Negative Power Research Articles

Kinetic variables of the lower limb joint that affect the drop jump index at different drop heights.

The drop jump index evaluates power exertion in the lower limb stretch-shortening cycle. In addition, the ability to exert power during the stretch-shortening cycle can be evaluated in detail by combining the drop jump index with the kinetic variables of the three lower limb joints. The purpose of this study was to determine the kinetic variables of the three lower limb joints during takeoff that affect the drop jump index of a drop jump from different drop heights. In total, 100 male athletes performed drop jumps from three drop heights (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 m). Drop jump index and kinetic variables (torque, power, and work) of the three lower limb joints were calculated using body coordinates by infrared camera, and ground reaction force data by force plate. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the parameters by which the kinetic variables of the three lower limb joints affected the drop jump index. As a result, ankle joint and knee joint positive power were extracted as parameters affecting drop jump index at 0.3 m. In addition to these parameters, ankle negative power, ankle negative work and hip eccentric torque at 0.6 m, and knee eccentric torque at 0.9 m were extracted as parameters affecting the drop jump index. These results suggest that a higher drop height leads to a greater effect of eccentric torque exertion at the knee and hip joints and of positive power at the ankle and knee joints on the acquisition of the drop jump index.

An Analytical Study of Tsunamis Generated by Submarine Landslides

In this work, the problem of tsunamis generated by underwater landslides is addressed. Two new solutions are derived in the framework of the linear shallow water equations and linear potential wave theory, respectively. Those solutions are analytical (1 + 1D) and another is semi-analytical (2 + 1D). The 1 + 1D model considers a solid body sliding over a sloping beach at a constant speed, and the 2 + 1D model considers a solid landslide that moves at a constant velocity on a flat bottom. The solution 1 + 1D is checked numerically using a different finite scheme. The 2 + 1D model examines the kinematic and geometric features of the landslide at a constant ocean depth and its influence on the generation of tsunamis. Landslide geometry significantly influences run-up height. Our results reveal a power law relationship between normalized run-up and landslide velocity within a realistic range and a negative power law for the landslide length–thickness. Additionally, a critical aspect ratio between the length and width of the sliding body is identified, which enhances the tsunamigenic process. Finally, the results show that the landslide shape does not have a decisive influence on the pattern of tsunami wave generation and propagation.

Optimal power dispatch in microgrids using mixed-integer linear programming

Abstract As greenhouse gases emissions continue to rise, society is actively seeking methods to reduce them. Microgrids (MGs), which predominantly consist of renewable energy sources, play a significant role in achieving this objective. This paper proposes an optimized methodology for power dispatch in MGs using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). The MGs include photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, biogas (BG) generators, battery energy storage systems (BESS), electric vehicles (EV), and loads. The model features an objective function focused on cost minimization, power balance, and the necessary limits and constraints for the system’s safe operation. Real-time pricing is employed for energy transactions between the MGs and the main grid. The results demonstrate a cost-efficient operation for the proposed system comprising two MGs and the main grid. During periods of negative power balance, the demand was met by discharging the BESS, EV’s battery, or purchasing energy from the grid. The BESS was charged when energy prices were low and discharged during peak demand periods and high energy prices. The intermittent nature of renewable sources necessitates an efficient management system to ensure reliable operation. Additionally, storage systems help mitigate the variability in generation. The BG generator was another crucial component for power supply due to its flexibility. Integrating these components into the system improved reliability and ensured a secure and balanced operation.

How negative institutional power moderates contestation: Explaining dissatisfied powers’ strategies towards international institutions

AbstractInternational institutions are increasingly under attack from their member states, who embark on varying and sometimes escalating modes of contestation. At the same time, states’ negative institutional power, i.e. their opportunities to avoid undesired outcomes in international institutions, has been declining for some time. This paper claims that dissatisfied states’ negative institutional power endowments are key to understanding their varying contestation modes: the more limited (extensive) the negative institutional power of dissatisfied states in an institution, the more radical (moderate) modes of institutional contestation they will choose. We argue that, all else equal, states’ (1) inside options to prevent undesired outcomes within the institution and (2) their outside options to evade undesired outcomes by leaving the institution jointly condition whether they choose a strategy of voice, subversion, exit, or rollback to contest the dissatisfying institution. We assess the plausibility of our Negative Institutional Power Theory (NIPT) by means of four detailed case studies of the Trump Administration’s contestation of the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, the Paris Agreement, and the Iran Nuclear Deal. We demonstrate the generalizability of our arguments by assessing our claims across eight additional instances of other dissatisfied powers’ contesting different international institutions. The twelve case studies demonstrate that negative power matters for states’ choice of institutional contestation modes. Our findings suggest that whether, in the future, international institutions will be increasingly challenged from within and outside, can be influenced by reforms that grant (or deny) states negative institutional power.

