Negative Interactions Research Articles

Individual variation in habitat selection behavior of Asian elephants in a human-wildland interface

Habitat loss and fragmentation due to accelerated agriculture expansion is a major threat to existing wildlife populations across Asia. The human-wildlife interface mosaic across Asia is varied in terms of juxtaposition and structure, which can strongly influence biodiversity value and impacts on wildlife species. Here we analyzed habitat selection behavior of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) across three study sites with different agriculture use patterns in Myanmar, a country recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, including but not limited to, commercial palm oil and sugarcane plantations, and subsistence agriculture. These different agriculture use landscape capture landscape mosaic structure found across Asia. Given elephants exhibit heterogeneous spatial behavior, we fitted individual step selection and resource selection models to gain insight into the diversity of strategies employed at the local (step) and home range (third-order) scale. We used variance partitioning analysis to quantify the explanatory contribution of individual and study sites across both scales. We found that the variation in the resource selection behavior was mainly due to individual differences, and the configuration of agriculture present in an individual’s range was the most influential to its selection behavior. Enhancing understanding of how the level of fragmentation on the landscape relates to agricultural use can serve to help focus conservation efforts. Continued accelerated agriculture expansion is increasing the rate of contact between elephants and humans and, thereby escalating negative human-elephant interactions, often resulting in human and elephant deaths. Gaining a deeper understanding of habitat selection behavior by elephants across the changing landscapes of Asia can help inform management decisions and conservation actions.

Managing disclosure outcomes in intelligence interviews.

We introduce the disclosure-outcomes management model. The model views disclosure in intelligence interviews as a behaviour interviewees use to profitably navigate self-interest dilemmas. We theorized that interviewees compare the potential outcomes of disclosing to their self-interests. They evaluate the extent to which disclosure will facilitate or impede those self-interests: an interviewee's self-interest dilemma elicits cooperation with respect to some information but not other information. A Preliminary Study (N = 300) supported the model's predictions. We proposed a Replication Study (N = 369) to examine the model further. Participants assumed the role of an intelligence source undergoing an interview. They decided what information to disclose, contending the typical dilemma in an intelligence interview wherein disclosure could jeopardize or advance their self-interests. The results from the Preliminary and Replication studies were broadly in line with our proposition: perceived benefits positively influenced the likelihood of disclosing. However, a negative interaction between costs and benefits observed in the Preliminary Study did not replicate. That finding may be due to power constraints, not evidence against the existence of an interaction effect. Our proposal that-generally speaking-interviewees are likelier to disclose information units that seem less versus more risky requires further examination. Individual-level sensitivity to benefits, costs and their co-occurrence varied substantially in our studies. We discuss avenues for future research.

Боротьба з контрабандою: заходи та виклики

Ukraine, as a modern state, faces the challenge of effectively combating smuggling, which not only leads to significant budget losses but also poses a threat to national security and economic development. This article discusses the key aspects of this problem, from the causes of smuggling of equipment to the low level of incentives for customs officers and the threats they face. The reasons for smuggling are discussed, such as corruption, excessive customs duties and taxes, and imperfect legislation. The article also considers the need for parliamentary and public control over the actions of customs and border authorities, as well as optimization of taxation to ensure effective protection of the domestic market. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of international cooperation, technical support, dog training and public education for the successful fight against smuggling. The article also discusses the problem of low salaries and poor incentives for customs officers, which can jeopardize the effectiveness of the fight against smuggling. The article concludes with a section on possible threats to customs officials and ways to address them, including the possibility of threats, bribery and other negative influences that complicate their work. This article also discusses comprehensive measures such as technical support for customs, the development of a dog service, and the importance of public education for the successful fight against smuggling. The low level of salaries among customs officers and their weak incentives to disclose smuggling schemes are seen as a systemic problem that requires a comprehensive approach and solution. The author analyzes the threats that may be directed at customs officials by smugglers and criminal elements. Scenarios of influence, possible bribery, threats and other negative interactions are discussed in order to ensure effective measures to protect customs and border services. All these aspects interact and influence the success of the fight against smuggling in Ukraine. The article highlights the need for a systematic approach and cooperation of all stakeholders – government agencies, the public and international partners – to create an effective system that minimizes the risks and losses from smuggling.

