Negotiation Method Research Articles

Efficiency of Inventory in Thai Hospitals: Comparing Traditional and Vendor-Managed Inventory Systems

Background: Traditional procurement and price negotiation methods in public hospitals in Thailand involve group purchasing agreements and bulk orders, posing challenges to improving inventory management efficiency. The vendor-managed inventory (VMI) model is a promising alternative for enhancing hospital performance, especially during crises. This study aimed to assess the potential cost savings in implementing VMI in a large general hospital in Thailand. Methods: A simulation modeling approach was used to compare the current inventory system with three VMI models: VMI1, focused on improving inventory turnover rate (ITR); VMI2, emphasized frequent replenishment with a 1-month supply; and VMI3, eliminated safety stock. Results: The results demonstrated significant cost savings, with potential reductions in total inventory management expenses. Specifically, VMI1 improved ITR from 6.31 to 7.76, reducing average inventory by 36% and cutting management costs by 40%. VMI2, with an ITR of 12.80, reduced inventory by 44% and saved 47% in management costs, while VMI3 achieved a 70% reduction in inventory and a 69% saving in management costs. Conclusions: This study highlights the VMI’s transformative potential in hospital inventory management, demonstrating significant cost savings. However, in the public sector, the feasibility of procurement regulations requires further exploration.

The influence of negotiation approaches on supplier relationship management in Zimbabwe’s fast-food industry

Abstract Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) has become a cornerstone of business success since the transformation of the procurement function to supply chain management. Extant literature has documented various predictors of vibrant supplier relationships. However, missing in the extant literature is the potential of negotiation approaches to cultivation of healthy supplier relationships. This study therefore sought to determine the influence of negotiation approaches on SRM. A sample of 150 dyadic transactions in the fast-food restaurant industry was surveyed. The broad dichotomous categorisation of negotiation methods into distributive and integrative approaches was used. SRM was operationalised using dimensions such as commitment, trust, communication, adaptation, and satisfaction. After conducting a Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) the results revealed that the distributive strategy was weakly linked to supplier relationship, while a strong supplier relationship was observed in the use of integrative negotiation strategy. It was therefore recommended that procurement practitioners must employ integrative negotiation strategies and tactics in order to create sustainable supplier relationship management.

P2P Optimization Operation Strategy for Photovoltaic Virtual Power Plant Based on Asymmetric Nash Negotiation

Under the guidance of the “dual-carbon” target, the utilization of and demand for renewable energy have been growing rapidly. In order to achieve the complementary advantages of renewable energy in virtual power plants with different load characteristics and improve the rate of consumption, an interactive operation strategy for virtual power plants based on asymmetric Nash negotiation is proposed. Firstly, the photovoltaic virtual power plant is proposed to establish the optimal scheduling model for the operation of the virtual power plant, and then the asymmetric Nash negotiation method is adopted to achieve the fair distribution of benefits. Finally, the ADMM distribution is used to solve the proposed model in the solution algorithm. The simulation results show that the revenue enhancement rates are 28.27%, 1.09%, and 12.37%, respectively. The participating subjects’ revenues are effectively enhanced through P2P power sharing. Each subject can obtain a fair distribution of benefits according to the size of its power contribution, which effectively improves the enthusiasm of the PV virtual power plant to participate in P2P interactions and thus promotes the development and consumption of renewable energy.

The Punitive Exacerbation: A Fallacy in the Conception of the Social State of Law

This article aims to highlight the obstacles faced by negotiation methods within the reward system and restorative justice contemplated in Law 906 of 2004 of Colombia. It acknowledges that the possibility of achieving outcomes within figures such as plea bargains and pre-agreements is discarded as a negotiated way out of the criminal case due to increasing prohibitions, coincidentally for the most committed crimes in Colombia territory. This turns the criminal justice system into a scenario of inexorable oral trials, for which the burdens in capacity, institutionalization, and functionality are not given. Through these lines, we also seek to understand the importance of the emergence of a legal figure, in this case, a trial system, and the challenges it faces from the producing country to provide a post-implementation assessment. Perhaps from there, possible solutions can be derived, especially if a justice reform is proposed for the current year, 2024, with its main focus on the proper and swift performance of the trial system as a commitment to the opportune management of ius puniendi and criminal policy.