Ethics and Personality Deformation in Time and Space: A Semiotic Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Black Cat

Romantic literature rose in the 19th century, and the Gothic novel evolved into one of the special genres. Allan Poe carries out the idea of unity of effect. He uses internal and external perspective conversion in The Black Cat, reflecting the continuity of self-consciousness in different times and spaces. It realizes the interpretation of macroscopic ethics and morality connotation. The study focuses on the linguistic symbolic context. It discusses the changing process of the deformed personality of the black cat from the space-time construction implied in the narrative layer. This discussion has research significance in analyzing the signifier meaning of each language symbol and the relationship network of the ideographic system. The construction of time and space, which is full of philosophical thinking, is introduced into the interpretation of the text. At the same time, it further deepens the understanding of Ellen Poe’s moral aesthetic angle. The literature review method and text analysis method are used in this study. From the perspective of the new combination of philosophy and philology theory, it goes further into the inner world of the characters. With the outburst of the negative suggestion power of the protagonist, the deformity of the character also reaches the climax of the intensity. From an interdisciplinary perspective, literary criticism offers a new way to the Alienation of capitalist society through the involuntary flow of consciousness and the conversion of narrative layers.

Different risk and protective factors predict change of planning ability in middle versus older age

Age-related cognitive decline has become an increasingly relevant public health issue. However, risk and protective factors of cognitive decline have yet to be investigated prospectively taking into account genetic, lifestyle, physical and mental health factors. Population-based data from middle-aged (40 to 59 years; N = 2,764) and older individuals (60 to 80 years; N = 1,254) were drawn from a prospective community cohort study using the Tower of London (TOL) planning task. Assessments were repeated at a 5-year interval to investigate age-related changes in planning performance and to determine the impact of risk and protective factors. Planning performance improved in middle-aged, but declined in older participants over 5 years. SNPs affecting the dopamine system (COMT, DRD2) and APOE polymorphisms differentially predicted cognitive performance in older vs. middle-aged individuals. For older individuals, high alcohol consumption, antidepressant medication and living without a partner had additional negative predictive power on cognition. In contrast, undiagnosed hypertension, no obstructive lung disease, and fewer years of education predicted cognitive decline in the middle-aged group. The results inform screening for individuals particularly vulnerable to cognitive decline and interventions (e.g., focusing on lifestyle factors) to help maintain cognitive performance into old age.

High-speed multi-stage gas-steam turbine with flow bleeding in a novel thermodynamic cycle for decarbonizing power generation

In the global pursuit of sustainable energy and reduced carbon footprints, advances in power generation techniques play a crucial role, not only in meeting the ever-increasing energy demands but also in ensuring that environmental standards are maintained and that the health of our planet is prioritized for future generations.In the ongoing quest for sustainable energy solutions, novel high-speed multi-stage gas-steam turbine models were designed to address the challenge of decarbonized power production. The thermodynamic parameters were adopted on the basis of the negative carbon dioxide gas power plant cycle relying on the following main devices, namely: wet combustion chamber, spray-ejector condenser, sewage sludge gasifier and gas-steam turbine. The peculiarities of the present system make the turbine the link of three important devices and its parameters affect the entire thermodynamic cycle. Therefore, it is reasonable to carry out dedicated novel in literature CFD calculations that also take into account the bleeding of the medium for the gasification process.Two distinct turbine models were introduced: a two-stage turbine achieving speeds of 95 000 rpm with an efficiency of more than 80 %, and a five-stage turbine reaching 40 000 rpm with an efficiency of less than 70 %. A design assumption of a bleed pressure of 100 kPa and a mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s was adopted for both models. Computational simulations were utilized, and the turbine stages were selected with the aim of reducing energy losses. Through this work, a significant step towards a carbon-negative future using high-speed turbine technologies was demonstrated, laying the groundwork for further advancements in the field.

