Negative Politeness Strategies Research Articles

Rhetorical Persuasion in Sara Duterte’s Basic Education Curriculum Advocacy: A Sociopragmatic Analysis

This study aimed to describe the pragmatic features of Sara Duterte's advocacies regarding the Basic Education Curriculum in the Philippines. The research data, gathered from 2022 to 2023 during Duterte's tenure as Secretary of the Department of Education, included an interview and speeches totaling 5 hours and 16 minutes. Using dimensions of pragmatics, including presupposition (Stalnaker, 1973), implicature (Grice, 1975), felicity conditions (Searle, 1969), and politeness strategies (Brown & Levinson, 1987), the analysis revealed several key findings. The presuppositions identified included learner success and employability, inclusive education, a supportive learning environment, teacher support and development, education system improvement, and learner values and development. Implicatures conveyed messages of resiliency, heroic qualities, perseverance, and involvement beyond education. The illocutionary forces identified were assertives, directives, and commissives, each examined for adherence to the conditions necessary for their validity. Additionally, Duterte strategically employed politeness strategies such as positive politeness, negative politeness, bald-on-record, and off-record strategies. These findings offer a deeper understanding of how political figures strategically use language to shape public opinion and policy agendas, particularly in critical areas such as education. By comprehending the pragmatic underpinnings of political discourse, stakeholders can better discern the intentions and potential impacts of such advocacies, facilitating informed decision-making and societal progress.

Expecting politeness: perceptions of voice assistant politeness

AbstractWe examined how politeness perception can change when used by a human or voice assistant in different contexts. We conducted two norming studies and two experiments. In the norming studies, we assessed the levels of positive politeness (cooperation) and negative politeness (respecting autonomy) conveyed by a range of politeness strategies across task (Norming Study 1) and social (Norming Study 2) request types. In the experiments, we tested the effect of request type and imposition level on the perception of written requests (Experiment 1) and requests spoken by a voice assistant (Experiment 2). We found that the perception of politeness strategies varied by request type. Positive politeness strategies were rated as very polite with task requests. In contrast, both positive and negative politeness strategies were rated as very polite with social requests. We also found that people expect agents to respect their autonomy more than they expect them to cooperate. Detailed studies of how request context interacts with politeness strategies to affect politeness perception have not previously been reported. Technology designers might find Tables 4 and 5 in this report especially useful for determining what politeness strategies are most appropriate for a given situation as well as what politeness strategies will evoke the desired feeling (autonomy or cooperation).

Kesopanan Berkomunikasi Dalam Wawancara NCT Dream Bersama Ggondaehee

This study analyzes the language and behavioral politeness in the interaction between NCT Dream members Renjun and Jeno and host Ggondaehee on the show "Let's Eat." This study adopts Brown and Levinson's politeness theory, which includes strategies for maintaining positive and negative face and managing potentially face-threatening acts (FTAs). The purpose of this study is to understand how politeness strategies are applied in maintaining positive and negative face and managing FTAs in the interaction. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with video analysis as the main data source. The results show that Renjun and Jeno respond to FTAs from Ggondaehee with politeness strategies that reflect respect and politeness, such as waiting for Ggondaehee to start eating and responding to compliments in a friendly manner. Ggondaehee used on-record and off-record FTA strategies to manage the interaction, such as giving direct orders and using humor. This study found that positive and negative politeness strategies were used effectively by both parties to maintain the harmony of the interaction and avoid conflict.

LANGUAGE POLITENESS STRATEGY IN DRAMA "HARUT AND MARUT" BY ALI AHMAD BAKATSIR

Language is the primary communication tool that people always use. In increasingly modern developments, language is often used without considering the politeness established in communication. This is what makes researchers want to research language politeness strategies in drama. This research aims to examine the application of language strategies and politeness in the drama text "Harut and Marut" by Ali Ahmad Bakatsir. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through the method of reading, taking notes, and then analyzing it. The results of this research reveal various strategies and principles of language politeness applied in the drama Harut and Marut. As for the results of research on language politeness strategies, according to Brown and Levinson in the drama Harut and Marut by Ali Ahmad Bakatsir, there are 12 types of Bald-on record strategies, eight negative politeness strategies, five positive politeness strategies, and 6 Bald-off record strategies. The implications of this research include the importance of language development in society and how to speak well to create an environment that pays attention to effective language politeness. The results of this research provide practical guidance for the community in improving quality and harmonious language communication..

