recovery projects. Liquid nitrogen (LN) treatment is investigated to disturb the dormancy of impermeable Nelumbo nucifera seeds by physically damaging the seed shell and facilitating water and oxygen penetration. Extremely low temperatures during LN treatment can weaken the seed coat, improving water absorption and promoting germination. This research investigates how LN treatment affects seed germination and seedling growth compared to untreated seeds. Various factors, such as seed quality, treatment duration, and germination conditions, are considered when evaluating the effectiveness of LN treatment. Conduct thorough experiments and optimize LN treatment protocols to maximize the benefits of Nelumbo nucifera seed germination.

Neferine Pretreatment Attenuates Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Injury Through Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Rats.

Heart attacks, also known as myocardial infarctions (MIs), are one of the main reasons people die from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) worldwide. Neferine, an alkaloid derived from Nelumbo nucifera seeds, has garnered interest due to its purported medicinal effects. In the current research, we induced MI in rats using the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol to investigate whether neferine can improve cardiac dysfunction. The rats were separated into four groups: control, isoproterenol (ISO), and two treatment groups received neferine at doses of 10 or 20mg/kg once daily for 28days. On days 27 and 28, the groups undergoing treatment were administered with an ISO injection. Results showed that pretreatment with neferine strongly protected against changes in lipid profiles and cardiac functional markers in ISO-administered rats. Neferine attenuated histopathologic changes, collagen deposition, and myocardial fibrosis in rats administered ISO. Neferine pretreatment significantly inhibited the oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers in the heart of ISO-injected rats. This was achieved through Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling stimulation, TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK-mediated signaling inhibition, and activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Using CB-Dock-2, researchers determined that neferine has a high binding affinity with protein receptors that are pivotal in several biological processes. In conclusion, the study provides strong evidence that pretreatment with neferine protects rats from ISO-induced heart damage.

Structurally Diverse Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids with Antiadipogenic Activity through PPARγ Downregulation from the Embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Seeds.

Six undescribed and six known bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids were isolated from the embryo of Nelumbo nucifera seeds. Their structures were fully characterized by a combination of 1H, 13C NMR, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS analyses, as well as ECD computational calculations. The antiadipogenic activity of 11 alkaloids was observed in a dose-responsive manner, leading to the suppression of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Luciferase assay and Western blot analysis showed that the active alkaloids downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ, a key antiadipogenic receptor) expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship unveiled that a 1R,1'S configuration in bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids led to a notable enhancement in antiadipogenic activity. The resistance level against lipid accumulation highlighted a consistent pattern with the suppressive effect on the PPARγ expression. These activity results indicate that alkaloids from the embryo of N. nucifera seeds have a potential of antiobesity effects through PPARγ downregulation.

Chromatographic Characterization for Quantitative Measurement of Phytoconstituents in Polyherbal Suspension and Evaluation of its Nutritional Efficacy on Malnourished Rats

Abstract: Background: The present study demonstrated HPLC method development for quantitative measurement of phytoconstituents present in food-grade polyherbal suspension (PHS) and evaluated its nutritional efficacy in the rat. Procedure: The PHS was prepared by mixing the dried extracts of Nelumbo nucifera (NN) seeds, seeds of Euryale ferox (EF) and fruits of Trapa natans (TN) with other excipients. The PHS was analyzed using the HPLC method for the development and validation of the phytoconstituents present in PHS as compared to standard biomarkers. The nutritional efficacy of PHS was evaluated on malnourished rats by observing body weight, food intake, biochemical and haematological data. Results: Results exhibited that the developed HPLC method was simple, rapid, sensitive and cheap for the determination of phytoconstituents in the PHS. The nutritional composition of NN, EF and TN revealed that protein content was highest in TN (21.30%), NN (14.30%) and EF (13.16%) respectively. PHS restored the haematological data of malnourished rats with values of 7.37 103/μL, RBC; 11.75 g/dL, Hb; and 1147 103/μL, platelets at 400 mg/kg dose compared to the control group. The result of biochemical data exhibited that cholesterol and triglyceride levels were 36.08 and 60.28 mg/dL, respectively after treatment with PHS (400 mg/kg). PHS also enhanced the bodyweight of animals in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: Thus, PHS may be an alternative nutritional formulation against protein deficiency-induced malnutrition. Keywords: Malnutrition, Polyherbal, HPLC, Validation, Biomarkers.