Exploring the Zone of Possible Agreement on the Nuclear Issue of the Korean Peninsula

From 2003 to 2009, China, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea, and the United States engaged in a series of multilateral negotiations to address North Korea’s nuclear program. On September 19, 2005, the six participants achieved a “gold standard” agreement on denuclearization. North Korea agreed to relinquish all nuclear weapons, abstain from deploying nuclear weapons, and rejoin the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), as well as adhere to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. The United States affirmed its lack of nuclear weapons on the Korean Peninsula and expressed no intention of attacking or invading the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) with nuclear or conventional weapons. China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United States concurred to provide energy assistance to the DPRK. Furthermore, the agreement established the principle of “commitment for commitment, action for action,” which holds significance for the spirit of future engagement. The prevailing impasse in resolving the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula prompts the inquiry of a possible negotiation model. This paper uses the Harvard negotiation method to examine a zone of possible agreement (ZOPA) between China, North Korea, Russia, and the United States, which culminated in the September 19, 2005 Six Party Talks agreement addressing the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula. The first section of the article is devoted to scrutinizing the Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA), which facilitated the 2005 agreement. Based on the acquired insights, the second section assesses the prospects for implementing the 2005 Joint Statement in the current context. This section also concentrates on identifying a ZOPA under current conditions, taking into account past experiences and lessons learned from past negotiations.

National first-class course: International Business Negotiation (including International Business Negotiation Simulation)

In line with the educational positioning of Fujian Normal University to “cultivate high-level applied talents needed by society”, and the goal of the International Economics and Trade major to “cultivate applied talents with innovative consciousness, suited to global economic and trade demands”, this compulsory course for the major focuses on addressing students' lack of innovative consciousness and practical abilities. In implementing the course, emphasis is placed on integrating industry and education to jointly cultivate students, fostering innovative thinking and practical skills. The course aims to familiarize students with the basic theories, procedures, strategies, and legal knowledge of international business negotiations, and to master basic negotiation methods, skills, and the art of communication. Students are expected to develop abilities and qualities such as agile and clear thinking, the capability to express and convey information, keen insight, high-level forecasting and adaptability. The course actively implements the principles of “moral education and nurturing talents”, integrates ideological and political elements into the curriculum, and guides students to establish a correct view of negotiations. It aims to shape talents in international business negotiations who are conscious of the rule of law, possess social responsibility, team spirit, patriotism, and are suited to the demands of an open economic development. This paper discusses seven aspects: basic course information, teaching professors (teaching team), course objectives, course construction and application, course features and innovations, course construction plan, and a list of supplementary materials. It elaborately presents the core content of the application in strict accordance with the requirements of the second batch of national first-class undergraduate course application (offline course), offering a reference for the application of the third batch of national first-class undergraduate courses.

Non-cooperative game-based electricity pricing method for data centers

Data centers are characterized by high energy consumption, with operating costs being extremely sensitive to electricity prices. Therefore, modern data centers are often equipped with microgrids for power supply, which adjust their operational strategies based on the given electricity prices to minimize costs. However, existing research has overlooked the flexible pricing potential of electricity retailers, prompting this study to propose a non-cooperative game theory-based optimization method for data center electricity procurement negotiation. A two-layer optimization model is established for data center electricity pricing. The upper layer focuses on electricity price optimization, modeling price negotiation as a Stackelberg game and adopting a weighted average cost approach to describe the electricity procurement prices. The lower layer addresses data center operational optimization, formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. To enable rapid solution convergence, a hybrid problem-solving method combining a genetic algorithm and branch-and-cut algorithm is proposed. Finally, a simulation is conducted using a data center located in California, United States, to validate the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce data center operational costs by 3% and increase the revenue for electricity retailers by 17%, achieving a win–win outcome.