Spin reorientation in GdMn2(Ge1-xSix)2 compounds

Structure and magnetic properties of layered GdMn2(Ge1-xSix)2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) compounds were studied. All the compounds crystallize in the tetragonal ThCr2Si2-type structure. It was shown by magnetization measurements at low temperature on quasi-single crystals that, with increasing Si concentration, the easy magnetization direction reorients from the c-axis to the basal plane. The spin reorientation occurs via an angular phase. A model of three magnetic sublattices coupled by negative intersublattice exchange interactions was used to describe the field dependences of the magnetization. For GdMn2Ge2 and GdMn2(Ge0.9Si0.1)2 in the fields applied along the c-axis, seven different magnetic structures were predicted, including two angular structures considered for the first time. The model explains formation of angular magnetic structures in zero field in GdMn2(Ge1-xSix)2 system by taking into account magnetic anisotropy of Mn sublattices with a positive anisotropy constant K1 and negative K2.

Independence through community access and navigation: A supported leisure intervention for individuals with negative symptoms.

Promoting leisure participation requires a collaborative approach that emphasizes personal interests, strengths, and motivations. The purpose of this article was to test the effectiveness of the Independence through Community Access and Navigation (ICAN) intervention on community participation, recreation participation, and positive emotions among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Using motivational interviewing and an individualized placements and support framework, the ICAN intervention focuses on working with participants to identify and participate in personally meaningful leisure activities by connecting with personal motivations and mainstream community opportunities. This randomized controlled trial was conducted with 74 participants diagnosed with schizophrenia with assessments conducted at baseline and posttreatment. Intervention effects were examined with repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multiple regression analysis was also performed using a change score as an outcome variable and baseline negative symptoms score, condition, and interaction as predictors. There was no significant main effect of ICAN on positive emotions, recreation participation, or community participation; however, among those in the experimental group, those with impairments in motivation and pleasure experienced improvements in community participation. For individuals experiencing greater negative symptoms, a supported leisure intervention may be an effective strategy to explore personal motivations and increase leisure participation. Future research should test the intervention effectiveness specifically targeting a larger sample of individuals with more severe negative symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Oaks enhance early life stage longleaf pine growth and density in a subtropical xeric savanna.

The interplay of positive and negative species interactions controls species assembly in communities. Dryland plant communities, such as savannas, are important to global biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Sandhill oaks in xeric savannas of the southeastern United States can facilitate longleaf pine by enhancing seedling survival, but the effects of oaks on recruitment and growth of longleaf pine have not been examined. We censused, mapped, and monitored nine contiguous hectares of longleaf pine in a xeric savanna to quantify oak-pine facilitation, and to examine other factors impacting recruitment, such as vegetation cover and longleaf pine tree density.We found that newly recruited seedlings and grass stage longleaf pines were more abundant in oak-dominated areas where densities were 230% (newly recruited seedlings) and 360% (grass stage) greater from lowest to highest oak neighborhood densities. Longleaf pine also grew faster under higher oak density. Longleaf pine recruitment was lowest under longleaf pine canopies. Mortality of grass stage and bolt stage longleaf pine was low (~1.0%yr-1) in the census interval without fire. Overall, our findings highlight the complex interactions between pines and oaks-two economically and ecologically important genera globally. Xeric oaks should be incorporated as a management option for conservation and restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.

Heavy drinkers' expectations and experiences when discussing alcohol use during a general practice visit in Australia: A qualitative study.

Our understanding of community members' expectations and experiences of discussing alcohol use in general practice settings is limited, particularly for people with heavy alcohol use. Qualitative interviews were conducted with people with heavy alcohol use to explore their experiences of discussing alcohol use with their general practitioner (GP). Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed, and data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Three themes were identified: (1) patient perceptions of alcohol discussions in primary care; (2) the importance of the doctor-patient relationship; and (3) consequences of unmet health needs and expectations. Patients expect their GPs to initiate conversations about alcohol use. Positive interactions are characterised by GPs' caring, non-judgemental and collaborative approach, whereas negative interactions focus on a perceived lack of knowledge or ability to manage excessive alcohol use. Alcohol harm reduction efforts should include strategies for bolstering the therapeutic relationship between GPs and their patients.

Frequency of comedication of proton pump inhibitors with crystalline dasatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia and effects on TKI-bioavailability.

