Negative Social Stigma Research Articles

Exploring the substitution of cannabis for alcohol and other drugs among a large convenience sample of people who use cannabis

BackgroundThe substitution of cannabis for alcohol and other drugs has been conceptualised in a harm reduction framework as where cannabis is used to reduce the negative side-effects, addiction potential, and social stigma of other drugs. There is currently mixed evidence with recent reviews suggesting cannabis co-use patterns may vary by age and ethnicity. Yet few studies have had large enough samples to examine this demographic variation in detail.AimsTo explore the co-use of cannabis with alcohol and other drugs within demographic subgroups of a large sample of people who use cannabis. Specifically: (1) whether cannabis is being substituted for other drugs, and (2), whether cannabis use leads to more, less or the same level of other drug use.MethodOnline convenience survey promoted via Facebook™ completed by 23,500 New Zealand respondents. Those who had used cannabis and any of eight other substances in the same six-month period were asked if their use of cannabis had any impact on their use of each other substance (“a lot more”, “little more”, “no impact/same”, “little less”, “a lot less”). Frequency and quantity used of each other drug was compared by co-use group. Generalised logistic regression models were developed to predict co-use categories.ResultsSignificant proportions reported cannabis use led to “less” alcohol (60%), synthetic cannabinoid (60%), morphine (44%) and methamphetamine (40%) use. Those who reported using “less” had lower frequency and amount used of other drugs. Approximately seven-out-ten reported cannabis use had “no impact” on LSD, MDMA, and cocaine use. One-in-five reported using cannabis led to “more” tobacco use. Young adults (21–35-years) were more likely to report cannabis use led to “less” drinking and methamphetamine use. Adolescent co-users (16–20 years) reported mixed impacts. Māori were more likely to report cannabis use resulted in “less” alcohol, tobacco, methamphetamine, and LSD use. Students and those living in cities were less likely to report cannabis use lowering use of other substances.ConclusionCannabis and other drug co-use patterns are moderated by life stages, lifestyles, cultural perspectives, and urbanicity. Harm reduction initiatives and policy reforms should take account of these moderating factors.

Dinamika Pedagang Kaki Lima Di Alun-Alun Kota Jember Di Tengah Persaingan Globalisasi: Peran UMKM Lokal Dalam Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kota Jember

This research aims to uncover the challenges and dynamics faced by Street Vendors in the Jember City Square in the context of globalization. Through the analysis of the final theory of capitalism, it was found that street vendors in Jember experienced characteristics such as superficiality, weakening of affection, loss of history, and the presence of new technology that affected the way they operated. This study uses a qualitative approach with realist ethnographic methods, collecting data through in-depth interviews and field observations. The results of the study show that street vendors face economic instability due to unbalanced competition with large companies, negative social stigma, and less supportive government policies. To overcome this problem, the government is advised to provide special areas that are organized, clean, and environmentally friendly and provide training and improve facilities so that street vendors can compete more effectively. Proper support is expected to maintain the existence of street vendors as an important part of the local economy in the era of globalization that continues to grow.

Effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) on Self-Control and Impulsivity in Male Prisoners.

Objective: Consequences of imprisonment include negative psychological effects, social stigma, and challenges for reintegrating into society. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) on self-control and impulsivity among male prisoners. Method : A randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) utilizing a design the included pretest, post-test, and follow-up assessment as well as a waiting-list control group was conducted. A total of 30 male prisoners were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and waiting list control groups (the intervention group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15)). The participants in the experimental group underwent the 12-session REBT intervention over a period of six weeks. (For six weeks). All participants responded to the Self- Control Scale (SCS) and Dysfunctional Impulsivity Questionnaire (DFIQ) as dependent variables at three time points (pretest, post-test, and one-month follow-up). A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results: The results revealed that after the implementation of the REBT intervention, the mean scores of self-control increased (P < 0.05), while the mean scores of impulsivity diminished significantly (P < 0.05). Furthermore, these changes remained relatively stable during the follow-up period (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be inferred that REBT intervention plays a significant role in diminishing self-control deficits and mitigating impulsivity among incarcerated individuals. These results present promising implications for the utilization of REBT in lowering recidivism rates.

