Neglectful Styles Research Articles

Patterns of Family Upbringing and their Relationship to Self-Esteem among Gifted Students in Jordan

The study aimed to identify the patterns of family upbringing among gifted students in Jordan, their degree of self-esteem, and to reveal the relationship between patterns of family upbringing and self-esteem among gifted students in Jordan. To achieve the goal of the study, the researchers adopted the descriptive, correlational approach. The study population consisted of all students from King Abdullah II Schools for Excellence, numbering (4807), including (2536) males and (2271) females, distributed among (13) schools in all the governorates of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the north, center, and south. As for the study sample, it was chosen by the researchers by using a cluster random method, and the school was the unit of choice, where the study sample reached (356) male and female students. To collect data, a questionnaire was developed that included two tools: the first to measure the patterns of family upbringing and it consists of two pictures, one for the father and expresses the style of upbringing that the father uses with his children, and the second for the mother and it explains the style of upbringing that the mother uses with her children from the point of view of the gifted student children. As for the self-esteem scale, the researchers developed it, and then formulated the tool’s items in their form. The primary form reached (75) items distributed into two main areas: the effectiveness dimension and the value dimension. The results of the study showed that the patterns of family upbringing among gifted students from the father’s point of view were as follows: the democratic pattern to a high degree, the pattern of neglect to a moderate degree, the authoritarian style to a moderate degree. Whereas from the mother’s point of view they were as follows: the democratic pattern to a high degree, the pattern of neglect to a moderate degree, the authoritarian pattern to a low degree. The average means showed the degree of self esteem for gifted students was moderate, where the degree of value dimension was high, and the effectiveness dimension was moderate. The results of the study also showed that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the father’s democratic style and the mother’s democratic style and the self-esteem scale in all its dimensions and the total score, and that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between the authoritarian style and the neglectful style of the father and the authoritarian style and the neglectful style of the mother and between the measure of self-esteem in all its dimensions and the total score. Conclusion: In light of the results of the study, the researchers presented a number of recommendations that were derived from the results of the study, the most important of which are: designing special curricula on the subject of self-esteem, theoretical and practical for university students to receive with the aim of empowering them with self-esteem skills, and emphasizing their activation in the school environment.

Continuity in Socialization Styles: Typologies of Socialization in the Different Life Stages of Older People.

The purpose of this research was to identify the socialization styles of the older person (such as authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and negligent) in three different roles: (1) nowadays as a grandparent, (2) considering the style used to educate their own children in the past; and (3), considering the socialization style they received when they were children. The sample (317 people over 65 years old with at least one grandchild aged up to 16 years old participated) received the questionnaire on socialization styles in those roles. The results showed the predominance of the indulgent style in their role as grandparents. Almost 80% showed intergenerational continuity between at least two roles, with the exception of those with a neglectful style. Continuity in socialization style is crucial to understanding the dynamics within family relationships, which have highly durable intergenerational ties.

Early Family Experiences, Drug Use, and Psychosocial Adjustment across the Life Span: Is Parental Strictness Always a Protective Factor?

Objective: This study analyzes whether parental strictness, which is shared by authoritative parenting (strictness and warmth) and authoritarian parenting (strictness without warmth) styles, always acts as a main protective factor against drug use and psychosocial maladjustment in children. This conclusion has already been stated in numerous classic studies, though emergent research suggests that there are benefits to parental warmth regardless of whether strictness is present or not. Method: Sample were 2,095 Spanish participants (1,227 females, 58.6%), 581 adolescent children (aged 12-18 years, 27.7%) and 1,514 adult children (72.3%). The measures were the main parenting style dimensions (warmth and strictness), drug use, and a set of indicators of psychosocial adjustment. A 4 × 2 × 4 MANOVA was applied for all outcomes with parenting style, sex, and age as independent variables. Results: Indulgent parenting (warmth without strictness) was related to less drug use than parenting without warmth (authoritarian and neglectful). Additionally, indulgent and authoritative parenting styles were related to better scores on psychosocial adjustment than authoritarian and neglectful styles, although the indulgent parenting was the only style related to the optimal scores being equal or even more effective than the authoritative style. Conclusion: Contrary to classical studies, present findings suggest that it is the parental warmth instead of the parental strictness that seems to be effective in protecting against drug use and psychosocial maladjustment.