6561 Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including dasatinib, have profoundly improved clinical outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, solubility, bioavailability and systematic exposure of the crystalline formulation of dasatinib (Sprycel) is reduced at higher gastric pH levels. This is problematic for comedication with acid reducing agents as lower bioavailability may reduce clinical response. Methods: We investigated proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and TKI comedication, including dasatinib, in a large real world CML cohort. Furthermore, we assessed the influence of timing of PPI comedication on the absorption and bioavailability of dasatinib. Results: Using the Swedish CML- and Prescribed Drug-Registries, we identified 1,328 chronic phase CML patients, diagnosed 2002-2018. 1,261 (95%) had received specified/known TKI treatment and 685 of those (54%) were prescribed a PPI (ATC-code: “A02BC”) at some point after CML diagnosis. TKIs and PPIs prescribed within 12 months of CML diagnosis were prescribed by different HCPs in 66% of cases (284/432). Of the 388 patients treated with dasatinib, 91 (23.5%) received a concomitant PPI. The PPI prescription rate increased to 53% (204/388) in the dasatinib cohort after dasatinib treatment had ended. Further, we assessed the drug-drug interaction (DDI) in 18 healthy volunteers given crystalline dasatinib (100mg) alone or together with omeprazole (40mg, at steady state) administered 9 hours apart; a time point when a high effect on bioavailability is expected. Compared to dosing with crystalline dasatinib alone, Cmax and AUC0-24 were reduced by 96% and 88% by omeprazole comedication (Table). Conclusions: Despite warnings, comedication with PPI is common among dasatinib treated CML patients. Further, an even larger proportion of patients need PPI co-treatment, which however, cannot fully be administered due to its negative impact on dasatinib pharmacokinetics. Moreover, with an optimized study design, we observed a higher than previously reported negative interaction of PPI comedication on crystalline dasatinib bioavailability. This may compromise clinical efficacy and risk CML disease progression. For patients in need of PPI, selection of a non-crystalline, less pH-sensitive formulation of dasatinib therefore appears more appropriate. Clinical trial information: NCT06145217 . [Table: see text]

New insights on waste mixing for enhanced fermentative hydrogen production

Co-fermentation can differently impact H2 production, with positive or negative interactions observed. Positive interactions were usually attributed to a balanced composition and improved buffer capacity. However, the impact of co-fermentation on microbial communities (H2-producing and H2-consuming bacteria) remains unexplored. This work aimed to deepen the interaction mechanisms observed in co-fermentation targeting microbial communities with an innovative focus on H2-consuming bacteria (homoacetogens). The H2 production of seven mixtures (food waste fractions and rye silage) and individual performances were compared by Biochemical Hydrogen Potential (BHP). Final microbial communities were characterized by sequencing and qPCR. A positive correlation between H2 yield and Soluble and Easily Extractible Sugars (SEES) content was observed for all the substrates (R² = 0.79), confirming this correlation not only for individual substrates but also mixtures. Positive interactions were observed for most of the mixtures, with a H2 yield significantly higher (16–37 %) than expected. The faster H2 production observed in mixtures (2.6 times faster) was correlated to the selection of Clostridiaceae_1 family (final relative abundance of 90–98 %) and decline of homoacetogens. It is therefore essential to further understand the microbial communities’ dynamics in co-fermentation to develop efficient fermentation systems.

Ambient PM2.5, household environment and preterm birth: A birth cohort study in Shandong, China

BackgroundThe associations between fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) and risk of preterm birth (PTB) are inconsistent, and the effect of household environment on PTB is largely unclear. AimTo investigate the association of ambient PM2.5 throughout pregnancy, household environmental factors and PTB, with further exploration of their potential interaction and joint effect on PTB. MethodsThe study included 5888 pregnant women between 2018 and 2021 in Weifang Maternal and Child Health hospital of Shandong, China. Maternal exposure to PM2.5 was extracted from ChinaHighAirPollutants datasets according to individual home address. Household environmental information including residential floor level, double-glazed window, heating fuel, cooking, smoking and window ventilation was collected by questionnaires at enrollment. PTB was defined as a birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation. General additive models were applied to examine the associations of PM2.5 exposure, household environment and PTB. ResultsOne-unit increase of PM2.5 throughout pregnancy was associated with significantly increased risk of PTB (OR = 1.069, 95% CI: 1.037, 1.103). In contrast, installation of double-glazed windows (OR = 0.763, 95% CI: 0.589, 0.990) and residential floor level of the 5th floor or above (OR = 0.746, 95% CI: 0.583, 0.955) were found to be associated with significantly reduced risk of PTB. The stratified analyses demonstrated that the protective associations remained among those with high PM2.5 exposure, urban residence, middle SES level and cesarean delivery. A negative interaction between residential floor level and PM2.5 exposure on PTB, and joint effect of installation of double-glazed windows plus residential floor level of the 5th floor or above on PTB were observed. ConclusionsThis study found the adverse effect of PM2.5 during the pregnancy on PTB, and identified protective associations between installing double-glazed windows, living on the 5th floor or above and PTB in relatively polluted regions.