Mental Health May Affect the Health Outcomes of Cancer Patients

Cancer is a complex disease that can have a significant impact on a patient's mental health. This paper examines the interplay between mental health and cancer outcomes, focusing on the impact of social networks, the patient-doctor relationship, and mental health professionals. Specifically, the positive effects of social support, including emotional, informational, and tangible support, on patients' coping strategies, treatment adherence, and overall well-being will be highlighted. This paper will also highlight negative social interactions and stigma, which can have adverse effects on patients’ mental health and physical outcomes. The patient-doctor relationship plays a vital role in patients' treatment experiences, with effective communication, shared decision-making, and empathy enhancing treatment adherence, psychological well-being, and overall outcomes. On the other hand, a strained relationship can lead to increased patient distress and dissatisfaction with care. The inclusion of mental health professionals in cancer care has shown promising results, with psychosocial interventions reducing depression, anxiety, and distress. Mental health professionals also assist patients in addressing treatment-related concerns and managing mental health disorders. Future directions in cancer treatment include adopting a biopsychosocial approach in cancer therapy, developing effective screening tools for mental health disorders, integrating mental health care into routine cancer treatment, and exploring the long-term effects of mental health on survivorship care. By understanding the complex relationship between mental health and cancer outcomes, healthcare providers can develop targeted interventions and support strategies to improve the overall well-being and outcomes of cancer patients.

The Beggars During the COVID-19 in India: Marginality, (In)visibility and the Role of Civil Society

A sizable number of beggars are visible on Indian streets and public places, but because they hardly have any bargaining power, the administration appears reluctant to assist the beggars to build their capacity. As a result, beggars are largely invisible in discussions on public policy. Since beggars from lower castes and Dalits make up a bigger percentage of the population than beggars from upper castes and since they cannot raise their voice against their marginality, the case of beggars may also be viewed through the lens of Dalit and subaltern perspectives. Even though the Delhi High Court decriminalized begging in 2018, it still carries a negative social stigma. The COVID-19 lockdown in India put the lives of beggars in danger. The governments mostly failed to offer social security to beggars throughout the lockdown, notwithstanding certain efforts that had been made. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), which are a part of civil society, have had more success than the governments in resolving the tragic situation of beggars. Despite the fact that both the government and NGOs must build up their infrastructure, the government has a greater obligation to ensure the well-being of beggars.

Tattooing as a Popular Form of Body Art in Ascendancy among Urban Youths in Tanzania

This article explores the increasing popularity of tattoos as body art amidst the negative attitudes and social stigmas attached to them in the context of Tanzania. Specifically, it delves into aspects of the tattoo culture before examining the influence and motivations behind the decision to tattoo. Finally, it evaluates the attitudes of Tanzanians to individuals with tattoos. With recourse to the Group Norms Theory (GNT) serving as a framework for elucidating on the underlying factors prompting young individuals to embrace tattooing, this article qualitatively examines data to unravel the complexities of the phenomenon under study. The data came from in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations. The article demonstrates how tattoos bearers value them for the personal symbolism they engender and as a form of decorative self-expression. Other push factors towards tattooing include peer pressure, social media, celebrities, and commemoration. In the context of Tanzania, this article provides insights that could help debunk the misconceptions surrounding tattoos and demystify this intriguing body art, and, hopefully, pave the way to more nuanced and inclusive debate and understanding of this type of art.

Their post tell the truth: Detecting social media users mental health issues with sentiment analysis

Mental health disorders remain a problem that always appears throughout the ages because its originators are related to everyday social phenomena that are always changing. One of the serious obstacles is cultural factors that view people with mental health disorders as people who cannot function fully, need to be avoided, have problems, and are given a negative social stigma. On the other hand, people with mental health disorders need a comfortable space where they can express their emotions and thoughts. Social media such as Twitter is one of the potential cathartic media for people with mental health disorders. This study aims to identify mental health disorders through words or tweet narration with the keywords “emotions”, “hallucinations”, “panic”, “mental illness”, “stress”, and “fear”. 5537 clean tweet data were collected from the Indonesian population containing these keywords using rapidminer sentiment analysis which were categorized into three categories; Positive, Negative, and Neutral. The results of the analysis are strengthened by searching randomly sampled text tweets. As a result, it is proven that social media Twitter is effective in identifying symptoms of mental health disorders, and Twitter is considered a safe and comfortable cathartic medium for people with mental health disorders.