Positive parenting style and positive health beyond the authoritative: Self, universalism values, and protection against emotional vulnerability from Spanish adolescents and adult children.

Recent research is fully questioning whether the combination of parenting warmth and strictness (the authoritative style) is always identified as positive parenting across the globe. This study analyzes parenting styles and the positive health of adolescents and adult children. The sample was 2,090 Spanish children (59.9% women), from four age groups: 600 adolescents, 591 young adults, 507 middle-aged adults, and 392 older adults. Parenting styles (indulgent, authoritative, authoritarian, and neglectful) were obtained by warmth and strictness measures. Children's positive health was measured by self (family self-concept, self-esteem, and negative self-efficacy), universalism values, and emotional vulnerability. The main results showed that the indulgent parenting style was associated with equal and even better scores than the authoritative style, whereas the authoritarian and neglectful styles were consistently associated with low scores in positive health indicators for all age groups. However, two triple interactions of sex by age group by parenting style showed that women children from neglectful families reported the lowest family self-concept in old age and the highest emotional vulnerability in middle age. The study findings question the universal benefits of the so-called positive parenting (the authoritative style) for positive health.

Parenting Styles and Learners’ Performance: Evidence from Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana

Education is a lifetime achievement that contributes towards the socio-economic development of the society particularly youth. Parenting style plays an important role in education of their children and thus, shaping their career. The study analysed the influence of different parenting styles on the academic performance of students in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana. Quantitative data was collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire through a survey of randomly sampled 130 students (n = 130) in Junior Secondary Schools. One way Analysis of Variance revealed that none of the parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglectful style had significant influence on students’ academic performance. It implied that parents are not the only factors that can affect the children’s academic performance. As parenting styles shown insignificant influence on student academic performance, a similar study can be conducted by including some other parental factors which might have influence on students’ performance. In order to gain deeper understanding on the influence of parenting styles on student’s academic achievement, a qualitative study can be conducted using perceptions of students and parents.

Tipologi Pola Asuh dalam Al-Qur’an: Studi Komparatif Islam dan Barat

Abstract: Parenting is the way parents behave, interact and treat their children. This paper aims to examine the family concept and typology of parenting from the perspective of the Qur'an and its comparison with Western parenting styles. This research is a literature review by tracing the verses of the Qur'an related to parenting. The results of this study indicate that the concept of family in the perspective of the Qur'an is based on parents' understanding of family goals. Meanwhile, from a Western perspective, parenting is influenced by external conditions of the family. The typology of parenting in the perspective of the Qur'an is determined from the goal of raising a family, saving the family from hellfire, and maintaining the nature of the child from birth. From these two goals, parenting styles in the Qur'an can be mapped into two, they are caring and ignorant parenting. Meanwhile, the typology of parenting in a Western perspective refers to two dimensions; responsiveness and demandingness resulting in four types of parenting; authoritative/democratic, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful styles. The aim of Islamic parenting is not only for achieving happiness and family harmony in the world but also in the hereafter. Meanwhile, the aim of Western parenting is only to achieve happiness and family harmony in the world.

