Neglect Of Hygiene Research Articles

Abuse of social care clients committed by nurses and other social service employees-Analysis of employees' reports.

The aim of the study was to describe the alleged abuse of social care clients committed by nurses and other social services employees and actions as well as sanctions that followed the alleged abuse. A retrospective study using a descriptive qualitative analysis. The data comprised mandatory reports made by social service employees under the Social Welfare Act. This study focused on the reported abuses of clients (n = 75) by social services employees from 11 October 2016 to 31 December 2020 in Finland. The data were analysed using inductive content analysis and quantification. The majority of the reports were submitted practical nurses and other nursing personnel and by registered nurses. The severity of the abuse was most often mild or moderate. The most common abusers were nurses. The types of alleged abuse committed by professionals were as follows: (1) neglect of care, (2) physical violence/strong-arm treatments, (3) neglect of hygiene, (4) inappropriate or threatening behaviour and (5) sexual abuse. The actions and sanctions that followed the alleged abuse were: (1) discussing the situation together, requesting an explanation, initiating hearing or defining developmental measures, (2) initiating disciplinary actions and providing verbal or written warnings, (3) dismissing or terminating the employee and (4) initiating a police investigation. Nurses are an important group working in social services and might also be involved in cases of abuse. It is important that risks, wrongdoings and abuses are reported. Transparent reporting indicates strong professional ethics. Knowledge about abuse in social services from the viewpoint of nursing is important for ensuring the quality and safety of services. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research guideline was followed. No patient or public contribution.

The Reality of Crisis Management in the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Grand Mosque and the Prophet’s Mosque in Light of the Corona Covid 19 Pandemic (An Evaluation Study of the Reality of the Services Provided)

The study aimed to identify the reality of crisis management in the General Presidency for the affairs of the Grand Mosque and the Prophet’s Mosque, its management in light of the Corona pandemic (Covid-19) and its challenges. To achieve this goal, the descriptive analytical approach is used, and the questionnaire used as a tool to obtain the primary data. It was directed to a random sample of workers in the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques, where the researcher was able to obtain responses from (152) individuals. The study was concluded with several findings. The most prominent findings are that: the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Grand Mosque and the Prophet’s Mosque made great efforts to confront the Corona crisis through continuous and direct follow-up to the developments of the crisis, the results also showed that the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Grand Mosque and the Prophet's Mosque played many positive roles with an effective impact to remedy the crisis, the presidency has also implemented the social distance system between worshipers in order to preserve the safety of worshipers and pilgrims, and the constant emphasis on wearing masks and sterilization on an ongoing basis. The results also revealed that there are major challenges, most of that are related to visitors to the Two Holy Mosques, whether they are pilgrims, or other worshippers, and the most prominent of these challenges are the pilgrims' lack of commitment to health requirements, neglect of awareness, poor health control and neglect of hygiene in places of residence, which increases the chances of the spread of infection among visitors, and non-compliance with health requirements. The study recommended the importance of intensifying awareness-raising efforts among visitors, and pilgrims about the need to adhere to all health directives and apply precautions to prevent the spread of infection, the study also recommended activating the role of members of the local community in both Makah and Al-Madinah in spreading health awareness among the gatherings of pilgrims, Umrah performers and visitors, whether inside or outside the Two Holy Mosques, particularly in the places of residence, in order to achieve the desired goal of achieving health safety for all.