Comparison of intraocular lens power formulas for negative-diopter intraocular lens implantation for high myopia.

To compare the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas for myopic eyes requiring negative diopter powered IOLs. Retrospective case series. K… hospital and Y… Hospital, …, …. Sixty-one eyes that underwent phacoemulsification with implantation of a negative power IOL were investigated. The trueness, precision and accuracy of IOL power calculation were assessed for the Barrett Universal II (BUII), EVO 2.0, Haigis, Hoffer QST, Holladay 1 and SRK/T formulas using the Eyetemis online tool. The analysis was performed using 1) the ULIB IOL constants and 2) after constant optimization. With ULIB constants, the Haigis, Holladay 1 and SRK/T resulted in a hyperopic mean prediction error (PE) >1.00 diopter (D), which was significantly different from zero (adjusted p <0.05). The mean PE of the remaining formulas was closer to zero. The absolute PE was significantly higher with the Holladay 1 and SRK/T (adjusted p <0.05) with respect to the remaining formulas. After constant optimization, the outcomes of traditional formulas improved and no statistically significant differences were found among any of the formulas in terms of trueness, precision and accuracy. The percentage of eyes with an absolute PE within 0.50 D was low (<50%) even after constant optimization. With ULIB constants, the BUII, EVO 2.0 and Hoffer QST were more accurate than traditional formulas in eyes with negative-diopter IOLs. The results of IOL power calculation in these eyes remain poor even after constant optimization.

Influence of slow and rapid weight loss periods on physiological performance, mood state and sleep quality in male freestyle wrestlers: a study from Sichuan Province, China.

This study aims to investigate the changes in physiological performance, mental state and sleep quality during the weight reduction phase prior to competition in male freestyle wrestlers. This study included 16 male freestyle wrestlers from Sichuan Province, China. Participants were evaluated at three time points: the first day of slow weight reduction (T1, March 26), the first day of rapid weight reduction (T2, April 26) and the day before the competition (T3, May 3), and measurements were taken for physiological performance, mood state and sleep quality. The most relevant findings indicated the following: Morning heart rate, creatine kinase and fatigue scores increased by 12.6, 64.6, and 19.0%, respectively, from T1 to T2 (p < 0.05), and decreased by 14.1, 36.6, and 16.8%, respectively, from T2 to T3 (p < 0.05). Hemoglobin and testosterone levels decreased by 3.0 and 16.8%, respectively, from T1 to T3 (p < 0.05), and by 2.9 and 18.2%, respectively, from T2 to T3 (p < 0.05); The secondary findings revealed the following: The total mood disturbance scores decreased by 3.8% from T2 to T3 (p = 0.072), positive mood scores decreased by 9.0% from T1 to T2 (p = 0.090), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index total scores increased by 14.4% from T1 to T2 (p = 0.323) and total work output and average power output decreased by 7.3 and 7.8%, respectively, from T1 to T3 (p = 0.067, p = 0.052); Regression analyses predicted negative mood (Y 1 = 62.306-0.018 × maximum power output) and sleep quality (Y 2 = 2.527 + 0.278 × Immunoglobulin G) during the weight reduction period. The combined slow and rapid weight reduction approach effectively minimized body fat in athletes with limited effect on their physiological performance and sleep quality. However, the effects were adverse on certain health variables and anaerobic power in Chinese male freestyle wrestlers. The identified correlations between negative mood and maximum power, and between sleep quality and immunoglobulin G, shed new light on factors influencing athletes' well-being during weight reduction, and underscored the need for careful monitoring of physiological variables in future weight management strategies.

Predefined time attitude control of aircraft based on predefined time sliding mode control

This paper proposes a sliding mode control strategy with predefined time convergence for addressing the attitude control problem of aircraft. Firstly, a predefined time extended state observer is developed to realize the estimation of modelling error, uncertainty and external disturbance of aircraft within a predefined time. Secondly, a predefined time non-singular terminal sliding mode and a predefined time sliding mode reaching law are proposed for attitude control of aircraft. Especially, to address potential singularities arising from negative power terms, a switching strategy is employed. Finally, the numerical simulations and Monte Carlo test are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Optical and X-ray studies of the Be/X-ray binary IGR J06074+2205