Relationships in transition: maternal and paternal parenting styles and change in sibling dynamics during adolescence

ABSTRACT Objective The goal of the current 3-year longitudinal study was to evaluate the association between maternal and paternal parenting styles and sibling relationships during the early to late adolescent transition. Our original sample consisted of 272 particpants in grades 9 and 11 from a high school in the Northeastern US. After three years, time 2 data for 135 students from the original sample was collected. The parenting behaviour assessed was parenting styles. Sibling relationship outcomes were sibling support, warmth, and conflict. Maternal authoritative and permissive styles were associated with greater time II sibling support than maternal authoritarian and neglectful styles. Maternal authoritative style was further associated with greater time II sibling warmth than the authoritarian and neglectful styles. Paternal authoritative style was associated with greater time II sibling support than the authoritarian and neglectful styles. Additionally, although overall parenting with low levels of acceptance and involvement was associated with reduced sibling relationship quality, paternal neglectful parenting style was associated with greater increases over time in sibling support than the other paternal parenting styles. Cohort effects were also found for sibling support and conflict. The results highlight the continuous contribution parenting behaviours have on sibling relationship quality during adolescence. The findings point to potential compensatory support offered by siblings in early and late adolescence.

THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE PROTAGONIST’S BEHAVIOR IN TODDPHILLIPS’ MOVIE JOKER

The research focuses on the influence of parenting style on the protagonist’s behavior in Todd Phillips’ movie Joker. Arthur as the protagonist in the movie is a man who suffers from mental illness which then transforms him to be a mastermind of criminal because of parenting mistake. The theory adopted in this research is proposed by Baumrind, who classifies parenting style into four broad categories: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglectful styles. This research adopts descriptive qualitative method and the data are collected from the movie script. The finding reveals that authoritarian and neglectful parenting styles lead a person to become rebellious, adopting problematic behavior and mastermind of criminal and disregarded by a society. The worst effect of parenting mistakes is that the protagonist transforms himself to be a psychopath.

Parenting style as longitudinal predictor of adolescents' health behaviors in Lebanon.

This prospective study aimed to examine how parenting style relates to health behaviors and body mass index of Lebanese adolescents while checking for interactive effect of child characteristics (age and gender). About 341 students from private and public schools in Mount Lebanon and Beirut area, aged between 16 and 18 years, completed a self-administered survey assessing socio-demographics, parenting styles and health behaviors. Adolescents were surveyed at two time points, six months apart. Anthropometric measurements were also taken. Authoritative parenting was associated with better outcomes compared to the neglectful style. Adolescents raised with an authoritative style had higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet and lower consumption of alcohol intake. Parenting style was a significant predictor of eating behavior and alcohol intake of Lebanese adolescent. Interventions aiming at improving health behaviors should also encompass healthy parenting style strategies.

Alcohol use and abuse and motivations for drinking and non-drinking among Spanish adolescents: do we know enough when we know parenting style?

Objective: We examine parenting styles (characterized by warmth and strictness, i.e., neglectful, indulgent, authoritarian and authoritative) as either a protective or risk factor for adolescence drinking.Design: Two 4 × 2 × 3 multi-factorial MANOVAs. Sample consisted of 996 underage Spanish adolescents, 532 males (53.4%), ranging from 15 to 17 years old.Main outcome measures: Alcohol use (wine, beer, mixed drinks and liquors) and abuse and motivations for drinking (social acceptance and self-enhancement) and non-drinking (harsh preventive rules and awareness of alcohol's harmful effects).Results: Lower risk of alcohol use and abuse was found in adolescents with indulgent parenting, and higher risk for adolescents with authoritarian parenting. Adolescents from indulgent parenting style homes had equal adjustment (lower self-enhancement and higher harsh preventive rules and awareness of alcohol's harmful effects) or even better (lower social acceptance) than those from authoritative parenting style homes. Consistently, the highest risk parenting styles identified were the authoritarian and neglectful styles (α=.05).Conclusion: At least in some cultures, warmth and reasoning, shared by authoritative and indulgent parenting styles, seem the recommended way to protect offspring from drinking. Effective alcohol prevention and intervention programs should include strategies tailored specifically to this new cultural context where parenting takes place.