Temporomandibular Disorders and Bruxism among Sex Workers-A Cross Sectional Study.

Sex workers are a highly underprivileged population which is present all around the world. Sex work is associated with negative social stigma which affects all aspects of the sex workers' lives including healthcare, service providers and police. The stigma may result in increased stress, mental health problems, feelings of isolation and social exclusion. In the present study, 36 sex workers (SW) and 304 subjects from the general population in Israel (GP) were evaluated for the presence of bruxism and Temporomandibular disorders (TMD), with the use of Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD- Axis I). When compared to the general population, sex workers presented larger maximal assisted mouth opening and higher prevalence of the following TMD diagnoses: Disc displacement with reduction, Myalgia, Myofascial pain with referral, Arthralgia (left and right) and Headache attributed to TMD. The odds of sex workers suffering from one of these diagnoses were twice to five times higher than those of the general population. The study shows that health problems of sex workers go beyond venereal diseases, HIV and mental disorders which are commonly studied. Oral health, TMD and oral parafunctions are some of the additional health issues that should be addressed and explored in this population.

Cadar dan Tantangan Sosial: Studi Fenomenologi atas Kewajiban Penggunaan Cadar bagi Santriwati Ma`hadal Ulum Diniyah Islamiyah Bireuen Aceh

This study aims to identify the internalization process and social challenges regarding the mandatory use of the veil for the Dayah (Pesantren) Ma'hadal 'Ulum Diniyah Islamiyah (MUDI) students of the Samalanga Grand Mosque, Bireuen Regency, Aceh Province. This study uses a symbolic interactionism theory approach from George Herbert Mead. The results showed that the use of the veil for Dayah MUDI students contained the meaning of the identity symbol of Islamic teachings in totality (kāffah), preventive actions from negative actions, and at the same time Islamic da'wah bi al-ḥāl. The objectification of the meaning of the veil for the students of MUDI developed through a process of social interaction constructed by the rules in the MUDI environment. Meanwhile, female students' obstacles to using the veil outside the MUDI environment, namely the individual mental factors of students, family environmental factors, and negative social stigma factors in society. The limitations of this research can also be the object of further research. It has not yet identified the form or pattern of the environmental response of the santriwati family and the broader social community to the implementation of the mandatory use of the veil for MUDI students.

Social Stigma in Adolescents Who Do Early Marriage at School Age

Based on the results of a survey about teenage pregnancy of 7 adolescents aged 13-15 who were pregnant before marriage, who were still educated SLTP when pregnancy occurred. Early marriage is the most phenomenal symptom that often invites negative social stigma for society. Based on that, early marriage is an arranged marriage or marriage involving two parties between a man and a woman under the age of 18 years, which will usually give rise to negative stigma from the surrounding environment. Purpose of this study is to know people's views on early marriage and to know the level of social stigma against early marriage. Research method used in this research is qualitative research method, the approach used in this research is phenomenology. The study was conducted in Samarinda and several interviews were conducted in direct interaction with four subjects who had had early marriages in their teens or schools. The sampling technique used in this study is purposive sampling. The study subjects numbered 4 people. The results show factors that led to the subject of B.C. marrying young were due to parental and cultural factors. The factor that causes MAF subjects to have early marriage is the presence of pregnancy factors outside of marriage. RS gets a negative response from the surrounding environment and the factors that cause social stigma in subject RS. are the presence of knowledge and education. The reason AR married young are due to the parental factor.