Frontal lobe tumor misdiagnose. A case report

IntroductionSpace occupying lesions compromising frontal lobes usually may produce in the first place psychiatric symptoms such as progressive change of personality and/or symptoms suggestive of depressive episodes. Thus they can be misdiagnosed and mistreated.ObjectivesA case report is presented as well as an updated review of frontal lobe tumor diagnosis and treatment literature.MethodsWe present the case of a 45 years-old male patient with no relevant medical history who arrives at the mental health center due to behavioral disorders, depressive mood, workplace absenteeism and personal hygiene neglect in the last 3 months.ResultsSince the clinical picture was compatible with depressive disorder the patient was treated with psychotherapy and antidepressant drugs with no remission. Due to the treatment absence of response he attends emergency services where he is performed a craneal tomograpy (CT) where a right frontal lobe tumor (FLT) is observed.ConclusionsIn early stages FLT are sometimes presented as psychological mood or anxiety disorders without accompanying neurologic deficits. Thus, mental health professionals should be aware that psychological symptoms might be a presentation of organic disease of the brain and in some cases (e.g. middle-aged patients with affective symptoms with no previous mental health history) organic screening and hence brain imaging should be considered.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Patient Awareness of Oral Health and Periodontal Disease as a Potential Risk Factor of Breast Cancer

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is a public health problem and the most frequent malignancy among women. Oral health is important and directly related to the overall general health of the body; it is dependent and related to oral health knowledge and oral hygiene behavior. Several studies have associated links between BC and periodontal disease (PD). The aim of the study was to assess oral health and periodontal disease awareness and potential risk factors of BC in a sample of Jeddah residents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 106 adults with a self-answered questionnaire in the framework of a community service initiative sponsored by the Ministry of Health on the occasion of the world BC month, where the college students participated in. Results: In our study population, 68.68% of participants expressed proper oral hygiene awareness, while merely 42.72% identified the correct risk factors of BC. Only 12.3% had awareness of PD as a potential risk factor of BC, and their awareness was measured against their oral hygiene and periodontal health awareness, where 92.3% acknowledged the negative effect of oral hygiene neglect on the overall body health, 76.9% heard of dental plaque biofilm, and only 23.1% identified it as the causative of PD. Finally, 61.5% cleaned their teeth twice a day in accordance with the recommendations of the Saudi Dental Society. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for comprehensive educational programs to promote correct oral hygiene practice and educate on its positive impact on the overall body health. The knowledge and awareness on BC and PD can still rise by community services and awareness campaigns throughout the city of Jeddah.

Cigarette smoking as an oral health risk behavior in adolescents: a cross-sectional study among Polish youths

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoking and the condition of the teeth and periodontium and the oral health behavior of 18-year-olds. Cross-sectional studies on 1,611 18-year-olds from Poland were conducted in 2017. The questionnaire provided socio-economic data, information about health-related behavior (cigarette smoking and oral health behavior), and absence from school due to oral pain. The dentition status (DMFT and DMFS), periodontal status (gingival bleeding, depth of periodontal pockets, loss of attachment), and need for endodontic treatment or tooth extraction were clinically assessed. Cigarette smoking was reported by 25% of participants (15% reported every day smoking). Adolescents who smoked cigarettes regularly had a higher mean number of decayed teeth (2.40±3.21 vs. 1.95±2.66) and similar periodontal status. Cigarette smoking increased the risk of oral hygiene neglect (63% vs. 69%), dietary mistakes (25% vs. 13%), failure to make dental appointments (32% vs. 43%), occurrence of oral pain (28% vs. 27%), absence from school due to pain (13% vs. 6%), and the need for endodontic treatment or tooth extraction (11% vs. 5%). The socio-economic factors and sex of the subjects decreased the influence of smoking only on oral hygiene neglect. Cigarette smoking by adolescents seems to be an independent risk factor for serious dietary mistakes, failure to benefit from oral healthcare, and more dynamic damage of teeth, which lead to pain and even tooth loss. Therefore, these aspects should be included in the risk assessment of oral disease and incorporated into educational programs promoting a healthy lifestyle.

HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DENGAN PERILAKU PEMELIHARAAN KESEHATAN GIGI DAN MULUT MURID SEKOLAH DASAR

One of the causes of oral problems is the oral hygiene neglect. Despite the high knowledge in oral health care, lot of children still unable to improve their attitude and practice towards oral health care. The aim of this study is to define the association of knowledge level with behaviour towards oral health care in students of SDN 36/IV Jambi in 2018. This is a cross sectional study comprised of 59 subjects recruited by total sampling method. Data collected from questionnaire filled by subjects followed by chi square analysis. The high, moderate and low knowledge level of SDN 36/IV Jambi students were 66,1%, 32,2% and 1,7% respectively. 67,8% subjects had good behaviour towards oral health care, while the other 32,2% had moderate behaviour. No significant association found between knowledge level and behaviour towards oral health care in students of SDN 36/IV Jambi in 2018 (sig=0,446; p ˂ 0,05).

Excessive computer use as an oral health risk behaviour in 18-year-old youths from Poland: A cross-sectional study.

BackgroundMany studies have indicated that the excessive use of computers (more than 3 hr/d) might be associated with an unhealthy life‐style.AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between excessive computer use with the condition of the teeth and periodontium and the oral health behaviour of 18‐year‐olds.DesignCross‐sectional studies, using a questionnaire, were carried out on 1,611 18‐year‐olds from Poland. The questionnaire contained questions about socioeconomic status and information about health‐related behaviour. The condition of their teeth and gingivae were clinically assessed.ResultsExcessive (>3 h/d) computer use was reported by 492 (31%) of participants, who had an increased frequency of unfilled cavities (1.97 vs. 2.27, p = .047) and a higher risk of oral hygiene neglect (e.g., using dental floss 41% vs. 34%, p = .009). Excessive computer use was also seen to be associated with poor dietary habits. Individuals who declared excessive computer use also had a higher risk of gingival bleeding (35% vs. 29%, p = .009).ConclusionIn the group studied, excessive computer use by adolescents constituted a risk factor for neglect of oral hygiene, poor dietary choices, and failure to benefit from oral health care. Therefore, these aspects should be included in the risk assessment of oral disease and incorporated into educational programs that promote a healthy lifestyle.

Is there a relationship between Gilles de la Tourette and psychosis? A case report considering the continuum psychosis perspective and vulnerability model

IntroductionThere has been no evidence so far about significant relationship between Gilles de la Tourette and psychosis. Perhaps a continuum psychosis perspective and the vulnerability model could improve the comprehension of our patients.ObjectivesTo describe a case in which motor and obsessive symptoms evolve to schizophreniform symptoms and important psychosocial deterioration.MethodsSingle case report and literature review.ResultsA 20-year-old man, with clinical record of Gilles de la Tourette, and a psychosis episode 6 months before, is brought by his family with a syndrome consistent in motor retardation, whispered speech, poor visual contact, social withdrawal, hygiene neglect, abulia, apathy and blunted affect. In the one-year tracing conceptual disorganization and poor idea association are in the first place. Within child history, we found symptoms congruent with Gilles de la Tourette, obsessive symptoms and others that may be called mild psychotic symptoms (which did not fit in any diagnosis at that moment). We also found a pathological relationship between his parents and among him, as well as a poor economic and social condition.ConclusionsAccording to the continuum perspective, psychotic symptoms could be found within the obsessive spectrum. Related to the vulnerability model, we found in our case external factors that affected the clinical evolution: family dynamics affected, communication deviation, social and economic impairment, social withdrawal and vital aim loss. These factors should be attended in first place, as they are not only related with the triggering of illness but they also are the main way to recovery.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Microbiological analysis of acute infections of the nail fold on the basis of bait thread test.