ANALYSIS POLITENESS STRATEGY OF PRABOWO SUBIANTO SPEECH ON THE CSIS INDONESIA EVENT

This research is entitled "Analysis Politeness Strategy of Prabowo Subianto Speech on the CSIS Indonesia Event". This research aims to analyze the employment of politeness strategies by Prabowo Subianto in his speech at the CSIS Indonesia event using Brown and Levinson's theory as the analytical framework. The research design used was descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study identified four types of politeness strategies: 31 utterances using Bald on Record strategy (43.06%), 29 utterances using Positive Politeness strategy (40.28%), 6 utterances using Negative Politeness strategy (8.33%), and 6 utterances using Off Record strategy (8.33%). Based on the analysis, Bald on Record (43.06%) is the most dominant type of politeness strategy. From this finding, it can be concluded that Prabowo Subianto often expressed This shows that Prabowo tends to speak directly and firmly without paying much attention to aspects of gentleness or adjustments to the listener. This approach suggests that Prabowo Subianto may have a tendency to emphasize clarity and decision in his communication. He may prefer to deliver his message directly without much "playing around" with words or cloaking his intentions with various politeness strategies.

Hedging as one of Negative Politeness Strategies in German Languaculture

The article deals with the problem of negative politeness and corresponding politeness strategies in German languaculture on the basis of modern fiction and also elaborates on the analysis of linguistic means of implementation of a negative politeness strategy known as hedging.Purpose of research: study of communicative situations in which a threat to the negative face of one of the speakers is present, and a review of politeness strategies that are used in such cases. The negative face means the desire of an interlocutor not to be bothered by others during communication (as an example, a request, an order or advice can damage the negative face of the addressee). Special attention is given to hedging as one of the most commonly used negative politeness strategy.Methods: the practical part of the research is based on a linguacultural analysis of the material.Results: using the analyzed materials we discover language (including grammatical, lexical and phonetical ones) tools and mechanisms that are used to perform such strategies in a speech act and also reasons to use hedges in communication and their functions in it.Conclusion: based on the theoretical, practical materials and the results that have been found in the course of the research we can state the importance of mastering (among all the linguacultural features being one of the key components of acquiring any foreign language on a par with grammar, vocabulary, phonetics etc.) the complex and frequently used for a lot of different communicative purposes phenomena known as hedging – one of the negative politeness strategies, that has quite a unique ways of usage depending on languaculture in question, and thus requiring a more deep and thorough studying in each particular case. The relevance of research of that particular element in the system of negative politeness strategies is due to the fact that while acquiring languages of western Europe (German, English and others – that means languages of cultures of an individualistic type) – an incorrect knowledge of hedging mechanisms can be the cause of problems and failures in communication, because in such cultures that element of communicative politeness has quite an important role (more important that in cultures of collectivist type – i.e. the Russian one and others).

A Socio-Pragmatic Study of Honorific Expressions in ''Pride and Prejudice''

Honorific expressions are mostly common used in literature, specifically in novels. They have occupied an important role within the domain of socio-pragmatic studies of language. They refer to one form of speech that signal social deference, through conventionalized understandings of some aspects of the form-meaning relationship. Honorific expressions have not been studied sufficiently from a socio-pragmatic perspective, particularly in literature. The problem is, therefore, honorifics have not received an adequate analysis and significant attention from a socio-pragmatic perspective, specifically in literary text. Hence, this study attempts to answer the following questions: what is the relationship between honorification and politeness? That is, are honorifics necessarily utilized to indicate politeness or not"? Is there a relationship between the honorific expressions and the sociolinguistic variables like, age, social distance, educational degree and social status in the movie ''Pride and Prejudice''? This paper aims at identifying these honorific forms that are manifested socially and pragmatically with reference to theory of intimacy/status and the theory of politeness. Besides, it attempts to investigate the relationship between the positive and negative politeness strategies and the functions of different categories of honorifics that are used by some public characters in movie 'Pride and Prejudice'. It also sheds light on the effect of different sociolinguistic variables in interpreting and identifying the honorific expressions. The finding of this study reveals that context and other sociolinguistic factors are an effective factors and have an important role in providing a full understanding of the intended meaning of honorific forms. Substantially, this paper shows that how the choice of honorific expressions is utilized differently depending on particular socio-pragmatic aspects.

