Negative Poisson's Ratio Foams Research Articles

A new seismic metamaterial design with ultra-wide low-frequency wave suppression band utilizing negative Poisson's ratio material

In this paper, we present a new seismic metamaterial (SM) for the suppression of Lamb waves and surface waves utilizing the negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) foam. The periodic cell of the metamaterial is composed of a square cylinder made of steel in the center and NPR foam connecters at the corners. Utilizing the unique resonance properties of the NPR material, an ultra-low-frequency broadband wave suppression is achieved. First, the characteristics of bandgaps (BGs) of the proposed structure with different materials were analyzed using the finite element (FE) method. It shows that the application of the NPR foam can significantly broaden the BGs compared with the case using traditional rubber. The vibration modes were analyzed to investigate the mechanism of BG generation, and the results show that the broad BG is achieved via the unique local resonance mechanism of the NPR foam. Subsequently, the frequency-domain analysis was carried out to verify the shielding effect of the designed SM on Lamb waves, using a periodic structure consisting of 10 × 6 unit cells. It shows that the designed SM can effectively attenuate Lamb waves in the range of 3–44 Hz with attenuation up to −590 dB at 32 Hz. A parametric analysis shows that the NPR foam with small thickness, high modulus, low mass density, and low Poisson's ratio can broaden the first complete BG. In addition, the acoustic cone method was combined with the frequency-domain analysis to calculate the BGs of the proposed structure against the surface wave, using a periodic structure consisting of 20 unit cells. It shows that the surface wave can be significantly attenuated within the BG. Finally, real seismic excitations were applied for time-domain analyses, and the simulation results show that the proposed structure can effectively shield the low-frequency seismic surface waves in the range of 0.1–20 Hz. The design scheme proposed in this paper is simple in structure and easy to implement, and is believed to possess bright application potentials in seismic protection.

A novel method for preparing anisotropic negative Poisson's ratio composite foam with excellent structural stability and shape recovery property

Negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) foams are usually prepared by the transformation of positive Poisson's ratio (PPR) foams with honeycomb cell structure, which face a challenge for restraining the increase in volume and Poisson's ratio once they are stimulated by high temperature. In addition, they cannot restore to its reentrant structure after large deformation. In this work, a novel method for preparing anisotropic NPR foam with excellent structural stability and shape recovery property is established by synergistically controlling hierarchical pore structures. The obtained NPR silicone rubber/polylactic acid (SR/PLA) composite foam has large-size holes (auxetic structure) with concave hexagonal shape and small-size honeycomb cells, which are generated by 3D printing technology and salt leaching method, respectively. The auxetic structure with the orientation characteristic is directly formed rather than transformed from the honeycomb cell structure. Therefore, the dimension and Poisson's ratio value of the NPR SR/PLA composite foam keep constant after high temperature heating treatment, meaning an excellent structural stability. Furthermore the excellent shape recovery property of the NPR SR/PLA composite foam endows it restore to the initial auxetic structure after large deformation to a large extent. It should be mentioned that the anisotropy of the NPR SR/PLA composite foam further will bring a broad application prospect in the field of human body cushioning materials, such as prosthetic lining sleeve.

Impact properties of uniaxially thermoformed auxetic foams

This work describes large strain quasi-static and impact tests of a new class of low-cost, uniaxially thermoformed, transverse isotropic auxetic foams with compression ratio ranging from 20 to 80%. A custom drop tower rig with high-speed cameras suitable for these soft porous foam materials is designed and used to perform impact tests with energy ranging from 0.38 to 1.90 J, corresponding to strain rates from 64/s to 143/s. The thermoformed foams only show auxeticity when loaded along the transverse direction to the uniaxial thermoforming compression, with Poisson's ratio V21 reaching as low as −1.5 at 20% strain and then close to 0 at large strains. The samples deform with large shear band deformations, also due to the auxeticity. The negative Poisson's ratio foams along that transverse direction also show enhanced impact energy absorption performance, with normalized peak force reduction as high as ∼40% against the pristine foam; the reduction is however 20% along the thermoforming direction. A constitutive model based on Nagy's approach is applied to describe the enhancement of dynamic stress during the impact tests compared with the quasi-static one, due to strain rate effects.