IntroductionAn acute infection of the nail fold, called paronychia, is a common clinical problem. The basis for the implementation of the treatment is the result of microbiological examination. Due to the rapid and painful course of infection, usually an empirical antimicrobial treatment prior to obtaining microbiological test results is introduced.AimThe microbial analysis of acute infections of the nail fold.Material and methodsThe study included 32 tests conducted on 31 patients of the Department of Dermatology. Microbiological analysis was performed with the use of the so-called bait thread test.ResultsIn 73% of analyzed cases microbiological examination revealed mixed microbiological flora. Most cultured microorganisms were: Enterococcus faecalis (14%), Staphylococcus aureus (12%), Candida albicans (9%), Enterobacter cloacae (8%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7%). Most cultured bacteria belonged to the families or genera of Enterobacteriaceae (36%), other cultured bacteria were staphylococci (26%), enterococci (16%), Candida species (14%), and Gram-negative non-fermenting bacilli (8%).ConclusionsThe acute infection of the nail fold in the vast majority of cases is caused by mixed bacterial flora. A profile of isolated microorganisms suggests that the cause of the infection can be associated with neglect of hygiene. Fluoroquinolone and fusidic acid are recommended as the empirical therapy. Microbiological examination is the basis for the appropriate final treatment.

Association between Tooth Loss and Opium Addiction: Results of a Community-Based Study on 5900 Adult Individuals in South East of Iran in 2015.

Background:Like any other drug abuse, opium use is known to have detrimental effects on oral health. Oral hygiene neglect in opium users can lead to tooth loss resulting in further functional, esthetic, and dieting problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the association between tooth loss and opium addiction in a large-scale population.Materials and Methods:This study was part of an extensive study related to the risk factors of cardiovascular disease and conducted by the center for physiological research during 2012–2015 in Kerman. A total of 5900, 15–75-year-old individuals, were recruited by a single-stage random cluster sampling method. Factors including opium and smoking consumption, factors related to oral health, hygiene, and the number of missing teeth were examined. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and physical examination.Results:Of 5900 individuals, 2662 (45.1%) were men and the rest were women, which 1011 individuals (17.1%) consumed opium. The prevalence of opium abuse was significantly higher in men. Regarding the oral dental indicators, the numbers of missing teeth (P < 0.001), decayed (P = 0.01), and the total index of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in addicts as compared to nonaddicts. The gingival index and community periodontal index scores were significantly lower in addicts. Addicted women had a higher prevalence of tooth loss.Conclusions:Opium addiction is associated with higher tooth loss, especially, in women opium users. Dental practitioners and health politicians should pay special attention to the oral health of addicts before tooth loss occurs.

The awareness of epidermal parasitic skin diseases among patients with mental health problems and alcohol addiction of the Provincial Complex of Psychiatric Health in Olsztyn

Abstract Introduction Lifestyle and the neglect of hygiene are factors which increase the risk of the incidence of epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSD) such as pediculosis and scabies among alcoholics and people with mental health problems. A patient's knowledge about the risk factors, route of transmission, prophylaxis and symptoms of the disease are the bases for health education. Aim An evaluation of the state of knowledge of EPSD among patients with mental health problems and alcohol addiction at the Provincial Complex of Psychiatric Health in Olsztyn. Material and methods The study covered a group of 154 adult patients treated in 2011 in Provincial Complex of Psychiatric Health in Olsztyn. The research was conducted by using an anonymous self-designed diagnostic survey questionnaire. Results and discussion In the examined population, 51% of the people had a satisfactory knowledge of EPSD. In 27% of respondents the knowledge was fragmented, and in 21% at the high level. There were no significant differences between the groups of respondents distinguished by gender, age, place of residence and education. In 54% of examined patients, the knowledge of EPSD and their prophylaxis was rated as fragmentary. The information regarding symptoms and sources of pediculosis and scabies infections was fragmentary in 46% of patients, and satisfactory in 34% of respondents. Conclusions The general level of knowledge in patients with mental health problems and alcohol addiction on EPSD is satisfactory. Almost half of the respondents showed a fragmentary knowledge concerning the prophylaxis of EPSD, symptoms and sources of pediculosis and scabies infection. Health education should primarily concern the prevention of pediculosis and scabies, and strengthen the patients’ awareness of spread easiness these parasites in the environment.