Increasing supply network resilience by collaborative negotiation protocols

A necessary prerequisite in establishing agreements within a network of suppliers and customers is a negotiation process. Network parties seek a compromise and agreement about costs and pricing acceptable to each of them, respectively. Price negotiation processes are necessary for supply networks’ success; hidden information, however, is a common challenge during such negotiations. A new collaborative negotiation method, not addressed by previous research, is designed to mitigate the impact of the hidden information in supply networks and foster mutual trust among parties. The proposed method incents and motivates the sharing of information, about the supplier’s operation costs, by weighting the operations costs and the estimated profit within the auction bids during negotiations. This paper lays the groundwork for creating an agent-based collaborative negotiation protocol. The proposed collaborative negotiation approach results indicate overall savings and significant benefits for the collaborating bidding parties, consequently increasing trust and supply network resilience. The proposed protocol could support decision-makers in establishing a long-lasting, resilient collaborative supply network of benevolent parties.

군 위기협상 발전 방안에 대한 연구

Terrorism continues to occur in all parts of the world, unpredictable, and unpredictable. In addition, crimes against humanity continue, with terrorists planning negotiations for their own benefit and taking innocent people hostage in order to gain an advantage in those negotiations. On the other hand, in the event of such a terrorist attack, if the mission execution system and experts for crisis negotiations are not trained and prepared, the damage will not only end with our terrorism, but will also read the lives of people. However, in the case of terrorism that occurs in the military, the level of terrorism that occurs in the military causes more damage than that of the civilian sector, so it is necessary to prepare in advance for military crisis negotiations, but it has not developed beyond the simple theoretical part. In addition, since the methods of terrorism are constantly changing and are carried out in various ways, it is necessary to examine the specifics of crisis negotiation methods for the practical performance of missions, such as suppressing terrorism and preventing human casualties, through crisis negotiations in such a terrorist situation.

Resolution of Business Disputes in the Aviation Industry: The Role of Law and Arbitration

The purpose of this study is to explore the legal framework governing dispute resolution, examine the practice of using arbitration, identify the challenges faced, and provide recommendations to improve the effectiveness of business dispute resolution in the aviation industry. Conduct a review of the relevant literature to understand the legal framework governing business dispute resolution in the aviation industry, as well as practices and trends in the use of arbitration. Analyze data obtained from literature studies, case analysis, and, trends, and findings relevant in the context of business dispute resolution in the aviation industry. The role of arbitration law and implementation in the resolution of business disputes in the aviation industry is of significant importance. Law governs operational aspects and handles conflicts, while arbitration offers efficient and transparent solutions. The focus on investment risk prevention, regulatory updates, and negotiation methods demonstrate efforts to improve a conducive business environment. Consumer protection and law enforcement are necessary to ensure fairness for all parties. Thus, efforts to increase the role of arbitration law and implementation can bring great benefits in the aviation industry.

MODELING A NEGOTIATION PROCESS BETWEEN AIRCRAFT USING PETRI NETS

New air traffic control ideas are sought. Many studies point out the delegation of the responsibility for ensuring separation from air traffic controllers to the aircraft crews, but it should be assumed that the transition from centralized to decentralized air traffic control will occur in stages. It is, therefore, necessary to ensure effective communication between conflicting aircraft and to define the negotiation process between aircraft. The concept of the process of negotiation and communication between aircraft in conflict using a monotonic concession protocol is presented. The proposed solution was modeled using a Petri Net, which allowed us to analyze all the dependencies present in the system. The analysis allowed us to evaluate the method in the context of safety. The conducted research showed that, under the assumed conditions, the negotiation method allows obtaining the desired effect of negotiations while maintaining an adequate level of safety.

Sensor-based optimization multi-decision model for sustainable smart cities

The development of intelligent applications using sensing technology in cooperation with the Internet of Things (IoT). In combination, they allow Internet users to get the necessary data from cloud systems by transmitting information from objects to web servers. The community demands, such as response times and reliable remote connections for accessing the information from IoT networks. Although, the majority of proposed solutions provide the optimal way to direct network traffic toward cloud storage. However, most of them are still needed to manage resources efficiently while handling huge amounts of data. Moreover, distributed IoT services must be intelligent and also be secure against malicious data access. This study introduces an autonomous approach using trusted sensing technologies to provide reliable remote sensing and aggregation for future-generation systems. In the first phase, the proposed model looks at an artificial intelligence-based method for negotiation between IoT devices and mobile stations for transferring the data. The second phase involves the creation of a robust security method that supports digital certificates for peer-to-peer mutual authentication. Additionally, to maintain the integrity of certificates, they are sent securely in the form of a chain. Finally, a combination of trust and privacy is used while storing data on cloud servers. Simulation-based experiments have shown that the proposed model significantly outperforms I-AREOR and MCNA in terms of energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, malicious threats, and overhead.