Impact of Social Media Engagement on Brand Image Perception in Cameroon

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of social media engagement on brand image perception in Cameroon. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicate that active engagement on social platforms can significantly enhance a brand's image. Brands that interact regularly and authentically with their audience tend to foster stronger relationships and build trust. Positive engagement, such as responding to customer inquiries, sharing user-generated content, and maintaining a consistent and relatable presence, contributes to a more favorable perception. Conversely, negative interactions or a lack of engagement can harm a brand's reputation. The immediacy and transparency of social media also amplify these effects, making it crucial for brands to strategically manage their online interactions to positively influence public perception and maintain a strong, positive brand image. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social influence theory, cognitive dissonance theory and selective exposure theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the impact of social media engagement on brand image perception in Cameroon. Brands should prioritize personalized content strategies on social media platforms, tailored to specific audience segments and industry contexts. Policymakers and industry regulators should collaborate to establish ethical guidelines for social media engagement practices, particularly concerning influencer collaborations and sponsored content.

Influence factors and research on higher vocational students' reluctance to advance to higher education based on random forest and structural equation modelling

This study aims to explore the key factors influencing Chinese higher vocational students' reluctance to pursue higher education. By combining two analytical methods, Random Forest and Structural Equation Modeling, the study targeted students enrolled in Guangdong Finance and Trade Vocational College, designed a questionnaire containing various aspects such as study habits, self-perception, and internship experience, and collected 107 samples for analysis. The study found that students' personal intention to pursue higher education was the most critical factor influencing whether they chose to continue their studies, followed by the evaluation of their own learning ability and economic considerations. In addition, family cultural resources and learning environment also influence students' attitudes towards further education to a certain extent. The study also reveals the effects of the positive interaction between personal factors and family cultural resources support, and the negative interaction between personal factors and economic factors on the intention to pursue higher education. Based on these findings, the article presents recommendations for the school, family, and social levels to promote higher education students' willingness to pursue higher education and educational equity.

Winter survival in red clover: experimental evidence for interactions among stresses

BackgroundThere is a lack of knowledge on the combined effects of different stresses on plants, in particular different stresses that occur during winter in temperate climates. Perennial herbaceous plants in temperate regions are exposed to many different stresses during winter, but except for the fact that cold temperatures induce resistance to a number of them, very little is known about their interaction effects. Knowledge about stress interactions is needed in order to predict effects of climate change on both agricultural production and natural ecosystems, and to develop adaptation strategies, e.g., through plant breeding. Here, we conducted a series of experiments under controlled conditions to study the interactions between cold (low positive temperature), clover rot infection (caused by Sclerotinia trifoliorum) and freezing, in red clover (Trifolium pratense) accessions. We also compared our results with winter survival in field experiments and studied associations between stress and shoot growth.ResultsExposure to low positive temperatures (cold acclimation) induced resistance to clover rot. There was a clear negative interaction effect between freezing stress and clover rot infection, resulting in up to 37% lower survival rate compared to what would have been expected from the additive effect of freezing and infection alone. Freezing tolerance could continue to improve during incubation under artificial snow cover at 3 °C in spite of darkness, and we observed compensatory shoot growth following freezing after prolonged incubation. At the accession level, resistance to clover rot was negatively correlated with growth in the field during the previous year at a Norwegian location. It was also negatively correlated with the shoot regrowth of control plants after incubation. Clover rot resistance tests under controlled conditions showed limited correlation with clover rot resistance observed in the field, suggesting that they may reveal variation in more specific resistance mechanisms.ConclusionsWe here demonstrate, for the first time, a strong negative interaction between freezing and infection with a winter pathogen. We also characterize the effects of cold acclimation and incubation in darkness at different temperatures on winter stress tolerance, and present data that support the notion that annual cycles of growth and stress resistance are associated at the genetic level.