Design And Construction Of An Expert System For Early Detection of Mental Illness in COVID-19 Patients And Handling Using Certainty Factor Method

Covid-19 is a new type of virus that can be transmitted to humans. This virus spreads very quickly and has spread to almost all countries. In the midst of Covid-19 outbreak, social phenomenon emerged that has the potential to exacerbate the situation, it is negative social stigma against a person or group of people who experience symptoms or have COVID-19 disease. They are labeled, stereotyped, discriminated against, and treated differently because they are associated with Covid-19 disease. This pandemic puts pressure on the emergence of mental illnesses such as fatigue, stress, fear, sadness, loneliness, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its probability of dying from Covid 19 is almost 3 times higher than those who do not have mental illness. Therefore, an expert system is needed to detect mental disorders in Covid-19 patients early as prevention. This system works as psychologist experts detect Covid-19 patients through the people closest to the patient. By observing the conditions and symptoms arose in the patient's psychological condition, the user will fill the data in the system to find out the level of disturbance experienced by the patient in real time. Then, the system will provide solutions, diagnosis results and appropriate treatment methods for patients so that symptoms of mental disorders can be detected and prevented early on without direct contact between patients and experts

Alcohol and other substance use disorder recovery during pregnancy among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A qualitative study

BackgroundAbout 5% of women are pregnant at substance use disorder (SUD) treatment entry, and pregnant women with SUD often belong to marginalized groups experiencing social, economic, and health care barriers associated with stigma from prenatal substance use. Pregnant women in SUD treatment have high rates of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study sought to (1) examine the lived experiences of pregnant individuals with PTSD symptoms in SUD treatment and (2) understand the roles of systematic or contextual barriers to the pursuit of prenatal abstinence. MethodsWe draw upon in-depth semi-structured interviews to examine relationships between SUD, psychological trauma/PTSD experience, social resources, and lived experiences among patients in prenatal SUD treatment with PTSD symptoms. Our sample was pregnant patients (N = 13) with prior DSM-5 Criterion A trauma and current PTSD symptoms enrolled in a comprehensive program integrating prenatal care, substance use counseling, medication for opioid use disorder and case management at three sites affiliated with an urban academic medical center in New Mexico. ResultsUsing thematic analysis, four main themes identified structural forces influencing alcohol and drug use: (a) lack of access or ability to obtain resources, (b) substance use to cope with negative affect, (c) social stigma, and (d) interpersonal relationships. ConclusionsDespite receiving high-quality integrated prenatal and SUD care, these pregnant patients with PTSD symptoms in SUD treatment still experienced substantial social and structural hurdles to achieving abstinence during pregnancy.

Exploring persuasive sales techniques to improve customer acceptance of sustainable but unfamiliar menu in restaurants

PurposeAlthough restauranteurs hope to incorporate offal or variety meat, in the menu as an attempt to reduce food waste, adopting these ingredients is still challenging due to customer rejections. This study aims to propose potential persuasive sales strategies based on customers’ different information sources to increase organ meat-based menu sales for restaurateurs.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, a qualitative study was conducted to identify critical factors that show persuasive effects from external, interpersonal and experiential information sources. A total of 20 in-depth expert interviews with professional chefs and restauranteurs were conducted and key persuasive service tactics were analyzed.FindingsFrom their experience of persuading customers to try unusual foods, insights about how to alleviate unfamiliar food aversion were obtained. The findings of this study showed that different persuasive sales tactics can be implemented to decrease customers’ aversion to offal and offcuts on menus.Research limitations/implicationsThe context of offal is meaningful theoretically because it sheds light on the literature gaps related to persuasive sales strategies for food products with a negative social stigma. Practically, the findings of this study explicitly address that offal usage in restaurants can not only encourage the culinary uniqueness of a restaurant but also contribute to the reduction of food waste by foodservice operations.Originality/valueThis research answers the calls for more research on sustainable food sources in hospitality literature by proposing offal as a potential alternative protein source. The findings of this study can further be used to improve customer acceptance of other sustainable but unfamiliar food items.