On Cultural Differences in Business Negotiation

With the rapid development of global economic integration, business exchanges between domestic and foreign enterprises are becoming more and more frequent. Due to cultural differences, the way of business negotiation has also changed a lot. As a form of interpersonal communication, business negotiation inevitably involves the communication methods of different countries, different nationalities, different social and cultural backgrounds and etiquette cultures, thus producing very rich business negotiation methods. How to better achieve the expected effect of business negotiations with different cultural backgrounds, then correctly deal with the conflict points of different cultural differences will become one of the key factors in business negotiations, which deserves the attention of all business people.

Credit rating- and credit score-based carbon emission quota trading model of city dwellers

Introduction: The reduction of electricity-related carbon emissions by city dwellers (CDs) is important for China to achieve low-carbon development and sustainable energy transformation. Due to the lack of incentives for reduction, electricity-related carbon emissions from CDs are increasing year by year. To this end, this paper proposes an electricity-related carbon emission quota trading model that integrates a credit rating and credit score system, particularly for motivating CDs to actively participate in carbon emission reduction.Methods: With the history of electricity bill payment data, the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm is used to cluster CDs, forming different clusters of CDs with different sensitivity levels to carbon emission quota prices. Thereafter, based on the total carbon emission quota and tiered electricity prices from the power company, incentive rules according to the classification result and credit scores of CDs are formulated. Under certain conditions, a leader–follower Stackelberg game between CDs and the power company is built to determine the base price of the carbon emission quota, and thereby, referring to the credit scores of CDs, floating carbon emission quota prices are offered to them in the final settlement.Results: The simulation results for an actual community in a city in China show that the proposed method can considerably reduce the carbon emissions.Discussion: The proposed credit rating and credit score system outperforms the asymmetric Nash negotiation method in terms of promoting carbon emission reduction.

Music as an Important Means of Foreign Policy

The article discusses the influence of music on the process of political socialization, analyzes the mechanisms of interaction between the musical and political spheres of society at different historical stages. The relevance of this article lies in the fact that at this historical stage the questions of studying the experience of establishing cooperation between states using the methods of cultural negotiations are most relevant in connection with the events taking place in world politics. The purpose of this study is to analyze musical art as an important element of international political relations, as well as to substantiate the effectiveness of the use of musical art in political negotiations. The article describes the cultural relations of allies during political negotiations at different historical stages using archival scientific materials. The principles of construction are considered, as well as the artistic features of concert programs at the Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences. The methodological basis of the study is the work of cultural communication researchers. The main methods of cognition are theoretical analysis of scientific-journalistic literature, narrative analysis and historical method, comparative and typological method, generalization of theoretical and practical experience of influence of music on political processes in the world. The practical significance of the research on "Music as an important instrument of foreign policy" is that the data obtained in the scientific research can be used by specialists and teachers of higher educational institutions, as well as in the preparation of a methodological educational program in the field of "History" and "Political Science". The results of the ongoing research may be of scientific interest to students, specialists and teachers of history, political science and cultural studies in higher educational institutions and advanced training courses.

Working with Indigenous Australian communities designing a nutritional mHealth tool during the Covid-19 pandemic

Enacting a research project that is beneficial and meaningful for Indigenous communities and agencies in Australia remains a challenge in both the research and nutrition fields. This article describes how the Mums and Bubs Deadly Diets project is embedding Indigenous ways of knowing and doing and partnering with Indigenous communities to co-design mobile health technology. Each step in the process of developing and implementing this project has been actively conscious of the intentions of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Code of Ethics and the National Ethics Standards for working with Indigenous Australians. Describing the project’s approach, methods of negotiation and responses to challenges, administering institutions and Indigenous communities, including coronavirus disease-19, provides the opportunity to reflect and forward plan for future projects.