ДИНАМІЧНА МОДЕЛЬ ІТЕРАЦІЙНОГО ЕЛЕКТРОПРИВОДА ПОДАЧІ З ДВОМА ГВИНТОВИМИ ПЕРЕДАЧАМИ ДЛЯ ПРЕЦИЗІЙНИХ ВЕРСТАТІВ ТА ОБРОБНИХ ЦЕНТРІВ

A variant of a simplified design diagram is proposed and the corresponding kinematic diagram of a two-motor gearless drive mechanism with two screw gears (SG) is given for an iterative two-channel electric drive for the longitudinal feed of the working tool (worktable with a product) of a coordinate multi-purpose metal-cutting machine of especially high precision, model 24K70AF4. Compensators of the negative dynamic interaction of load control channels have been determined. A generalized dynamic model of the cutting process has been constructed, taking into account both the inertia of the cutting process and the influence of the machine “WT-cutter” elastic system dynamics. A dynamic model of a conditional compensator for the cutting process is determined and calculated. A refined mathematical model of motion in steady-state feed modes of the two-channel electric drive has been obtained, taking into account the compensation of the dynamic interaction of the channels on the load and the influence of friction nonlinearities in the drive mechanism and the working tool of the machine. A structural-algorithmic diagram of an iterative two-channel compensated feed electric drive with two SGs and subordinated adjustment of control channels has been designed. The diagram includes a generalized dynamic model of the cutting process and a dynamic model of the corresponding conditional compensator for the cutting process, and also takes into account the main static moments of resistance and nonlinearity of friction in the drive load. References 13, tables 2, figures 5.

The particular and diffuse effects of negative interactions on participation: Evidence from responses to police killings

AbstractThe relationship between the public and local government is crucial for the success of government in carrying out its duties. Despite this, the public is not always willing to engage with government. Previous research tells us that negative personal bureaucratic interactions can politically demobilize. However, little is known about whether feedback effects on participation are particular to offending government agencies or similarly felt by other organizations in a community. Building on studies of policy feedback, this study investigates how police killings, a form of community police contact, influence the public's willingness to engage with both local police and other local public services. Negative events, even when not directly experienced, disempower the public and undermine legitimacy, depressing participation. We test the effects of policing killings on participation using both observational data on 911 calls and 311 requests and a survey experiment where we manipulate exposure to a community police killing. We find evidence of decreased participation with local police and local government more broadly, contributing to our understanding of policy feedback, policing, and provision of public services.

Psychometric Characteristics of the Intergroup Anxiety Scale among International Students in Indonesia

When someone perceives significant differences in others, they may feel anxious about the potential for negative interactions or undesirable outcomes that may arise from such interactions. This is referred to as intergroup anxiety. It is important to research the validity and reliability of the intergroup anxiety scale for international students in Indonesia because intergroup anxiety affects various psychological variables in them. One of the most commonly used instruments to measure intergroup anxiety is the Intergroup Anxiety Scale (IAS) by Walter G. Stephan and Cookie White Stephan, developed since 1985. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the IAS in the context of international students in Indonesia. From the analysis of 100 collected data points, the results show that the IAS used in this study meets the criteria for content validity, construct validity, and reliability. The results indicate that the IAS meets four Goodness of Fit criteria, with RMSEA = 0.079, SRMR = 0.074, NFI = 0.90, and CFI = 0.95. Furthermore, the reliability of the IAS was evaluated with an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) value of 0.57. The overall Composite Reliability (CR) value reached 0.93. Therefore, it can be concluded that the IAS is a valid and reliable tool for measuring self-construal among international students in Indonesia.

The mental health-related barriers and benefits to exercise in adults with and without chronic pain

BackgroundQualitative evidence points to the importance of both mental health-related barriers and benefits to exercise in chronic pain, yet this bidirectional relationship has not been established quantitatively. Methods89 adults with chronic pain (75 female, Age: M = 34.7, SD=13.2), and 89 demographically-matched individuals without chronic pain (73 female, Age: M = 32.0, SD=13.3) self-reported demographic and health information, mental health-related barriers and benefits to exercise, and leisure-time exercise activity. ResultsAdults with chronic pain had significantly higher scores on mental health-related barriers to exercise, and lower leisure-time exercise participation than adults without chronic pain. The groups did not differ on mental health-related benefits of exercise scores. Benefits scores positively predicted exercise, yet there was a significant negative interaction between pain and benefit scores, indicating a weaker positive relationship between benefits and exercise for adults with chronic pain than for those without chronic pain. Barrier scores significantly negatively predicted exercise engagement, but did not interact significantly with chronic pain. ConclusionMental health-related barriers and benefits to exercise are important considerations when prescribing exercise for adults with chronic pain. Adults with chronic pain may require individualised support to address mental health-related barriers to leisure-time exercise.