A study on health hygiene among school children in rural field practice area of Ajims Mangalore in Karnataka: India.

The Millennium Development Goals have firmly established the issues of “water, sanitation, and hygiene” on the global agenda. Neglect of hygiene goes a long way in explaining, why water and sanitation programmed have often not brought the expected benefits. Public health importance of hand washing as well as its importance in reduction in some of the communicable diseases such as diarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) has been highlighted in many studies. Main Aim and Objectives of the study include to Study the hygiene status among rural school children and to assess the school Water and Sanitation condition. A school based cross sectional study regarding personal hygiene and school sanitation was carried out at randomly selected four rural schools out of eight located in AJIMS field practice area pane-Mangalore. The study was carried out by using pre-tested semi structured questionnaire as well as interview cum observation. Out of 500 children examined 63.4% had good personal hygiene 9.6% had fair personal hygiene and 27% had poor personal hygiene. Out of the total, 31% of Children had Caries. 15% had fully blocked Wax in the ear. 21% had coated tongue. 11% had skin infections. This Indicates that more stress on personal hygiene practices like Oral Hygiene to avoid bad breath, trimming of nails, regular cleaning of ears, Washing of hands body and hair etc; frequently at regular bases in schools.

Diogenes syndrome or isolated syllogomania? Four heterogeneous clinical cases

Diogenes syndrome (DS) is an acquired behavioural disturbance more often affecting elderly patients, but possible in all ages. It is characterised by social withdrawal, extreme self and house neglect, tendency to hoard any kind of objects/rubbish (syllogomania), and rejection against external help for lack of concern about one's condition. It is considered infrequent, but with quite high mortality. DS might be divided into several forms including Active (the patient gathers objects outside and accumulates them inside his house), Passive (patient invaded by his own rubbish), "à deux" (DS sharing between two people), and "under-threshold" (DS "blocked" by precocious intervention). Four cases are here presented. In case 1 (passive DS) alcoholism and cognitive impairment could be trigger factors for DS, predisposed by a "personality alteration". In case 2 (active, "à trois") superimposed psychosis could be the trigger, borderline intelligence being the predisposing factor. In case 3 (active), fronto-parietal internal hyperostosis might support an organic aetiology. Finally, case 4 was an example of isolated syllogomania in patient with evolving Alzheimer's dementia. Despite being heterogeneous, our casuistry suggest that DS can develop in both sexes, is prevalent in geriatric age and often associated with cognitive impairment/psychiatric disturbances, which are not specific, nor sufficient to justify DS. Isolated syllogomania only shares the characteristic hoarding with DS; although cognitive impairment might be present, the other DS typical aspects (social isolation, help refusal, characterial aspects, personal hygiene neglect) are absent.

Alternative Technique for Class V Isolation of Resin-based Composite Restorations:A Case Report

Cervical lesions are increasingly more common in dental practice for many reasons, including high dietary sugar intake with oral hygiene neglect and a growing elderly population. Restoring a cervical lesion can be challenging due to its location, thus, making it a sensitive procedure. It is important not only to provide a quality restoration for the patient but also to eliminate the causative factor, whether by control of diet, increased water uptake for dry mouth, or improved oral hygiene habits, so that caries will not recur. This case report describes the clinical management of multiple cervical lesions, and the results thereof.

Artificial Hygiene for Computer Systems

ABSTRACT Artificial Hygiene is the thought taken from the concept of hygiene in daily life. Hygiene is an old concept related to medical, as well as to personal and professional practices that are taken to be care related to most aspects of living. Hygiene practices that are employed as preventative measures to less incidence and spreading of disease, like hand hygiene cleaning the hands before taking food, respiratory hygiene covering the face with hands or hanky on sneezing, food and water hygiene-always put the food and drinking water covered, etc. so hygiene can also be applied on computer machines. So in Computer network, if a system in network is infected the artificial hygiene should ensure that unauthorized or malicious traffic never leaves the infected system/host to other in a network. Hygiene refers to the set of rules that an individual follows in a community to be associated with the preservation of healthy living for whole community that avoid or reduce disease and the spreading of disease in social society. Periodical hygienenical habits may be considered good practices by a society while the neglect of hygiene can be considered disgusting, disrespectful or even threatening. So for this we have to give some rules that an individual computer have to follow to impart hygiene to computers society that means computer network so that the system know how to behave against threat to protect itself as well as help others on the network so that other can also protect themselves from the threat.