Analisis Konflik antara Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur dan Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam Penggunaan Mobil PCR di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

The purpose of this thesis is to find out the causes behind the conflict between the East Java Provincial Government and the Surabaya City Government in the use of PCR cars, to determine the form of conflict that occurred between the East Java Provincial Government and the Surabaya City Government in the use of PCR cars, and also to know the conflict resolution taken by the East Java Provincial Government with the Surabaya City Government. This study uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive qualitative approach. The results of this study explain about 1.) The background of the cause of the conflict is the difference in the interests of the Surabaya City Government which wants its territory to immediately accelerate the detection of Covid-19 for the citizens of Surabaya City, while the interests of the East Java Provincial Government are to balance the needs in other areas that need assistance, and there was a miscoordination on the scheduling of this PCR car assistance. 2.) The forms of conflict patterns that occur are included in the type of interpersonal conflict which is a conflict between a group within the same organization, on the other hand the form of this conflict pattern includes latent and manifest conflicts because seen from the triggers of the conflict already visible or open, and has been known to many parties . 3.) Conflict resolution taken by the two parties uses a negotiation method with rescheduling for the purposes of the City of Surabaya

Ripeness Levels and Their Relations with the Success of the Negotiation Method: CPP-NPA, TTP, IRA

Conflict arises for a variety of reasons. Parties may fail to achieve clear success in the conflict process and achieve their goals. In such a situation, conflict causes the parties to reach the mutually hurting stalemate. The realization of this situation by the parties signifies the ripening of the conflict. In a ripening conflict, alternative methods come to the fore. At this point, one of the preferred tools is the negotiation method. A similar process takes place in low-intensity conflicts between states and terrorist organizations. After prolonged conflicts, contacts between the parties occur and thus negotiations are initiated. However, the negotiation method isn’t always end with successful, and it is possible to return to the conflict environment at different phases of the negotiation. This study argues that there are different levels of ripeness. At the same time, it is evaluated that there is a significant relationship between the levels of ripeness and the probability of success of the negotiation method.

The importance of a doctrine in the contemporary international law codification

The article analyzes the key methods of legal acts systematization from the general law theory perspective and describes the peculiarities of the procedure for the arrangement, improvement and the update of normative legal acts in international law.It is noted that codification is the most important law-making method in the contemporary international law, and the UN International Law Commission is one of the key institutions that successfully carries out this work.It is pointed out that the Commission has invested a considerable amount of effort into clarification and systematization of main sources of international law such as an international treaty, an international custom, and general principles of law.
 It is emphasized that the interaction and linkage between the main sources of international law and the subsidiary means for the determination of international law rules, i.e. court decisions and the doctrines of the most qualified international lawyers, have largely remained vague, complicated and unregulated to date.It is indicated that a scientific doctrine is ambiguously applied in the practice of international courts which justify their rulings with regard to the judicial decisions and works of the UN International Law Commission. Similarly, the Special Rapporteurs of the Commission refer to the practice of international and national courts and the scientific doctrine.A special model of international legal norms codification during the third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea involving the application of innovative and unprecedented negotiation methods and procedures is also highlighted. It is underlined that the successful preparation of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea is attributed to the fact that the text of the future treaty was gradually drafted during the conference itself, the proposals were submitted by individual states or the groups of states, legal experts and lawyers had a special influence on the formation of the treaty provisions.It is emphasized that a detailed study of the doctrine’s influence on the codification of international law will enable its subjects to better understand the main practical and theoretical approaches adopted by international courts and international organizations in the decision-making procedure.

MEMILIH PEMIMPIN NON MUSLIM : APLIKASI TEORI NEGOTIATION KHALED M. ABOU EL FADL

This paper explains how the law elects non-Muslim leaders using the authoritative negotiation theory approach of Khaled M Abou El Fadl. This article is motivated by incidents that make surah al-Mā'idah verse 51 the basis for not being able to elect non-Muslim leaders. The methodology used in this study is to use a descriptive analysis method of literature by searching for data from books and libraries. The results of this study are that most interpreters use a conservative view in drawing legal conclusions from this verse, and they do not see the context when this law was derived. Therefore, the author proposes Khaled M Abou El Fadl's authoritative negotiation method to reinterpret the law on electing non-Muslim leaders. The writer's conclusion is that choosing a non-Muslim leader is permissible with certain conditions