Massive decline of invasive apple snail populations after blue crab invasion in the Ebro River, Spain

The negative interaction between multiple invasive species, when an invasive predator benefits from a previously introduced and abundant prey, poses unanticipated challenges for the joint management of invaders. To illustrate this question, we describe the surge and collapse of the invasive apple snail Pomacea maculata population before and after the arrival of the invasive blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, in the Ebro River (NE Spain). These two invaders have coincided for the first time beyond their respective native and prior invasive ranges, and thus lack any previous shared eco-evolutionary history facilitating coexistence. We leverage data from a 9-year apple snail removal programme (2014–2022) conducted by authorities to evaluate the effectiveness of the management programme and describe the apple snail temporal dynamics in the Ebro River. Since its arrival in 2013, the apple snail population increased exponentially along the river and adjacent rice-fields despite labour-intensive eradication efforts. Unexpectedly, riverine populations of the apple snail declined by 90% in 2018 relative to the prior year without apparent association with previous management efforts. Simultaneously, the blue crab was first recorded in the Ebro River in 2018, and its distribution rapidly overlapped the whole area invaded by apple snails. We suggest that over-predation by the blue crab is the main cause of the decline observed in the apple snail, and discuss the implications of this new invader-invader interaction for management. This study underscores the unforeseen consequences of subsequent waves of invasion, and the importance of supporting management with a deeper understanding of ecological interactions among invasive predator and prey species.

Unveiling the black box: exploring teachers’ approaches to ethnic victimization incidents at school

Schools are crucial socialization contexts where civic norms and values such as appreciating diverse perspectives and embracing differences can be systematically transmitted to the next generations. This process, in turn, can foster the development of more inclusive societies. However, increasing polarized political climate poses a risk for the formation of harmonious interactions between youth of different ethnic origins in schools. Teachers are considered as crucial resources in addressing negative student interactions and helping victims in overcoming the consequences of their negative experiences. Nevertheless, our understanding of how teachers respond to ethnic victimization incidents is limited, along with the factors influencing their responses. To address this gap in knowledge, we examined the relative contributions of teachers’ general efficacy (i.e., managing disruptive behaviors in class) and diversity-related efficacy (i.e., addressing challenges of diversity) on their responses to ethnic victimization incidents. The sample consisted of head teachers of 8th grade students (N = 72; 56% females). The results showed that teachers adopt a diverse range of strategies to address incidents of ethnic victimization, with a primary focus on prioritizing the comfort of the victim as the foremost action. Further, we found that teachers’ efficacy in handling disruptive behaviors in class, as opposed to their efficacy in addressing diversity-related issues, explained their responses to victimization incidents. Specifically, teachers with a high sense of efficacy for classroom management were more likely to contact parents of both victims and perpetrators and to provide comfort to the victim. These findings highlight the necessity of supporting teachers to enhance their efficacy in classroom management, and in turn to address potential challenges in diverse school settings more effectively.

Connections between soil microbes, land use and European climate: Insights for management practices

Soil microbial biomass and activity strongly depend on land use, vegetation cover, climate, and soil physicochemical properties. In most cases, this dependence was assessed by one-to-one correlations while by employing network analysis, information about network robustness and the balance between stochasticity and determinism controlling connectivity, was revealed. In this study, we further elaborated on the hypothesis of Smith et al. (2021) that cropland soils depended more on climate variables and therefore are more vulnerable to climate change. We used the same dataset with that of Smith et al. (2021) that contains seasonal microbial, climate and soil variables collected from 881 soil points representing the main land uses in Europe: forests, grassland, cropland. We examined complete (both direct and indirect relationships) and incomplete networks (only direct relationships) and recorded higher robustness in the former. Partial Least Square results showed that on average more than 45% of microbial attributes' variability was predicted by climate and habitat drivers denoting medium to strong effect of habitat filtering. Network architecture slightly affected by season or land use type; it followed the core/periphery structure with positive and negative interactions and no hub nodes. Microbial attributes (biomass, activity and their ratio) mostly belong to core block together with Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), while climate and soil variables to periphery block with the exception of cropland networks, denoting the higher dependence between microbial and climate variables in these latter. All complete networks appeared robust except for cropland and forest in summer, a finding that disagrees with our initial hypothesis about cropland. Networks' connectivity was controlled stronger by stochasticity in forest than in croplands. The lack of human interventions in forest soils increase habitat homogeneity enhancing the influence of stochastic agents such as microbial unlimited dispersal and/or stochastic extinction. The increased stochasticity implies the necessity for proactive management actions.