The therapeutic potential of Nelumbo Nucifera against oxidative damage induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in rats.

Background: Herbal treatment has paid much attention in the world over the past decades. Nelumbo nucifera is used all over the world as a medicinal plant. It is an aquatic perennial plant belonging to the Nelumbonaceae family. The protective effects of Nelumbo nucifera are due to the active ingredients present in it. The study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of Nelumbo nucifera seeds against hepatotoxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. Methodology: Eighteen Wistar Albino rats were allotted into three groups (n=6), control group, CCl4 treated group given CCl4 0.8 ml/kg body weight subcutaneously twice a week, CCl4 + N. Nucifera treated group given CCl4 0.8 ml/kg body weight 2 times a week subcutaneously and also given Nelumbo nucifera extract (200 mg/kg body weight) orally through gavage daily. After 28 days of the experiment, serum samples were taken for estimation of enzyme activities and liver tissue samples were collected for evaluation of antioxidant enzyme levels. Results: It was observed that liver weight increased in the CCl4 treated group while liver weight decreased in CCl4 + N. Nucifera treated group. CCl4 administration significantly raises the transaminase levels such as Aspartate transaminase (AST) (p<0.01), Aspartate transaminase (ALT) (p<0.05), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p<0.05) whereas CCl4 + N. Nucifera treated group serum transaminases are reduced. Antioxidant activities such as Catalase (p>0.05), Glutathione (GSH) (p>0.05) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p=0.05) decreased in the CCl4 treated group. Significant elevation of antioxidant enzymes; Catalase (p<0.05), GSH (p<0.05) and SOD (p>0.05) in CCl4 + N. Nucifera treated group. Serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (p<0.05) significantly raised in the CCl4 hepatotoxic group compared to the control group. A decreased MDA levels were observed in the CCl4 + N. Nucifera treated group, indicating its potential to counteract the harmful effects of CCl4. Conclusion: This study suggests that Nelumbo nucifera seeds have overcome CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity by their antioxidant effects.

Ameliorative effect of Nelumbo nucifera seeds and wheat grass formulated feed against tannery effluent toxicity and stress in freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus

Amelioration of tannery effluent toxicity and stress revival was analysed through an approach by preparing a formulated feed with feed components comprising Nelumbo nucifera seeds and Wheatgrass as major ingredients in an enhanced formulation. The formulated feed was fed to fingerlings of Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to tannery effluent in laboratory confinement to observe its effect on growth and protective effect from toxic nature of the effluent. This study aimed to assess the effect of the sublethal concentration of tannery effluent over an exposure period of 45 days. The LC50was analysed for the tannery effluent to select the suitable sublethal concentration. The body weight differences was be determined, the muscle tissue was analysed for biomolecular constituents by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Alterations were observed in body weight and muscle tissue biochemical constituents in fishes exposed to the effluent fed on normal diet and formulated feed.

The Effect of NelumboNucifera seeds and Hyphaene Thebaica on Induced Animal’s Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension

The life style of the people by large has been adversely affected due to manifold reasons which includesindustrialization and eventually making obesity as a very fast growing epidemic worldwide. Consequenceof overweight, results in chronic diseases like cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and cancer. Nearly everyobese person is found to be hyperlipidemia, which indicates a condition of having high levels of cholesterol,cholesterol esters, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and depleted levels of high-density lipoprotein. Thehigh frequency of side effects implications of the drugs available in the market has raised a dire need ofdiscovering and developing a new novel drug. The studies show that the plants have proven to be an uprightsource of natural as well as multifunctional molecules. The natural molecules flavonoids along with othercomponents have been reported for multi-functionality. HyphaeneThebaica and NelumboNucifera havedirect lowering effect on blood lipids and hypertension. This review explains the effect of HyphaeneThebaica(Doum) and NelumboNucifera (Lotus seeds) on blood lipids and hypertension. Lipid profile will be evaluatedby estimation of Cholesterol count , Triglycerides , High and low density lipoprotein while hypertensionwill be evaluated by measuring Aginotensin converting enzyme ( ACE) in serum and tissue extraction.Herbal medicine is the new good treatment for many chronic diseases to get ride from side effects of anticholestremicand anti-hypertension drugs.