ABSTRACT We present the results obtained from X-ray and optical analysis of the Be/X-ray binary IGR J06074+2205, focusing on before, during, and after the X-ray outbursts in 2023 October and December. The properties of the neutron star in the binary are investigated using NICER and NuSTAR observations during the X-ray outbursts. The pulse profiles across a broad energy range, are found to be strongly dependent on luminosity and energy, revealing the complex nature of the emitting region. An absorbed power law can describe each NICER spectrum in the 1–7 keV band. The 3–79 keV NuSTAR spectrum can be well described by a negative and positive power law with an exponential cut-off model. Utilizing the MAXI/GSC long-term light curve, we estimate the probable orbital period to be 80 or 80/n (n = 2, 3, 4) d. We investigate the evolution of the circumstellar disc around the Be star by using optical spectroscopic observations of the system between 2022 and 2024. We observe variable H $\alpha$ and Fe ii emission lines with an increase in equivalent width, indicating the presence of a dynamic circumstellar disc. A distinct variation in the V/R value for H $\alpha$ and Fe ii lines is also observed. The appearance of additional emission lines, such as He i (5875.72 Å), He i (6678 Å), and He i (7065 Å), during the post-outburst observation in 2024 February suggests the growing of a larger or denser circumstellar disc. The disc continues to grow without any noticeable mass-loss, even during the 2023 X-ray outbursts, which may lead to a future giant X-ray outburst.

The allocation and erosive effects of on-wall flow on loess gully heads

On-wall flow and jet flow converted from upstream flow at the gully brink play important but differential roles in gully head erosion. However, on-wall flow allocation at gully brinks and its erosive effects on vegetation-covered loess gully heads remain unclear. Simulated flow scouring experiments were conducted on grass-covered gully heads under different inflow rates (3.0–7.2 m3/h) and upstream slope gradients (1–7°) to investigate the on-wall flow proportion and relationships with the hydraulic parameters of upstream flow, as well as erosion and sediment yield characteristics. The results showed that the on-wall flow rates linearly increased with increasing inflow rate (P < 0.01) but decreased as the slope gradient increased, whereas the jet flow rate increased as the inflow rate or slope gradient increased. The on-wall flow proportions ranged from 24.6 % to 58.7 % and decreased with increasing inflow rate or slope gradient, whereas the jet flow proportions exhibited the reverse trend. The on-wall and jet flow proportions had the most significant correlations with the Froude number, following a negative power function and positive logarithmic function (P < 0.01), respectively. The breadth and depth of the scour hole that developed on the gully headwall increased linearly with the on-wall flow rate (P < 0.01). Jet flow had a limited effect of accumulation on scour hole development, with average increases of 13.5 % and 8.6 % in the breadth and depth, respectively. On-wall flow generally contributed 17.6 %–48.4 % of the sediment driven by on-wall and jet flows but played a dominant role under 1° upstream slope gradient and 3.6 m3/h inflow rate in which the contribution reached 64.9 %. On-wall flow might have dominated the runoff volume and played a dominant role in the sediment yield under low upstream slope gradients and inflow rates and was essentially responsible for scour hole development, which could destabilize and retreat the gully head.

A Biomass-based Carbon Negative Brayton-Rankine Coupled Cycle Employing MCFC, Gasification and Combustion Boiler

Biomass based plants with CO2 capture usually experience low efficiency, at the same time, have great potential of mitigating environmental damage due to climate change. In this work, unlike conventional power plants, a novel biomass-based carbon negative power plant has been conceived considering both biomass gasification and a biomass combustion boiler. CO2 capture and improved efficiency due to the unique integration of the plant components are the major expected outcome from the proposed plant model. The plant contains a steam cycle, an MCFC and an EFGT unit as the power producing blocks. A vital operating parameter i.e., biomass combustion boiler equivalence ratio () has been varied to witness the changes in performance of the plant. The net power generated by the plant seemed to be increasing with . The plant performs best when the plant is operated at a  value of 2.5. At this operating condition, the net power generated by the power plant found to be 13796 kW with 75.52 % efficiency and 0.3957 kg/kWh specific biomass consumption (SBC).