An Analysis of Politeness Comments by Indonesian National Team Football Players on Governor Ganjar Pranowo's Instagram

Politeness plays a crucial role in effective communication. A common challenge in communication is the expression of politeness on social media. This article examines the politeness strategies employed by Indonesian national football team players in their comments on Ganjar Pranowo’s Instagram post discussing Indonesia’s unsuccessful bid to host the U-20 World Cup. Brown and Levinson’s theory (1987) serves as the basis for analyzing the politeness strategy. The research follows a descriptive-qualitative approach. The study relies on netizens’ comments as the primary source of data. Data collection involves documentation methods and refer to note-taking procedures. This study involved a close examination of statements made by football national team players on Ganjar Pranowo’s Instagram account. The study results are (1) three types of positive politeness strategies, two types of negative politeness strategies, and two types of off-record strategies. Positive Politeness strategy 4: Exaggerate 2 (66.67%) and Joke 1 (33.33%). Regarding Negative Politeness, the analysis reveals 2 strategies: Be Pessimistic 1 (50%) and General Requirements 1 (50%). Off-record strategies include Contradictory 1 (50%) and Ironic 1 (50%). The Exaggerate type of Positive Politeness is assumed to be the most dominant, accounting for 2 (66.67%) instances. One can conclude that individuals demonstrate politeness when using social media.
 Keywords: Instagram post, politeness strategies, U-20 World Cup

Politeness Strategy of Prophet Muhammad SAW in the Riyadhus Shalihin Book

Language is, first and foremost, a means of communication; politeness may be one of the factors to consider. One of the aspects that worry Muslims is politeness. This study aimed to investigate the politeness speech acts of Prophet Muhammad SAW in the way he delivers his message to people who have less knowledge in Islam. This is a qualitative study and document analysis was used as a data collection technique in this study. The document of Riyadhus Shalihin book was analyzed and evaluated by the heuristics technique. The result shows that Prophet Muhammad SAW always shows politeness to respond to those who spoke rudely to him. Examining Prophet Muhammad SAW's use of positive and negative politeness strategies in response to impolite interactions with the public. Further research could explore the impact of these politeness strategies on conflict resolution and establishing harmonious relationships within a Muslim community.

Predicative adjectives in the composition of expressions as tactics of positive and negative politeness strategies

The present research focuses on analyzing the mechanisms of politeness and the role of adjectives in interpersonal relationships, considering them as important tools for expressing attitudes, emotions, and cultural values. Based on the research results, it has been established that politeness strategies and the use of adjectives vary significantly depending on cultural contexts, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of linguistic norms and variations. Special attention has been paid to the role of adjectives, which serve not only as descriptive elements but also as means of expressing evaluations and emotions, thus, playing a significant role in intercultural interaction. The research conclusions underscore the importance of integrating intercultural understanding into the process of linguistic interaction. It has been revealed that successful intercultural communication requires not only language proficiency but also a deep understanding of cultural differences in politeness strategies. The research also points to the need for further exploration in this field, in particular, in developing practical recommendations for enhancing intercultural communication. In this context, knowledge and application of relevant linguistic strategies can contribute to better understanding and respect among representatives of different cultures.

Analisis Kesantunan pada Penggunaan Campur Kode oleh Mahasiswa Prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang (Kajian Pragmatik)

Politeness is essential in interaction to avoid conflict between the speaker and the hearer. This article describes politeness by students and lecturers in academic interaction at the Japanese Program in Undiksha. This study is qualitatively approached using pragmatics design. The data were collected using the technique of observation by listening, writing notes, and participating. The data was then, analyzed using an interactive model from Miles & Huberman. The data were classi?ed according to the face theory of Brown & Levinson i.e. strategy of positive politeness and ?rategy of negative politeness. Data analysis reveals positive politeness strategies and negative politeness strategies students use in academic interaction at the Japanese Program in Undiksha. Both methods contained a constituent such as code-mixing. The reason for using code mixing in speech between lecturer and students is not only from speech situation but most part because of politeness factor. Using code-mixing of the Indonesian language and Japanese, made the speaker comfortable speaking because the code-mixing can make the utterance still in polite mode and formal form.

Kesantunan Komunikasi Pada Media Cetak Elektronik Sebagai Pembentuk Integritas Pembaca

The aim of this research is to describe positive and negative politeness strategies based on Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness and how polite communication in electronic print media forms reader integrity. The research was conducted as a qualitative type of research. Data collection procedures were carried out using reading techniques, note-taking techniques and documentation techniques. The data analysis method was carried out in four stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and verification and conclusions. The results of this research show that communication politeness in electronic print media uses fifteen positive politeness strategies and eight negative politeness strategies. The fifteen positive politeness strategies and eight negative politeness strategies used by the three electronic print media consisting of detiknews.com, kompas.com, and tribunnews.com, namely speakers and readers (listeners/readers) are marked with words, phrases, clauses, and sentences on electronic print media. The politeness of communication in electronic print media used by the three electronic print media consisting of detiknews.com, kompas.com, and tribunnews.com, as forming the integrity of readers, is marked in words, phrases, clauses and sentences, namely being critical, creative, excel, and be responsible for oneself, the environment, family, and apply it in everyday life.

POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY MAJOR CHARACTERS IN JANE AUSTEN’S NOVEL, PRIDE AND PREJUDICE

The purpose of this study was to describe the language politeness employed by the major character in The Pride and Prejudice novel. The method used was descriptive qualitative. The researchers found: first, the data of positive politeness strategies and the data of negative politeness strategies were in line with Brown and Levinson's theory, 10 positive types of politeness strategies. The mostly used were: paying attention to the speaker’s interests, wants, requirements and commodities. When the speaker truly means “you” or “me”, he can employ the strategy of inclusiveness form to invoke the cooperative presumptions and rectify FTAs, giving or asking for explanations, insisting on reciprocity, goodness, sympathy, understanding, and cooperation. Out of 8 negative types of politeness strategies, the mostly used were: adopting a customarily indirect stance, not taking compliance for granted, expressing pessimism about one’s capacity or willingness, to reduce the burden, as cited from the FTAs as an illustration of a general principle. Then, three factors influenced the use of polite language, namely: social distance, power, and degree of impositions.

Refusal Politeness Strategies of The Main Characters in ‘It Starts with Us’ A Novel by Colleen Hoover

This study aims to analyze the types of refusal politeness strategies used by or towards the main characters in ‘It Starts with Us’ a novel that was published in late 2022 by Colleen Hoover, which was a sequel for the previous book by the same author titled ‘It Ends with Us’. To reveal the refusal politeness strategies, the researcher decided to use the politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987), and the data were then analyzed by using qualitative descriptive. The result of this research were the 9 data , which contained the refusal politeness strategies. All nine of the data mentioned in this study are direct refusal,with predominantly positive politeness strategies, with six of nine data being positive politeness strategies, but the variety employed varied. The remaining three data were negative politeness strategies, which is composed of two indirect strategies and an apology.

Negative Politeness Strategies in Jordanian EFL Textbook Dialogs: A Content Analysis of Action Pack 5 through 10

Social, humane and cultural values mandate that a certain level of politeness in day-to-day exchanges be maintained. Therefore, politeness strategies are among the first language functions taught in foreign language curricula. This study examines the inclusion of negative politeness strategies in the dialogs of the prescribed Jordanian English as a foreign language textbook, Action Pack, for grades 5 through ten. The content analysis is informed by the theoretical principles of politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987). The dialogs in the fifth- through tenth-grade textbooks were content analyzed for speech acts denoting negative politeness, using both qualitative and quantitative measures. The analysis commenced with coding, after which the occurrences were identified and tallied per the codes. Ten negative politeness strategies were identified in addition to one, which comprised an amalgamation of two of these strategies in one speech act. The findings revealed that Jordanian Action Pack textbooks included more negative politeness strategies in grades 5 and 6 than in grades 7, 8, 9, and 10, with being indirect and using questions to reduce imposition and offense as the most frequent.

The Concept of Justice in Islam: A Socio-pragmatic Analysis

This study attempts to extend politeness theory beyond informal situations to a more serious type of discourse, using data collected from the Holy Quran and the Prophet’s sayings. Specifically, different aspects of social justice have been investigated in this study from an Islamic point of view. The data comprises 191 Quranic verses and 100 sayings of the Prophet Mohammed. The study uses qualitative methods focusing on the concept of social justice, and in particular, the way Islam emphasizes numerous principles that organize relationships among members of the society. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the politeness theory as developed by Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) and Leech’s (1983) model of politeness. The relevance of the politeness strategy is evaluated in terms of two factors: the medium of communication and the seriousness of the topic being discussed. The findings showed that the highest percentage of use is the bald-on-record strategy with (61%), followed by the positive politeness strategy (26%), and (8%) belongs to the negative politeness strategy. The least politeness strategy employed is the Off record with only (5%). Judging from the findings, one might argue that religion has an important role to play in legitimizing social justice and that discrimination is a man-made phenomenon, privileging certain groups of people over others. The findings presented here bear on orientations toward the importance of applying a social system based on divine justice and that in order to bring human justice in line with divine laws, people should exemplify God's justice and mercy in how they think and live.