Assessment of Oral Hygiene in Adults

The aim of the research was to assess the oral hygiene habits in the elderly group of study population of Southern Poland. The study was conducted in dental services in two selected cities in Southern Poland. The group of subjects consisted of 664 respondents (272 men, 392 women) aged 65 to 81 years. Oral hygiene was measured with the author's anonymous questionnaire consisting of twenty questions. Questions related to information on personal history and general health, comorbidities, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, smoking, taking drugs and the state of oral hygiene practices as frequency of visits to the dentist and the number of own teeth. The majority of the subjects had higher n=240 (36.1%) and secondary n=219 (33%) education and were predominantly n=590 (89%) professionally inactive (retirees or pensioners). No significant differences were found between the groups: women and men. But there were differences in technologies used, the examined men significantly often used computer in comparison with the women's group. In total, 19.6% had own natural teeth only, 45.0% own teeth and dentures, 30.0% dentures only, and 5.4% neither teeth nor dentures. Majority of subjects brush their teeth or dentures only 1-2 times a day (80%) and visit the dentist less than once in 2 years or once a year (75%). Women significantly more often stated use of a toothbrush and taking care of oral hygiene and compared to men, they declared higher number of own teeth. People aged over 65 neglect hygiene and oral care. Women pay more attention to oral hygiene and they have more own teeth than men. The most frequent cause of oral hygiene neglect in the elderly could be gender, the socio-economic conditions, behaviour habits and lack of sufficient health education. The dentist may need to consult with the patient's GP the development of the appropriate personalised treatment plan for the elderly. Young dentists need to be educated in order to provide appropriate dental care to the elderly.

Ciproterone Effect on Compulsive Masturbation in a Frontotemporal Dementia Patient