Shear modulus of conventional and auxetic open-cell foam

This work analyses shear moduli of conventional and auxetic open-cell polymer foams. Shear moduli are i) measured directly and ii) calculated by applying elasticity theory for isotropic solid materials, using Young's moduli and Poisson's ratios from compression tests. Zero and negative Poisson's ratio foams are fabricated from conventional foams using a thermo-mechanical process. Fabricated and conventional foams are compression tested in three orthogonal directions, up to densification at ~60% compression, with full-field strain measurements obtained using Digital Image Correlation. Compression testing is followed by shear testing. The measured shear moduli vary from 16±7 kPa for negative Poisson's ratio foams to 38±2 kPa for zero Poisson's ratio foams, with conventional foams in between with a mean value of 32±8 kPa. The calculated shear moduli are typically lower than the measured values. The results suggest that the application of elasticity theory to calculate the low strain shear modulus of open-cell foam from Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio measured in compression tests is appropriate if the foam is isotropic.

Novel Method for Preparing a High-Performance Auxetic Foam Directly from Polymer Resin by a One-Pot CO2 Foaming Process.

So far, negative Poisson's ratio foam (auxetic foam) is usually prepared by the transformation of conventional polymer foam, and it is a challenge to prepare auxetic foam directly from polymer resin. In this work, a novel method based on the synergism between the phase transition of water and the permeability rate difference of the CO2 blowing agent from air in the foaming process is put forward to prepare auxetic foam directly from the polymer resin. Using this method, herein, nylon elastomer (NE) foam with auxetic behavior is successfully prepared from NE resin by a one-pot CO2 foaming method inside an autoclave aided by water; the obtained auxetic foam has a Poisson's ratio value of -1.29 and has excellent tensile cycle stability and energy absorption performance. This method breaks through the bottleneck for preparing auxetic foams from the polymer resin directly, which is also green and environment-friendly. It is believed that the abovementioned method also applies to other thermoplastic polymers, which paves a way for designing and preparing multifunctional auxetic foam materials in the future via a one-pot CO2 foaming process. Furthermore, this work first demonstrates that the transformation between auxetic foam and positive Poisson's ratio foam is reversible due to the closed cell structure, which provides an opportunity to reversibly adjust the performance and the shape of polymer foam materials.

Crashworthiness analysis of cylindrical tubes filled with conventional and negative Poisson's ratio foams

The influence of the Poisson's ratio of the foam on the energy absorption of the foam-filled tube is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the relationship between the mechanical properties and the structural parameters of the 3D lattice structure is calculated by using the theory of material mechanics. The finite element analysis software ABAQUS is used to simulate the axial dynamic response of cylindrical tubes filled with conventional and negative Poisson's ratio foams. Based on this, the interaction between the tube wall and foam is analyzed in detail. Combining the structural properties of both the positive and negative Poisson's ratio foams, a new foam model with mixed Poisson's ratio (MPR) is proposed, and the crashworthiness of three different types of tubes, namely the sandwich double tubes filled with positive, negative and mixed Poisson's ratio foams, is analyzed. The results show that the interaction between the foam and the tube wall has a significant effect on the energy absorption performance. The sandwich double tube filled with MPR foam has better specific energy absorption (SEA) and stronger interaction than those filled with pure positive or negative Poisson's ratio foam. This study provides a new insight into crashworthiness design of foam-filled structures.

Fabrication and characterization of auxetic shape memory composite foams

Shape memory polymers , as a kind of smart materials, play an important role in more and more fields, such as aerospace, biomedicine and intelligent clothing field and so on. Comparing with traditional materials, negative Poisson's ratio foam has excellent mechanical properties, such as double curvature, light weight, high shear resistance, auxetic etc., and it has a great potential application in the field of aerospace. Therefore, in this project, shape memory composite foam was fabricated based on the commercial soft polyurethane foam material as matrix and shape memory epoxy resin as functional phase. Negative Poisson's ratio of foam was fabricated based on its shape memory feature through a process of triaxial compression with heat treatment. Microstructure deformation was characterized after the transformation of auxetic foam. By adjusting the processing parameters, the auxetic shape memory foam with different “re-entrant” structure was obtained. Such fabricated shape memory composite foams display variable stiffness with auxetic behavior. Effective compressive and tensile modulus was obtained by compression and tension tests . The effect of processing parameters on foam Poisson's ratio was analyzed, which provided certain guiding significance for the further shape memory foam preparation.

Novel Method for Preparing Auxetic Foam from Closed-Cell Polymer Foam Based on the Steam Penetration and Condensation Process.

