Negative Shock Wave Research Articles

Impact of FDI, crude oil price and economic growth on CO2 emission in India: - symmetric and asymmetric analysis through ARDL and non -linear ARDL approach.

The paper examines the impact of macroeconomic variables on CO2 emissions, very few research studies are available to estimate the asymmetric impact and causality. Because of the significance of asymmetries, this paper examines the asymmetric impact of economic growth, crude oil use, and FDI inflows on CO2 emissions in the India wherein COP (Crude oil price) is comprised as the extra variable. The implicate aggressive growth of selected variables over the period 1990-2020 is also assessed. This study uses the methodology ARDL and NARDL model to determine the macroeconomics variable's effects on CO2 emission over the period 1990-2020. Additionally, also applied the EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) hypothesis with an application of ARDL and NARDL model. With help of the ARDL and NARDL model, the study shows the results that a rise in economic growth would reduce CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions while a decrease in economic growth would raise CO2 emissions which indicates an inverted U-shaped Curved relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions. The positive and negative shockwaves in COP (crude oil prices) have a satisfactory and substantial impact on CO2 emissions as well. Besides, the crude oil consumption with positive shockwave confirmations has a positive and substantial impact on CO2 emission. In addition, the results of FDI inflows support the pollution heaven hypothesis. In light of these outcomes, this paper also recommended policy implications and future research, the policy implications are where the descending flow of FDI allows limited space to India in FDI selection; however, the existence of emission merging and implementation of carbon pricing may facilitate India in achieving its environmental targets.

Experimental Investigation of Flame Propagation Caused by Interfaces of the Flame, Turbulence Eddies, and Negative Shock Waves

Experimental Investigation of Flame Propagation Caused by Interfaces of the Flame, Turbulence Eddies, and Negative Shock Waves

Ion-acoustic shock waves in magnetized pair-ion plasma

A theoretical investigation associated with obliquely propagating ion-acoustic shock waves (IASHWs) in a three-component magnetized plasma having inertialess non-extensive electrons, inertial warm positive and negative ions has been performed. A Burgers equation is derived by employing the reductive perturbation method. Our plasma model supports both positive and negative shock structures under the consideration of non-extensive electrons. It is found that the positive and negative shock wave potentials increase with the oblique angle ($\delta$) which arises due to the external magnetic field. It is also observed that the magnitude of the amplitude of positive and negative shock waves is not effected by the variation of the ion kinematic viscosity but the steepness of the positive and negative shock waves decreases with ion kinematic viscosity. The implications of our findings in space and laboratory plasmas are briefly discussed.

Experimental Investigation of Flame Propagation Caused by Interfaces of the Flame, Turbulence Eddies, and Negative Shock Waves

Experimental Investigation of Flame Propagation Caused by Interfaces of the Flame, Turbulence Eddies, and Negative Shock Waves

A probability model for discretionary lane changes in highways

Lane changes are made frequently on the road and are therefore an important component in analyzing traffic situations. This behavior interferes with surrounding traffic, causes negative shockwaves, and may even lead to collisions. Lane changes can be categorized into mandatory lane changes and discretionary lane changes. There are various factors influencing the decision-making involved in discretionary lane changes, including relative velocity between target and original lane, and lead and lag gaps. The purpose of this paper is to present a stochastic approach for modeling discretionary lane changes with influential factors of velocity and spacing advantages. Using Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) data, we proposed an exponential probability model with speed difference and lead gap difference between the target lane and the original lane. By transformed linear regression, these traffic variables have actual influences on the lane change probability of discretionary lane changes. The found results can be used for lane change models in microscopic traffic simulation.

Time Evolution of Localized Waves in Non thermal Distributed Plasmas: Considering Dissipation Effects

Recent observations show the existence of high energy electrons in various astrophysical plasmas which their distribution functions are highly non thermal. The presence of dust ion acoustic localized waves in plasmas which contain non thermal electrons and ions with kinematic viscosity along with stationary charged dust is investigated. Solitary shock waves are derived as solutions of nonlinear wave equation of the medium using the reductive perturbation method by employing suitable stretching coordinates. Both rarefactive and compressive shock profiles are created in the medium according to the initial values of the medium parameters. We report that increasing the electron number density makes a growth in the amplitude of negative shock waves while it decreases the amplitude of positive shock profile. Some behavior of observed transience in the plasma waves can be explained using the presented results.

Ion-acoustic shock waves with negative ions in presence of dust particulates

Dust acoustics shock waves have been investigated experimentally in a homogeneous unmagnetized dusty plasma device containing negative ions. When the negative ion density larger than a critical concentration ‘ r c ’ negative shock waves were observed instead of positive shock waves. Again when it is nearly equal to ‘ r c ’ both positive and negative shock waves propagate. The experimental findings are compared with modified KdV–Burgers equation. The velocity of the shock waves are also measured and compared with the numerical integration of modified KdV–Burgers equation.

Rarefaction shock wave near the critical liquid–vapour point

The existence of a rarefaction shock wave or negative shock wave in a substance whose unperturbed state is close to the thermodynamic critical liquid–vapour point has been demonstrated experimentally. Its evolution and propagation velocity in a shock tube with Freon-13 as the test substance are described. It is shown that the steepness of the wave front does not diminish as the wave evolves. An equation is derived that describes the evolution of long-wave perturbations near the critical point.

Negative shock waves

Negative or rarefaction shock waves may exist in single-phase fluids under certain conditions. It is necessary that a particular fluid thermodynamic quantity Γ ≡ −½δ In (δP/δν)s/δ In ν be negative: this condition appears to be met for sufficiently large specific heat, corresponding to a sufficient level of molecular complexity. The dynamic formation and evolution of a negative shock is treated, as well as its properties. Such shocks satisfy stability conditions and have a positive, though small, entropy jump. The viscous shock structure is found from an approximate continuum model. Possible experimental difficulties in the laboratory production of negative shocks are briefly discussed.