Barriers in managing psychiatric disorders in athletes

IntroductionAthletes have participated in sports and physical exercise for several decades as a coping strategy to alleviate mental health and behavioral issues. The increasing prevalence of psychiatric disorders among athletes attributed to the failure of its appropriate management.ObjectivesOur goal is to identify barriers in diagnosing and treating psychiatric problems among sportspersons to educate clinicians about the potential risk factors for athletes’ mental health disorders to provide optimal medical care.MethodsWe examined MeSH terms “Athletes,” “Sports,” “Risk Factors,” “Diagnosis,” and “Patient Care Management,” in the context of “Mental Health,” “Mental Disorders,” “sports psychiatry,” and “diagnostic barriers.” We included 23 studies per the PRISMA guidelines, searching Medline, PubMed, PubMed Central, and PsychInfo databases until August 2020.ResultsBarriers managing psychiatric disorders in athletes are overtraining syndrome, compensatory training, idolizing, negative coping mechanisms, social stigma, injuries, and performance-enhancing supplements usage. Other factors attributed to diagnostic barriers are general perceptions, age, racial and gender disparities, poor health services, interpersonal issues, patient-therapist relationships, sense of entitlement, control or confidentiality problems, and lack of quality preventative measures. Risk factors are injuries, sports type, doping, substance abuse, lifestyle, failures in achievement, eating disorders, and maladaptive coping mechanisms.ConclusionsThese barriers in psychiatric care have adversely impacted the mental health of sportspersons. Athletes have deviated from their careers and lost valuable periods of their lives due to inadequate attention to sports psychiatry aspects, such as cognitive health services, inclusive sports management measures, diagnostic and treatment approaches, reliable mental health services, and public awareness programs.

Evaluation of negative situations and social stigma perception experienced by healthcare professionals in the COVID-19 epidemic process

Purpose- In this study, it is aimed to reveal the perception about social stigmatization in the epidemic process and the evaluations of healthcare professionals on this issue. Methodology- In order to evaluate the social stigma perception of healthcare professionals, a measurement tool specific to this study was created. The research was carried out through the questionnaire form created electronically, reaching a total of 151 participants. The data obtained were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative methods. In the evaluation of quantitative data, IBM SPSS 24.0 package program was used, and qualitative data were evaluated with the themes created by the phenomenological method. Findings- In addition to the professional reputation dimension, there is a medium and positive relationship between the sub-dimensions of the scale. Another finding obtained in the scope of the research is that healthcare professionals experience 51.2% social stigma. T-test results show that there is no difference in scale total score and sub-dimensions according to gender and marital status, while ANOVA Test results show that there is no difference in the same variables according to age and educational status (p> 0.05). In comparisons made between occupational groups, it was observed that technician and technician groups showed negative differences compared to nurses (p <0.05). As a result of qualitative evaluations, it has been observed that healthcare professionals mostly avoid people from themselves and the injustices in their salary payment processes as negative situations. Conclusion- It is important to work on raising social awareness about the reasons and negative consequences of social stigmatization. It is thought that studies should be conducted to improve the sense of self in healthcare professionals in order to decrease the perception of social stigmatization, which has a very negative impact in the long term. Reducing negative emotions and thoughts in healthcare professionals, who are the main actors in maintaining the quality of service during the provision of health services, is an important issue that should not be ignored outside the epidemic process.

I Can’t Be Blind, I Can See

In Narrating the Closet, Adams described “coming out” as a seemingly never-ending ongoing process. I reflected on the number of times I had to explain how a blind guy could see, and I had a better understanding of coming out. Although I do not have the same negative social stigma, I often get weary repeating myself, trying to explain how a blind guy can see. Autoethnography can provide the reader with an opportunity to embrace the cultural standpoint of the writer,1 especially if they find a way to associate the experience with their own journey. I am attempting to “seek dimensions of experience that will engender connection and recognition in the midst of complexity.”2 I offer this article to provide a perspective of the phenomenon created when an adventitiously blind person (a person who had sight long enough to have visual references, usually after the age of five) tries to re-enter the sight-biased world.

Oxygen Indications and Utilization in a Diverse, Urban Community Setting.

Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) is widely used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other conditions with severe hypoxemia, imposing a large financial burden on the American health care system. To better understand oxygen prescription and its use in a multiethnic community hospital, we completed a prospective, observational study with a survey design in our multicultural population to better recognize patient understanding of oxygen indications and utilization. The survey was conducted at three outpatient pulmonary clinics. Among the 94 respondents (42% men and 58% women; age 71.8 ± 13 yr), 64% were current or former smokers. Sixty-one percent had primary diagnoses other than COPD, most commonly interstitial lung disease and congestive heart failure. One-third used oxygen for <12 hr daily. Oxygen use was variable among those to whom it was prescribed. Thirty-two percent of patients described themselves as noncompliant with their prescribed therapy due to poor equipment ergonomics, burdensome machine weight, and negative self-image and social stigma when using oxygen. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease represented <50% of LTOT patients who were surveyed. Our data suggest that more structured prescribing practices and patient education should be studied if compliance is to be increased.