Parenting Style and Parent-Adolescent Relationship Quality in African American Mother-Adolescent Dyads

SYNOPSISObjective. This study examined the relations between parenting styles and perceived mother-adolescent relationship quality in a socioeconomically diverse sample of African American mothers and adolescents. Design. African American female caregivers (N = 109) completed measures of maternal warmth, maternal monitoring, and information on family demographics. Adolescents completed measures assessing their perceptions of specific aspects of mother-adolescent relationship quality and demographic information. Results. Authoritative mothers reported greater monitoring than mothers classified as having authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful styles. Authoritative mothers also reported higher levels of warmth than mothers classified as authoritarian or neglectful styles. Authoritarian mothers reported significantly higher levels of monitoring when compared to indulgent mothers and neglectful mothers. Consistent with predictions, adolescents with authoritative mothers reported more positive mother-adolescent relationship quality in the form of greater communication, trust, and alienation when compared to adolescents with authoritarian and neglectful mothers. Against predictions, neither household income nor adolescent gender moderated the associations between parenting style and mother-adolescent relationship quality. Results from several exploratory analyses are also reported. Conclusions. The mother-adolescent relationship benefits from authoritative parenting in socioeconomically diverse African American families.

Raising Children with Poor School Performance: Parenting Styles and Short- and Long-Term Consequences for Adolescent and Adult Development.

This study examines the correlates of authoritative (warmth and strictness), indulgent (warmth but not strictness), authoritarian (strictness but not warmth), and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness) parenting with short- and long-term socialization outcomes in adolescents and adults, with and without poor school performance during adolescence. Short- and long-term socialization outcomes were captured by multidimensional self-esteem (academic/professional, emotional, and family), psychological maturity (self-competence, social competence, and empathy), and emotional maladjustment (nervousness, emotional instability, and hostility). Participants (1195 female and 874 male) consisted of a community sample of adolescents (n = 602), young adults (n = 610), middle-aged adults (n = 469) and older adults (n = 388). Design was a 4 × 3 × 2 × 4 MANOVA (parenting style × school performance × sex × age). Results indicated that the relationship between parenting styles and children’s socialization outcomes does not vary as a function of school performance. The link between parenting styles and socialization outcomes shares a common short- and long- term pattern in adolescents and adults: Indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better socialization outcomes than authoritative parenting, whereas authoritarian and neglectful styles were associated with the worst socialization outcomes.

Impact of Parenting Styles on Physical Activity of Children

The study is based on the broader context of the phenomenon of physical movement and sportive activities in contemporary sedentary society. The issue of parenting styles targeted towards the active lifestyle, with regular physical activity as its integral part, becomes more and more relevant. Different parenting styles are being revised; at the level of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglectful style, marking the motivation for physical activity for children and adolescents. This includes the simultaneous process of agents of socialization reviving sociological context of a relationship of young people and sports mainly in the frame of motivation for physical activity even outside the family, in the organized sports environment. Therefore, a newly-formed socially and culturally conditioned relationship sporting child – parents – trainer appears, which, in the climate of consumer society and elite sportsperson adoration, brings possible conflicts of motivations, experiences and direction of the different actors of this triangle. This focuses our attention both on the parents‘ responsibility and the growing educational and socializing role of the trainer. In the synergic process, therefore, questions related to the importance of age and motivation in the targeted direction of a child towards physical activity, when the influence of parents is in this aspect crucial and irreplaceable and becomes even stronger in the situations when the parents appeal at their children by regular sporting together. In the text, this is also supported by empirical knowledge of parenting approach to physical activity of children and adolescents.

How have parents raised their kids? Adolescent’s perception of parental responsiveness and demandingness

Abstract The relationship between parents and children and human development has been the greatest interest to Psychology because it impacts the youth’s behaviour and well being. Thus, this study aimed to investigate parental styles adopted by adolescents’ parents from a combination of responsiveness and demandingness dimensions as well as by gender and age group. 296 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (M=16.03; DP=0.96), high school students from public and private schools in the city of Passo Fundo/RS and surrounding area participated of this study. We used a sociodemographic data questionnaire constructed for the study and Scale of Parental Responsiveness and Demandingness. The analysis revealed that there was a balance between the perception of neglectful (33.1%) e authoritative (32.7%) styles, followed by authoritarian (17.3%) and permissive (16.9%) styles. There were no statistical differences between responsiveness and demandingness and sex. The younger adolescents perceive their mothers as significantly more demanding when compared to the older ones. The same occured with the combined demandingness. The results also indicate that there were statistically significant differences in the perception of responsiveness and demandingness by age group. The findings of this study suggest further investigations, relating parental styles with other variables of influence and evidence the need of parental training for parents who adopt neglectful style.