‘Great work folks!’: establishing interpersonal communication in transparent peer reviews of research articles

In this paper, we examine how referees establish interpersonal relationships by mitigating criticism and expressing compliments as a realization of politeness strategies through the analysis of a specific corpus of transparent peer review reports (TPRs) with 220 reports totaling approximately 200,000 words. For the analysis, employing a framework drawn primarily on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness strategies and following a detailed review of the literature, we coded all occurrences of politeness strategies using UAM Corpus Tool 3.3x (O’Donnell, 2021). Conducting intercoder/intracoder reliability tests, we identified and interpreted a variety of politeness strategies at the sentence and discourse levels, which were used for mitigating criticism and expressing compliments. Our results suggest that reviewers resorted to a variety of politeness strategies, predominantly negative politeness strategies, to mitigate their criticism directed at the authors of manuscripts. This is significant especially in the light of earlier studies where reviewer reports appeared to include some blunt/hurtful comments due partly to the anonymity of the reviewing process. Rather than focusing on just communicating criticism or a required change, reviewers were found to have cared about politeness and seemed to achieve interpersonal communication goals in TPRs by means of favoring an egalitarian approach rather than an authoritative one, supporting Gosden’s (2003) argument on the interpersonal aspect of reviewing discourse. This research contributes to our understanding of how criticism in TPRs can be conveyed without imposing, leading to encouraging, constructive and polite reports in English as part of science communication, especially when the review reports are publicly available.

Politeness Strategies Used by Japanese and Indonesian Speakers on Social Media

This study compares the politeness strategies used by Japanese and Indonesian speakers in communication on social media, based on Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory. To investigate the utilization of politeness strategies in social media interactions, we gathered 200 comments on several contents by public figures on Twitter and Instagram posted in December 2022. The dataset comprises 100 comments from Japanese users derived from posts made by accounts like @yousuck2020, @kishida230, @watanabenaomi703, and @yuriko.koike. The other 100 comments were collected from Indonesian users, originating from accounts such as @fiersabesari, @jokowi, @raffinagita1717, and @ridwankamil. The research findings show a similarity between Japanese and Indonesian speakers, with positive politeness strategy being the most frequently used politeness strategy in social media interactions. This is because there is a common desire to maintain good relationships in communication on social media. On the other hand, differences were observed in the utilization of negative politeness and off-record strategies. The research results reveal that the frequency of negative politeness strategies used by Japanese speakers was slightly higher than that used by Indonesian speakers. In comparison, the frequency of the off-record strategy was lower.

Critical Dscourse Analysis on The Issue of Environmentally and Socially Damaged Nickel Mining for the Benefit of Foreign Countries in The Media of Fajar Malut

The problem discussed in this study is a negative politeness strategy. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method because it aims to describe and classify various negative politeness strategies in the KompasTV YouTube video about the talk show "Why Batak People Become Lawyers" in the series "The Interview with Tukul Eps 2 Part 5 ". The results of this study are the first. The negative politeness strategy "minimise the imposition (reduce the power or threat to the face of the interlocutor)" namely "please please from Bang Ruhut first, please", second. A negative politeness strategy by showing a pessimistic attitude is to make sure, third. The negative politeness strategy "question, hedge (using the form of a question with a certain particle)" namely the word 'continue', fourth. The negative politeness strategy "give deference (pay respect)" is at the beginning of the sentence using the word 'agree', where this sentence pays respect with approval to the speech partner/first guest star (Ruhut), fifth. The negative politeness strategy "go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting (states clearly that the speaker has given kindness/debt)" which is at the end of the sentence giving a gift.

Analysis of Politeness Strategies in TalkShow Events on the Kompastv YouTube Channel

The problem discussed in this study is a negative politeness strategy. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method because it aims to describe and classify various negative politeness strategies in the KompasTV YouTube video about the talk show "Why Batak People Become Lawyers" in the series "The Interview with Tukul Eps 2 Part 5 ". The results of this study are the first. The negative politeness strategy "minimise the imposition (reduce the power or threat to the face of the interlocutor)" namely "please please from Bang Ruhut first, please", second. A negative politeness strategy by showing a pessimistic attitude is to make sure, third. The negative politeness strategy "question, hedge (using the form of a question with a certain particle)" namely the word 'continue', fourth. The negative politeness strategy "give deference (pay respect)" is at the beginning of the sentence using the word 'agree', where this sentence pays respect with approval to the speech partner/first guest star (Ruhut), fifth. The negative politeness strategy "go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting (states clearly that the speaker has given kindness/debt)" which is at the end of the sentence giving a gift.