The Emerging of CRF01_AE: A Clinical Story and Future HIV/AIDS Situation in Thailand.

The HIV epidemic in Thailand in the 1980's compromised the country's socio-economic development. The epidemic first became evident in the community of men with male sexual partners (MSM), and subsequently spread to intravenous drug users (IVDU), female commercial sex workers (CSW) and their male clients, and, ultimately, to their partners and children. The HIV epidemic has devastated the country's working-age population. The extensive negative impact and social stigma associated with the disease do not only have an impact on the victims of HIV but also on their descendants and relatives. An epicenter of the HIV epidemic has been in the northern provinces of Thailand. An HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE, a complex chimeric virus composed of both A and E subtypes, is prevalent in Northern Thailand. The virus has quickly become a predominant viral strain circulating in Thailand, other neighboring Southeast Asian countries, and China as well as some other countries throughout the world. The epidemiology, evolution, and biology of CRF01_AE offer a unique model for further scientific investigations which would advance the knowledge of and curative strategies against HIV. In addition, Thailand has developed suitable national guidelines on HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention in order to control the epidemic. Effective antiretroviral drugs are, therefore, able to be made available to those who live with HIV. The national surveillance system has also been effective. The great efforts and resources which Thailand has dedicated to the fight against the epidemic have eventually paid off. In 2010, a plan was proposed to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission and Thailand has become the first country to be effective in this objective. Thailand therefore has become recognized as being the global leader in HIV prevention and treatment. The experience which Thailand has gained from the past and the current research and management strategies of the HIV epidemic has prepared the country for emerging strains of HIV-1 in the future.

A negative halo effect for stuttering? The consequences of stuttering for romantic desirability are mediated by perceptions of personality traits, self-esteem, and intelligence

ABSTRACT Stuttering is a disorder in oral communication that is often accompanied by negative stereotypes and social stigma. The primary goal of the present study was to examine whether opposite-sex perceivers rated the romantic desirability of targets who stuttered differently than targets who did not stutter. We were also interested in examining whether perceptions of the target (i.e., extraversion, emotional stability, self-esteem, and intelligence) would mediate the associations between stuttering and romantic desirability in a zero-acquaintance situation. Results showed that targets who stuttered were perceived to be less romantically desirable than targets who did not stutter. Further, the negative association between stuttering and romantic desirability was mediated by the perceived extraversion, self-esteem, and intelligence of the targets. Discussion will focus on the implications of these results for the understanding of the negative halo effect for stuttering.

Importance of a psychological autopsy to identify the manner of death; a case of fall from height

It may not be possible to determine the manner of death, in circumstances such as death following fall from height. When a dead body is found in front of a tall building, the ascertainment of the manner of death is difficult and in this case, the importance of a psychological autopsy in such circumstance is discussed. Middle-aged female with bronchial asthma, arterial hypertension, chronic venous insufficiency, Forestier disease, hyperlordosis of lumbar spine and vitamin D deficiency developed bilateral leg swelling and rash following 14 hours of air travel. Duplex scan excluded lower limb venous thrombosis. She did not have past history of psychiatric disorder but suddenly developed aggressive abnormal behaviour, confusion and bizarre activities. She removed her clothes and finally jumped off from 6th floor of her residency. She was succumbed to death due to multiple injuries following fall from height. No suicidal letter was recovered from the scene. The manner of death was ascertained as suicide based on eyewitness evidence. Her sudden onset of abnormal and violent behaviour may be an act of automatism without volitional control due to undiagnosed inorganic or organic disease of the brain. The witnessed suicidal behaviour was reverted to accident as a manner of death. The importance of psychological autopsy and teamwork between Forensic Pathologist and Forensic Psychiatrist in suspicious circumstances to ascertain the manner of death is highlighted. Labelling as suicide will end up in negative social stigma and loss of insurance claims.