Dimensions of the Parent–Child Relationship: Effects on Substance Use in Adolescence and Adulthood

Background: Several studies have uncovered a relationship between parenting styles and the likelihood that adolescents use tobacco, alcohol or illegal drugs. Objectives: This paper extends existing research in two ways. First, we consider a longer time-frame, investigating the relationship between parenting in adolescence and substance use in adulthood. Second, we explore the pathways by which this relationship is expressed, in particular the extent to which the relationships in question are mediated by age at first use and depression. Methods: Our analysis is based on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), N = 2954, and is conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM). We consider warmth and control as distinct dimensions of parenting, as well as a typology of parenting which combines the two dimensions. Results: Warmth is associated with reduced risks of problem substance use in adulthood, via reduced risks of early initiation and a lower risk of depression. Parental control also has a protective effect via reduced risks of early initiation, but this is offset by a detrimental effect on depression, particularly in the case of older adolescents. We also find that indulgent parenting is not associated with extra risk of any kind compared with the authoritative style, whereas authoritarian and neglectful styles are. Conclusions/Importance: The nexus of relationships which we uncover has implications for policy aimed at reducing substance use in the longer term, suggesting that initiatives to promote warm and responsive parenting may be most effective in reducing the risks of later substance use problems.

Gradient of association between parenting styles and patterns of drug use in adolescence: A latent class analysis

BackgroundTo identify different patterns of drug use in adolescence and determine if these are associated with parenting styles and other sociodemographic factors. MethodsA latent class analysis was conducted using baseline data collected in a sample (n = 6381) from a randomized controlled trial conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the #Tamojunto drug-use prevention program, carried out with 7th- and 8th-grade public school students in six Brazilian cities. ResultsThree latent classes were identified among the students: 1) abstainers/low users (81.54%), 2) alcohol users/binge drinkers (16.65%), and 3) polydrug users (1.80%). A gradient of inverse association was found between parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and indulgent, with the neglectful style as a reference point) and the classes “alcohol users/binge drinkers” (aOR = 0.36, 95%CI = 0.27–0.47; aOR = 0.56, 95%CI = 0.43–0.72; and aOR = 0.64, 95%CI = 0.51–0.80, respectively) and “polydrug users” (aOR = 0.09, 95%CI = 0.03–0.24; aOR = 0.23, 95%CI = 0.11–0.52; and aOR = 0.24, 95%CI = 0.08–0.74, respectively). Associations were also revealed between the latent classes and the adolescent's age and socioeconomic status. ConclusionThe results suggest that activities to develop parenting skills should be included in school programs aimed at the prevention of drug use among adolescents in order to reduce neglectful practices and thereby possibly reduce drug use among the children.

Parenting Style, the Home Environment, and Screen Time of 5-Year-Old Children; The ‘Be Active, Eat Right’ Study