Flavonoid glycosides and alkaloids from the embryos of Nelumbo nucifera seeds and their antioxidant activity

Chemical investigation of the embryos of Nelumbo nucifera afforded four new flavone C-glycosides, named nelumbosides A–D (1–4), together with nine known ones, comprising five flavonoids (5–9) and four alkaloids (10−13). The chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated by 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques, together with chemical methods. Nelumbosides A–D (1–4) are rarely present in naturally occurring flavone C-glycosides featuring a 4-hydroxystyrene unit connected to the flavonoid skeleton. Compounds 2–13 were evaluated for their antioxidant activity by ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging assay. Among them, compounds 2, 6, 7 and 11 exhibited strong scavenging activity with SC50 values ranging from 12.07 to 25.68μM compared with the positive control l-ascorbic acid.

Nelumbo nucifera Seed Extract Promotes Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster.

The sleep-promoting effects of the water extract of Nelumbo nucifera seeds (NNE) were investigated in an invertebrate model. The effects of NNE on the subjective nighttime activity, sleep episodes, and sleep time were determined using Drosophila melanogaster and locomotor activity monitoring systems in basal and caffeine-induced arousal conditions. The movements of fruit flies were analyzed using the Noldus EthoVision-XT system, and the levels of neuromodulators were analyzed using HPLC. Expression of neuromodulator receptors was analyzed using real-time PCR. NNE was shown to contain neurotransmission-related components; γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (2.33±0.22 mg/g), tryptophan (2.00±0.06 mg/g), quinidine (0.55±0.33 mg/g), and neferine (0.16±0.01 mg/g). The total activity of flies during nighttime was decreased by 52% with 1.0% NNE treatment. In the individual and collective conditions, the subjective nighttime activities (45/38%) and sleep bouts (20/14%) of flies was significantly decreased with NNE treatment, while total sleep times (10/27%) were significantly increased. This sleep-promoting effect is more pronounced in caffeine-treated conditions; the nighttime activity of flies was reduced by 53%, but total sleep time was increased by 60%. Our video-tracking analysis showed a significant decrease of the moving distance and velocity of flies by NNE. This NNE-mediated sleep-promoting effect was associated with up-regulation of GABAA/GABAB and serotonin receptors. The NNE-mediated increase of GABA content was identified in flies. These results demonstrate that NNE effectively promotes sleep in flies by regulating the GABAergic/serotonergic neuromodulators, and could be an alternative agent for sleep promotion.

A green approach for synthesizing silver nanoparticles, and their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities

A simple approach using Nelumbo nucifera seeds for synthesizing silver nanoparticles with potential antibacterial and cytotoxic activities was described.

Efficient Isolation of Dihydrophaseic acid 3′-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside fromNelumbo nuciferaSeeds Using High-performance Countercurrent Chromatography and Reverse-phased High-performance Liquid Chromatography

High-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) coupled with reversed-phase highperformance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed to isolate dihydrophaseic acid 3'-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (DHPAG) from the extract of Nelumbo nucifera seeds. Enriched DHPAG sample (2.3 g) was separated by HPCCC using ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water system (6:4:10, v/v/v, normal-phase mode, flow rate: 4.0 mL/min) to give 23.1 mg of DHPAG with purity of 88.7%. Further preparative RP-HPLC experiment gave pure DHPAG (16.3 mg, purity > 98%). The current study demonstrates that utilization of CCC method maximizes the isolation efficiency compared with that of solid-based conventional column chromatography.