Auxetic materials are a class of materials possessing a negative Poisson's ratio. Here, we established a novel method for preparing auxetic foam from closed-cell polymer foam based on the steam penetration and condensation (SPC) process. Using polyethylene (PE) closed-cell foam as an example, the foams treated by the SPC process presented a negative Poisson's ratio during stretching and compression testing. The effect of steam-treated temperature and time on the conversion efficiency of negative-Poisson's ratio foam was investigated, and the mechanism of the SPC method for forming a reentrant structure was discussed. The results indicated that the presence of enough steam within the cells was a critical factor for the negative Poisson's ratio conversion in the SPC process. The pressure difference caused by steam condensation was the driving force for the conversion from conventional closed-cell foam to the negative-Poisson's ratio foam. Furthermore, the applicability of the SPC process for fabricating auxetic foam was studied by replacing PE foam by polyvinyl chloride foam with a closed-cell structure or replacing water steam by ethanol steam. The results verified the universality of the SPC process for fabricating auxetic foams from conventional foams with a closed-cell structure. In addition, we explored the potential application of the obtained auxetic foams by the SPC process in the fabrication of shape-memory polymer materials.

Three‐Dimensional Stiff Cellular Structures With Negative Poisson's Ratio

In this paper, a novel three‐dimensional (3D) cellular structure with negative Poisson's ratio was designed by alternating cuboid surface indents on the vertical ribs of the unit cells. The Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus of structures with different geometric parameters were determined using the finite element method (FEM) as a function of these parameters. Samples with identical geometric variables were fabricated via 3D printing, and their through‐thickness direction Poisson's ratios were measured and compared with simulation results. Results showed that the Poisson's ratio of the 3D cellular structures can be tuned from positive to negative and can reach a minimal value of −0.958. Good agreement was found between the experimental results and the simulation. This lattice structure is considerably stiffer than re‐entrant negative Poisson's ratio foam with the same solid phase. The design concept developed here can be optimized for specific applications via geometric parameters manipulation.

Compressive uniaxial properties of auxetic open cell PU based foams

AbstractThe mechanical properties of negative Poisson's ratio foams are described under compressive loading both from a numerical and experimental point of view. Different samples of open cell PU (polyurethane) based auxetic foams (i.e. with negative Poisson's ratio) were manufactured following a dedicated manufacturing process, using different compression ratios and temperature profiles. High strain rate and quasi static compressive loading tests were performed in order to benchmark the numerical model. A numerical technique based on loading simulations of statistical assemblies of cells has been adapted to represent the uniaxial compressive behaviour of the auxetic foams. The results can be applied to predict the auxetic foam's behaviour and solving problems related to protection and packaging.

Analytical parametric analysis of the contact problem of human buttocks and negative Poisson's ratio foam cushions

Analytical investigations on the contact problems between two homogeneous and isotropic soft bodies were performed to simulate the contact of human buttocks and seat cushions. The cushion materials' Poisson's ratio were allowed to be negative. The human buttocks were modeled as an ideal sphere with radius 15 cm, and assumed to have a low Young's modulus and a Poisson's ratio close to 0.5. These parameters were held constant during our analysis. Peak contact pressure was reduced by adjusting the contour curvature of cushions according to Hertz theory, as expected. Moreover, analysis by both the Hertz model and a finite thickness 3D elasticity model showed that using negative Poisson's ratio cushions could further reduce the pressure. Negative Poisson's ratio cushions may be beneficial in the prevention of pressure sores or ulcers in the sick and in reduction of pressure-induced discomfort in seated people.

Influence of Cell Size on Re-Entrant Transformation of Negative Poisson's Ratio Reticulated Polyurethane Foams

Several foams of different cell-size, including Scott Industrial polyurethane foam with large cells (20 pores per inch, ppi, or 1.2 mm per pore, black), medium cells (65 ppi, or 0.4 mm per pore, green), and near-microcellular (100 ppi, 0.25 mm per pore, white), were processed over various time and temperature regimes to ascertain the role of cell size in transformation to negative Poisson's ratio materials. These foams were transformed successfully, and exhibited negative Poisson's ratio behavior. Poisson's ratio was measured using a new laser based setup. For all as-received (unprocessed) foams with different cell sizes, Poisson's ratio decreased with compressive axial strain and increased with tensile strain up to a maximum. The maximum Poisson's ratio in tension decreased as cell size increases. The strain at which maximum Poisson's ratio occurs, increased with cell size. In negative Poisson's ratio foams, minimum Poisson's ratios of −0.8, −0.5, and −0.4 for 20 ppi, 65 ppi, and 100 ppi foams, respectively were observed. Furthermore, the cell size effects on transformation parameters were also found.