IntroductionThe global increase in childhood overweight and obesity has been ascribed partly to increases in children's screen time. Parents have a large influence on their children's screen time. Studies investigating parenting and early childhood screen time are limited. In this study, we investigated associations of parenting style and the social and physical home environment on watching TV and using computers or game consoles among 5-year-old children.MethodsThis study uses baseline data concerning 5-year-old children (n = 3067) collected for the ‘Be active, eat right’ study.ResultsChildren of parents with a higher score on the parenting style dimension involvement, were more likely to spend >30 min/day on computers or game consoles. Overall, families with an authoritative or authoritarian parenting style had lower percentages of children's screen time compared to families with an indulgent or neglectful style, but no significant difference in OR was found. In families with rules about screen time, children were less likely to watch TV>2 hrs/day and more likely to spend >30 min/day on computers or game consoles. The number of TVs and computers or game consoles in the household was positively associated with screen time, and children with a TV or computer or game console in their bedroom were more likely to watch TV>2 hrs/day or spend >30 min/day on computers or game consoles.ConclusionThe magnitude of the association between parenting style and screen time of 5-year-olds was found to be relatively modest. The associations found between the social and physical environment and children's screen time are independent of parenting style. Interventions to reduce children's screen time might be most effective when they support parents specifically with introducing family rules related to screen time and prevent the presence of a TV or computer or game console in the child's room.

Validez de constructo de la Escala de Autoridad Parental para Adolescentes Mexicanos

The purpose of this study was to provide evidence for the construct Validity of the Scale of Parental Authority for Mexican Adolescents developed by Aguilar, Valencia and Romero (2004), based on operationalization of attitudes and behaviors characteristic of parenting styles according Buri approach (1991). An exploratory factor analysis with orthogonal rotation, suggested the existence of four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglectful. The confirmatory factor analysis sustained a four-factor model, as one of three, since various fit indices were satisfactory, but in the first model, the permissive factor presented an unsatisfactory reliability coefficient. In both models, all structural coefficients were significant, supporting the convergent validity of the different scales, while low or negative values of the covariance between the factors indicate discriminant validity. In addition, structural regression analysis showed significant impacts of authoritative and neglectful styles on work avoidance, self-esteem and depression.

Mothering, Fathering, and Italian Adolescents’ Problem Behaviors and Life Satisfaction: Dimensional and Typological Approach

In this study, we explored the relationship between mothering, fathering and Italian adolescents’ problem behaviors and life satisfaction by using both typological and dimensional approaches. From a typological perspective, we examined variations in adolescent adjustment as a function of maternal and paternal parenting styles. From a dimensional perspective, we examined the relationships between crucial dimensions of perceived mothering and fathering (acceptance and strictness) and their contribution to adolescents’ adjustment, for girls and boys separately. A total of 213 adolescents (99 boys and 114 girls), aged from 14 to 16 years of age, completed self-report measures on perceived parenting styles, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and life satisfaction. Overall, the results confirmed the relationship between maternal and paternal styles and adolescents’ adjustment. Still, the data have not led to the identification of an optimal parenting style among the Italian adolescents because the authoritative, the authoritarian, and the indulgent styles emerged as most favorable in relation to the different dimensions of adjustment and life satisfaction, whereas the neglectful style was most linked to behavioral problems and to low satisfaction. When the focus was on the dimensions, the results showed that for boys, maternal and paternal strictness were negatively related to behavioral problems—both internalizing and externalizing—and positively related to general satisfaction. Meanwhile, for girls, maternal and paternal strictness were negatively related only to externalizing problems. Paternal acceptance was negatively related to girls’ behavioral problems, while maternal acceptance was positively related to girls’ general satisfaction.

Consistency analysis of parenting styles in Thailand during children's first year

This descriptive study identifies and examines the consistency of parenting styles during the first year of their children's lives. The data were collected from interviewing 4088 parents or primary care takers of the 6 month old infants during the third wave of data collection of The Prospective Cohort of Thai Children project. The instrument used was the Infant Parenting Styles Questionnaire, developed by the researchers, which reflected parental responses to infant care in five different situations. After the answers were categorized into controlling, reasoning, overprotection, and neglectful parenting styles, the weighted kappa was used for the consistency analysis. The findings revealed that during the first 6 months of life, the overprotection style was the most common, followed by the reasoning style. The controlling and neglectful styles were very seldom used. The consistency of the parental styles in the same care givers using the kappa values showed that agreement between each of the styles was very low (-0.0419 to 0.0688). This suggests that parenting styles during the first year of life seem to occur in random patterns.