Chemical Constituents ofNelumbo nuciferaSeeds

The phytochemical study for the extract of Nelumbo nucifera (Nymphaceae) seeds has led to the isolation of ten compounds including five simple phenolic compounds, two indole derivatives, a flavonoid glycoside, two abscisic acid derivatives. The interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR and ESI-Q-TOF-MS spectroscopic data revealed the chemical structures of isolates to be p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1), protocatechuic acid (2), (E)-p-coumaric acid (3), (E)-ferulic acid (4), (E)-sinapate-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), tryptophan (6), 3-indoleacetic acid (7), isoschaftoside (8), dihydrophaseic acid (9), dihydrophaseic acid 3''-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10). To the best of our knowledge, 1 - 5 and 7 were identified for the first time from N. nucifera seeds, and the presence of dihydrophaseic acid (9) and its glucoside (10) were demonstrated secondly in this plant.

Extraction Optimization of Phenolic Antioxidants from microwave treated Nelumbo nucifera Seed Flour

Background: Nelumbo nucifera seeds are medicinally important due to the presence of phytochemicals with strong antioxidant potential. Extraction of these phytochemicals has been a major problem faced by the researchers. Objective: The purpose of the study was to optimize the process conditions for extraction of phenolic antioxidants from N. nucifera seed. Methods: Process variables for microwave assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidants from N. nucifera seed flour were optimized by response surface methodology using a multi-factorial central composite design based on five levels of each of four input variables including X1: particle size (in terms of mesh No.), X2: microwave treatment period (MTP), X3: solvent concentration (SC) and X4: extraction period (EP). Total extract yield was calculated as Total extractable components (TEC) and the extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAOA). Results: Data analysis showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in TEC, TPC and TAOA in response to increase in the levels of selected factors. Optimum levels of extraction variables to achieve maximum level of response parameters were found to be: 125.96, 2.45 min, 55.21% and 3.87 h for TEC, 61.73, 1.66 min, 80.08% and 4.98 h for TPC and 60.89, 2.37 min, 44.98% and 1.123 h for TAOA. Conclusion: The extraction of phenolic antioxidants from N. nucifera seed flour is significantly increased in response to an increase in mesh No. (decrease in particle size), MTP, SC and EP but up to a certain limit. The decrease in extraction yield and antioxidant activity at higher levels of studied factors may be attributed to the possible decomposition of phenolic compounds due to prolonged duration of microwave heating and prolonged extraction time.

Antioxidant, cholinesterase inhibition activities and essential oil analysis of Nelumbo nucifera seeds

Nelumbo nucifera seeds’ essential oil (EO), crude extract and subsequent fractions were evaluated for their DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion-free radical scavenging and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The ethyl acetate fraction and EO showed outstanding antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 191, 450 μg/mL (DPPH), 123, 221 μg/mL (ABTS) and 69, 370 μg/mL (superoxide anion). The ethyl acetate fraction and EO also caused significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with IC50 values of 70 ± 0.6, 64 ± 0.8 and 75 ± 0.3, 58 ± 0.2, in dose-dependent manner. The first ever gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the EO obtained from N. nucifera seeds resulted in identification of 19 constituents, mainly comprised of oxygenated sesquiterpenes responsible for their promising bioactivity. The crude and fractions revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides in phytochemical investigation.

GC-MS analysis of phytocomponents in the ethanolic extract of Nelumbo nucifera seeds from Russia

The present study was designed to determine the phytocomponents of the ethanol extract of N. nucifera seed using GC-MS. The phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of N. nucifera seed was performed using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy. GC-MS chromatogram of the ethanolic extract of N. nucifera seed showed thirty-eight peaks which indicating the presence of thirty-eight phytochemical constituents. The major phytochemical constituents are lupeol (22.95%), octadecatrienoic acid-2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1[[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] methyl]ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (7.86%), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl--cis-13-docosenoate (5.35%), oleanolic acid(5.19%), tristrimethylsilyl ether derivative of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (3.36%) ,trimethylsilyl derivative of 2-monoolein (3.26%), lucenin 2 (3.02%), lupanol (2.95%), tetraneurin-a-diol (2.78%), carotene1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-1,1'-dimethoxy (2.32%), 1-oxo-forskolin (1.99%), oleic acid-3-hydroxypropyl ester (1.78%), oleic acid trimethylsilyl ester (1.69%), betulin (1.61%), a-amyrin-trimethylsilyl ether (1.49%), stigmast-5-en-3ol-(3a,24S)(1.43%), flavone-4'-OH,5-OH,7-di-O-glucoside (1.11%). Among thirty-eight compounds identified, only twelve were reported to have biological activities. Our results indicate that N. nucifera seed contain various bioactive components.