Scale-up of Transformation of Negative Poisson's Ratio foam: Slabs

This paper presents an experimental study performed on the scale-up of processing of negative Poisson 's ratio foam. These materials become thinner under compression and fatter under tension, opposite to ordinary materials. The transformation process consists of triaxial compression combined with heat treatment. Transformed foam cells have a concave or "re-entrant" shape. Scaleup is achieved by use of a modified mould assembled around the foam slab and longer processing times. Foam with a distribution of cell sizes was transformed in small block and large slab forms. These blocks and slabs exhibited a negative Poisson's ratio.

Hysteresis Behaviour and Specific Damping Capacity of Negative Poisson's Ratio Foams

Previously open cell polyurethane foams have been made to be re-entrant, in that their cell ribs are inwardly bent, which results in the foam exhibiting a negative Poisson's ratio(1). Untransformed control and transformed negative Poisson’s ratio foams were cyclically loaded at various levels of pre-strain to determine their hysteresis behaviour, and from this, to elucidate their specific damping characteristics. Both untransformed and transformed foams exhibited non-linear hysteresis behaviour at high cyclic strains, regardless of their initial levels of pre-strain. The specific damping capacity of the transformed foam with extreme compressive pre-strain was higher than that of the untransformed foam. This effect was attributed to the rubbing of the inwardly buckled cell ribs of the transformed foam. The specific damping capacity varied with both the level of pre-strain and with the amplitude of cyclic strain about that level.

Nonlinear Analysis of the Poisson's Ratio of Negative Poisson's Ratio Foams

This article contains an analytic study of Poisson's ratio of re-entrant foam materials with negative Poisson's ratio. These materials get fatter when stretched and thinner when compressed. The Poisson effect is so fundamentally important to the properties of a material that a large change in the value of the ratio will have significant effects on the material's mechanical performance. Isotropic foam structures with negative Poisson's ratio have been fabricated through a permanent volumetric transformation. The cells were converted from the convex polyhedral shape of conventional foam cells to a concave or "reentrant" shape. Mechanical behavior of a re-entrant open cell foam material will differ from that of a conventional foam in ways not addressed by existing theoretical treatment. Poisson's ratio as a function of strain is obtained by modeling the three-dimensional unit cell as an idealized polyhedron unit cell. Poisson's ratio is predicted to approach the isotropic limit of −1 with increasing permanent volumetric compression ratio of idealized cells, in comparison with experimental values as small as −0.8.

Examination of acoustic behavior of negative poisson's ratio materials

Negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) foams have been predicted to have unusual acoustic properties. To measure these, polyurethane foam was chosen to serve as a model system. Negative Poisson ratios were produced in open cell, reticulated polyurethane foams by heat setting the foam which had been three-dimensionally compressed 3·7-fold. Acoustic reflection measurements were made on unconverted foam, NPR uncovered foam, and on NPR foam with an unattached and attached cover. Foams tested had pore densities ranging from 25·4 to 254 pores per linear cm. NPR foams absorbed better than unconverted foams at all frequencies. Smaller pore-size NPR foams absorbed sound more efficiently at frequencies above 630 Hz than did those with larger pores, and those with covers were better sound absorbers in the frequency range 250–1000 Hz than the uncovered NPR foams. Unidirectional compression to one quarter of the original thickness reduced the Poisson ratio to zero and caused the foam to absorb nearly as well as did creation of the negative Poisson's ratio.

Indentability of Conventional and Negative Poisson's Ratio Foams

The indentation resistance of foams, both of conventional structure and of a novel re-entrant structure giving rise to negative Poisson's ratio, was studied using holo graphic interferometry. In holographic indentation tests, re-entrant foams had higher yield strengths σy and lower stiffness E than conventional foams of the same original relative density. Damage in both kinds of foam occurred primarily directly under the indenter. Calculated energy absorption for dynamic impact is considerably higher for re-entrant foam than conventional foam

Viscoelastic behaviour of composite materials with conventional- or negative-Poisson's-ratio foam as one phase

This article describes experimental investigations of viscoelastic properties of composites consisting of conventional and re-entrant negative-Poisson's-ratio copper foam as a matrix, with the following high-loss-filler materials: viscoelastic elastomer, solder, and indium. The viscoelastic properties of gallium and several ferrites were also determined. The loss tangent of the copper-elastomer composite substantially exceeded the (lower) Voigt limit; the loss tangent of the copper-solder and copper-indium composites were close to the (upper) Hashin limit for the two-solid phases and one-pore phase.

Design of a Fastener Based on Negative Poisson's Ratio Foam

In this article we make use of the negative Poisson's ratio of recently developed cellular solids in the design of a press-fit fastener. Insertion of the fastener is facilitated by the lateral contraction which negative Poisson's ratio materials exhibit under compression. Removal of the fastener is resisted by the corre¬sponding elastic expansion under tension.