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article LETTERFull AccessCiproterone Effect on Compulsive Masturbation in a Frontotemporal Dementia PatientLuís Fonseca M.D.Sónia Simões M.D.Patrício Ferreira M.D.Joana Mesquita M.D.,Álvaro Machado M.D.,Luís Fonseca M.D.Search for more papers by this authorSónia Simões M.D.Search for more papers by this authorPatrício Ferreira M.D.Search for more papers by this authorJoana Mesquita M.D.Search for more papers by this author,Álvaro Machado M.D.Search for more papers by this author,Published Online:1 Jul 2010https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2010.22.3.352.e3AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: Frontotemporal dementia results from frontal and anterior temporal cortical degeneration, leading to prominent behavioral changes, with severe disruption of personality and social abilities. 1 Among those are several well-known impulse-control disorders. Herein we present the therapeutic approach used in a frontotemporal dementia male patient with compulsive masturbation. Case ReportA 75-year-old man, without previous known diseases or family history of dementia, was seen for slowly progressive behavioral changes. Over the previous 4 years, he insidiously started being sexually uninhibited, making proposals to all women, including his own daughter, and irresistible masturbating several times a day. He also developed many other behavioral features like excessive food intake, complete hygiene neglect, garbage collecting, and compulsive cigarette smoking, averaging three packs a day. At the time of our first evaluation the main symptom was clearly the compulsive masturbation, which he did at least eight times a day. This was also the most disruptive symptom to his wife, with whom he did not have sexual intercourse over the preceding years. Neuropsychological study showed severe dysfunction in all frontal lobe-directed tests, and brain MRI revealed frontotemporal atrophy; the PET scan showed hypometabolism on the same location. Sertraline, 100 mg/day, led to some symptomatic relief in all nonsexual symptoms. Quetiapine was then added and increased until a 400 mg daily dose was reached. The effect on the masturbatory acts was only slight, with the patient still doing them five to six times daily. Ciproterone (50 mg/day) was then prescribed, with complete resolution of this particular behavior, an effect sustained over the 6-month available follow-up without any reported side effects. Curiously, cigarette smoking was not at all affected.Discussion The frontal lobes, mainly their orbitofrontal region, seem to have a significant role in impulse-control over the motor aspects of human sexuality. 2 This is supported by several findings of inappropriate sexual behaviors, including automatisms, in patients with frontal lobe pathology, the best known being those after leucotomy and in partial epilepsies. 2 Most symptoms presented by our patient were previously reported in frontotemporal dementia, except the compulsive masturbation, which is exceedingly rare in dementia patients and, to our knowledge, not elsewhere reported in this specific dementia syndrome. Nevertheless, a 90-year-old Alzheimer’s disease patient, who repeatedly inserted foreign bodies in the urethra with masturbatory purposes, was reported. 3 Treatment of inappropriate sexual behaviors of patients with dementia is largely unknown. By promoting incomplete suppression of testosterone levels, ciproterone and other progesterone-based compounds with anti-androgenic properties have been shown to reduce sexual activity in patients with dementia, 4 without significant side effects. This suggests it can be a useful first-line option in this unusual disruptive behavior. Psychiatry and Mental Health Department, Hospital São Marcos, Braga, PortugalNeurology Department, Hospital São Marcos, Braga, Portugal

Prevention of the spread of infection: The need for a family-centered approach to hygiene promotion

Prevention of the spread of infection: The need for a family-centered approach to hygiene promotion

Severe domestic squalor: a review

Referrals to clinical services of people living in severe domestic squalor are not uncommon. It is timely to review literature concerning and discussing such cases. Using Medline, Psychinfo, Embase, CINAHL and reference lists from relevant publications, literature referring to over 1100 cases was identified and then reviewed. Half of those described as living in severe squalor are elderly. Outcomes of intervention are often poor. People living in severe squalor are most commonly diagnosed as having dementia, alcoholism or schizophrenia, though personality problems are evident in a high proportion. There is evidence to suggest that neglect of hygiene and of attention to cleanliness of accommodation may be largely attributable to frontal lobe changes. The review also revealed a second body of literature, not often cited in papers focussed on unclean living conditions and published in psychiatric or medical journals, that concludes that hoarding is most commonly due to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Accumulation of rubbish is described in over half of the case reports on severe domestic squalor, but it is suggested that this should only be called hoarding if it results from purposeful collection of items. Lack of impulse control may contribute to collecting behavior, resulting in reduction in living space if there is also a failure to discard. There is a need for further studies, using standardized ratings of living conditions, investigating and trying to understand the complex interplay of triggers and vulnerabilities, exploring how best to intervene and examining outcomes of interventions.

Giant Calculus In The Mouth Of Partially Edentulous Woman, (Case Report)

Objective: This case report is to create awareness of the presence of giant calculus in the mouth, the possible causes and its prevention Report: This describes the oral condition of a partially edentulous woman with a giant calculus in the mouth. It highlights the effect of such an enormous calculus in the oral cavity. Conclusion: Such gross calculus formation could have resulted from oral hygiene neglect, facilitated by the anatomical position of teeth 18 and 46 as well as lack of use of these teeth for mastication. The importance of plaque control in maintenance of oral health and in the prevention of calculus formation cannot be over emphasized. Even though chemotherapeutic agents are available, effective mechanical plaque removal still remains the best methods to achieve this purpose. KEY WORDS: Calculus, Juvenile, Periodontitis, Piaque, Prevention Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Vol.6(1) 2003: 74-77