Analysis of Fatty Acids and Phytosterols in Ethanol Extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Seeds and Rhizomes by GC-MS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid and phytosterol contents in ethanol extracts of lotus seeds and rhizomes. These ethanol extracts were extracted with hexane. The hexane extracts were hydrolyzed in a microwave reactor, and total fatty acids and phytosterols were analyzed. The hexane extracts were also subjected to silica gel column chromatography. Nonpolar components (triglycerides and steryl-fatty acid esters) were hydrolyzed, and then the contents were analyzed. Polar components (diglycerides, monoglycerides, fatty acids, and phytosterols) were analyzed directly. Seeds contained higher concentrations of fatty acids and phytosterols compared to rhizomes. Linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid were the main fatty acid components in seeds and rhizomes, and most of them in seeds were in the ester form. In seeds, phytosterols existed mainly in the free form rather than in steryl-fatty acid ester form. β-Sitosterol was the most abundant phytosterol in seeds and rhizomes.

Vers la thrombolyse en Afrique Noire

Antimycin A (AMA) damages the mitochondria through inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport. In this study, exposure of L6 rat skeletal muscle cells to AMA induced a decrease in ATP content, followed by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to apoptosis. We evaluated the protective effects of water and ethanol extracts of Nelumbo nucifera seeds on L6 cells with AMA-induced oxidative stress. We found that the extracts reduced cellular apoptosis; preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential; protected mitochondrial ATP production; inhibited p53, Bax, and caspase 3 activities; and induced Bcl-2 production. Our results suggested that AMA induced apoptosis in L6 cells via impairment of mitochondrial function. N. nucifera extracts protected the cells from this mitochondria-mediated cell death.

Protection from antimycin A-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by Nelumbo nucifera seed extracts

Antimycin A (AMA) damages the mitochondria through inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport. In this study, exposure of L6 rat skeletal muscle cells to AMA induced a decrease in ATP content, followed by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to apoptosis. We evaluated the protective effects of water and ethanol extracts of Nelumbo nucifera seeds on L6 cells with AMA-induced oxidative stress. We found that the extracts reduced cellular apoptosis; preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential; protected mitochondrial ATP production; inhibited p53, Bax, and caspase 3 activities; and induced Bcl-2 production. Our results suggested that AMA induced apoptosis in L6 cells via impairment of mitochondrial function. N. nucifera extracts protected the cells from this mitochondria-mediated cell death.

Anti-amnesic activity of neferine with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities, as well as inhibition of ChEs and BACE1

Aims The multifunctional potential of neferine derived from the embryo of Nelumbo nucifera seeds for the age-related neurodegenerative disorders, in vivo anti-amnesic activities and in vitro cholinesterases (ChEs)- and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)-inhibitory activities, as well as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were investigated. Main methods In vivo anti-amnesic activities were performed via the passive avoidance, Y-maze, and Morris water maze tasks in a scopolamine-induced amnesia model. The cell-free antioxidant capacities were evaluated by in vitro scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radicals, and peroxynitrite (ONOO −), as well as inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO ), superoxide anion ( O 2 −), lipid peroxidation, and ONOO −-mediated tyrosine nitration. The intracellular antioxidant capacities were also determined via inhibitory activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO generation and NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Key findings Neferine showed significant improvement in cognitive impairment in scopolamine-induced amnesia animal models and moderate inhibitory activities in ChEs and BACE1 assays. In addition, it exhibited notable scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS, NO , and O 2 − radicals, as well as ONOO −. Neferine also demonstrated remarkable inhibitory activity against lipid peroxidation and protein nitration in cell-free antioxidant assays and moderate inhibitory activity of NO generation with exceptional suppression of NF-κB activation in cell-based assays. Significance The results demonstrate that the anti-amnesic effect of neferine may be mediated via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities, as well as inhibition of ChEs and BACE1.