Simulation and experimental analysis of a double-liquid negative lens based on flat electrode

In order to carry out detailed research on focusing of liquid lens in negative optical power with simple structure, a double-liquid negative lens based on flat electrode is proposed. By adjusting voltage applied to indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass plates, the interface between glycerol and silicone oil can be changed to tune the focal length. With COMSOL, MATLAB and Zemax softwares, an optical model of the double-liquid negative lens based on flat electrode is established, its focal length at different voltages is simulated and analyzed, and it is found that when the flat exists with a small tilt (1°∼4°), the parallelism of the flat electrode has little influence on the focal length. In addition, through device fabrication and experimental analysis of this double-liquid negative lens, the focal length of the lens changes from -40.21622 mm to -24.2088 mm when operating voltage is 0V-320 V, which is basically consistent with the simulation results. And the maximum resolution of the proposed liquid lens can reach 71.838lp/mm. A lens with negative focal length holds great promise in diverse applications such as endoscopes, holographic imaging and adaptive optics.

B - 90 Establishing Cutoffs for Impaired Cognition in Virtual Reality Assessment: the Virtual Kitchen Protocol for Learning and Memory

Abstract Objective The Virtual Kitchen Protocol for Learning and Memory (VKP-LM) is a virtual-reality-based measure of everyday functioning through procedural memory tasks. Previous literature has introduced the VKP-LM and begun validation processes. This study explores cutoff scores to determine cognitive impairment across the Immediate (VKP-IR) and Delayed-Recall (VKP-DR) portions of the VKP-LM. Method Adults (N = 126; Mage = 70.29; 56.3% Female) completed the VKP-LM as a part of a neuropsychological evaluation in a community-based assessment center. Participants were categorized binarily as to whether they received a neurocognitive disorder (NCD) diagnosis. Discriminatory abilities and cutoffs were determined by the Receiver Operator Curve’s (ROC) Area Under the Curve (AUC) and sensitivity-specificity charts. Classification tables determined the Positive Predictive Power (PPP) and Negative Predictive Power (NPP) given the established cutoffs. Results ROC analysis showed the VKP-IR (Max = 70; Cutoff = 28) to have good discriminatory abilities (AUC = 0.788) and the VKP-DR (Max = 70; Cutoff = 26;) to have excellent discriminatory abilities (AUC = 0.855). The classification tables showed that the VKP-IR had a PPP = 63.0% and NPP = 87.9%, while the VKP-DR had a PPP = 86.4% and NPP = 90.4%. Conclusion Due to the multifaceted nature of diagnosing NCDs, single-domain measures (i.e., procedural memory) will always struggle to obtain excellent PPP, as not all NCDs have amnestic cognitive profiles (e.g., cerebral vascular, Lewy body disease, etc.). Further research should explore comparing discriminatory abilities against other measures, increasing the sample size (both groups), and comparing discriminatory abilities among only NCDs with amnestic cognitive profiles, such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Comparison of the Validity of the PRE-DELIRIC model and the E-PRE-DELIRIC model for Predicting Delirium in patients after Cardiac Surgery

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the validity of the PRE-DELIRIC model and E-PRE-DELIRIC model.Methods: Patients who underwent cardiac surgery at a tertiary hospital between January 2019 and December 2022 were included. The presence or absence of delirium was determined based on risk groups, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power were verified using the Youden index. Receiver operating characteristic curves were derived for the PRE-DELIRIC model and E-PRE-DELIRIC model, the area under the curve was calculated, and the 95% confidence interval (CI) was presented.Results: The incidence of delirium was 28.8%. The average scores of the PRE-DELIRIC model and E-PRE-DELIRIC model were 49.72±29.91 and 18.14±0.41, respectively. In the PRE-DELIRIC model, for which a cut-off point of 14.05 was established using the Youden index, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power were 64.8%, 83.2%, 61.0%, and 85.4%, respectively. In the E-PRE-DELIRIC model, with a cut-off point of 64.01, the corresponding indicators were 73.1%, 51.5%, 37.8%, and 82.6%, respectively. The areas under the curve for the PRE-DELIRIC model and the E-PRE-DELIRIC model were 0.77 (95% CI, 0.74~0.82) and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.61~0.69), respectively.Conclusion: It may be helpful to use both the E-PRE-DELIRIC and PRE-DELIRIC models. The two prediction models are expected to help improve the quality of nursing for the early detection and prevention of delirium, enabling intensive observations and interventions for patients at high risk of delirium.

A pragmatic data processing system for large resistive sensor arrays.

Large resistive sensor arrays (RSAs) show great potential in tactile perception. However, the large number of sensors can result in great hardware overhead and bring difficulties for acquiring and processing mass data timely in transient measurement applications. This paper implements a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based data processing system for a large RSA of 96 × 96, which shows good power consumption and high-speed wireless data update. For crosstalk-free measure, the zero potential method is improved with bus switches, leading to fewer operational amplifiers required and less negative power consumption. A real-time embedded data processing system is realized by FPGA for excellent parallel processing ability. A high-speed wireless transfer scheme with automatic regulated transfer size is proposed and realized by a wireless fidelity module, which allows timely data analysis at the remote end. Moreover, fault identification of RSAs fabricated by micro-electromechanical system technology is achieved. Tests carried out on a 32 × 32 RSA show that the total power consumption is 2209 mW, including 1261 mW of processors and 948 mW of readout circuits, corresponding to 2.15 mW/pixel. The total negative power consumption of 549 mW has been reduced by 50% compared with the zero potential method. The scanning speed is 400fps, and the wireless transfer speed is up to 120fps when the transceiver and receiver are 5m apart.

Heating mode transitions in capacitively coupled CF4 plasmas at low pressure

Abstract Capacitively coupled plasmas operated in CF4 at low pressure are frequently used for dielectric plasma etching. For such applications the generation of different ion and neutral radical species by energy dependent electron impact ionization and dissociation of the neutral background gas is important. These processes are largely determined by the space and time dependent electron energy distribution function and, thus, by the electron power absorption dynamics. In this work and based on a particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model, we show that the electron heating mode in such plasmas is sensitive to changes of the gap at a constant pressure of 3 Pa. At a gap of 1.5 cm, the dominant mode is found to be a hybrid combination of the Drift-Ambipolar (DA) and the α-mode. As the gap is increased to 2 cm and 2.5 cm, the bulk power absorption and ambipolar power absorption decreases, and the DA mode decays. When the gap reaches 3 cm, the α-mode becomes more prominent, and at a gap of 3.75 cm the α-mode is dominant. These mode transitions are caused by a change of the electronegativity and are found to affect the discharge characteristics. The presence of the DA-mode leads to significant positive electron power absorption inside the bulk region and negative power absorption within the sheaths on time average, as electrons are accelerated from the bulk towards the collapsed sheath. The heating mode transitions result in a change from negative to positive total electron power absorption within the sheaths as the gap increases. When accounting for secondary electron emission, the transition of the heating mode can occur at shorter gaps due to the enhanced plasma density and decreased electronegativity.

Hardy–Sobolev equation with negative power and sign-changing nonlinearity on closed manifolds

Hardy–Sobolev equation with negative power and sign-changing nonlinearity on closed manifolds

Advanced footwear technology and its impacts on running mechanics, running economy and perception of male and female recreational runners

Studies on advanced footwear technology (AFT) often investigate potential performance benefits for constraint populations, and high running speeds. This research compared running biomechanics, running economy and perception between males and females, when wearing three different AFT conditions at recreational running speeds. An innovation shoe sample (IM) at confirmation stage in the product creation process was compared to two commercial running shoes (MM, MF). Gender and shoe variable means were compared for main and interaction effects (p < 0.05) by a mixed 2 × 3 repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA), and effect size estimation. A main effect was seen for shoe condition, both the IM and MF showed higher vertical loading rates than MM, and higher peak vertical force 1. IM had less frontal plane rearfoot motion than both the MM and MF. At the MTPJ, IM had lower maximum dorsiflexion angle, dorsiflexion velocity leading to lower negative power and negative work than both the MM and MF. IM and MF showed significantly lower oxygen consumption than the MM. Perception measurements showed IM and MF to be significantly softer, responsive and had better propulsion than the MM. A main effect was seen for gender, females exhibited higher vertical loading rates, reduced frontal plane ankle motion and lower MTPJ motion, and lower oxygen consumption compared to males. There was no gender effect for perception. Despite biomechanical differences, both IM and MF showed improved performance compared to the MM. Males and females exhibit different biomechanics when wearing AFT, however this did not lead to differences in subjective perception. It is concluded that the specific AFT applied for IM samples in this research functions for both groups largely similarly.