Negative Hallucinations Research Articles

« Hartung Study » : vivre en soi pendant sept jours. Exploration phénoménologique et psychanalytique d’une performance d’Abraham Poincheval associée à une œuvre de Hans Hartung

AimsThis article describes the setting up and the psychological analysis of a performance by the artist Abraham Poincheval in the framework of a collaboration with the Hartung-Bergman Foundation. Beyond the aesthetic dimension of the piece, the aim of this work was to study the physiological and psychological effects induced by sitting in an enclosed space over a long period of time. MethodAbraham Poincheval remained for a week in a sculpture molded to his dimensions, with a cone located at eye level that allowed him to see a painting by Hans Hartung. Physiological measurements (EEG, temperature), audio recordings, and microphenomenological interviews were used to study the effects of this performance. A psychoanalytical analysis was also carried out in order to better understand the creative process and the psychic processes at work in this performance. ResultsThe phenomenological analysis highlights the astonishing malleability of the psyche, which manages to cope with a very uncomfortable situation that nevertheless leads to dissociative states. The perception of space, time, and the body is transformed, as well as the perception of the work, which leads to phenomena of pareidolia, hallucinatory processes, and negative hallucinations. In a general way, the collapse of the duration of the paradoxical sleep seems to be associated with oniroid states that support the hallucinatory processes and experiences between dreaming and sleeping. DiscussionThe sculpture could represent the setting up of a “Self-shell” in reaction to fragile psychic envelopes of the register of the first containers of thought. The sculpture can also be thought of as a cocoon that can induce psychic states that promote different forms of explorations and transformations of the subjective experience. This performance can also be considered an expression of unsymbolized psychic elements, which further emphasizes the constraining dimension of certain components of the work. The trauma clinic is finally approached in mirror of Hartung's work in echo of what the latter may have experienced during the Second World War. ConclusionThe fact of remaining seated, in a confined space, generates important transformations of the perception of space, time, and the body. This also leads to oniroid states that encourage the phenomena of pareidolia and hallucinatory processes. For all that, the psyche seems to be able to adapt to these extreme conditions, which demonstrates its astonishing capacities of adaptation.

La fuite des événements dans les suicides maniaco-dépressifs

We propose to consider manic-depressive suicide not as an act but as an event, or rather as the result of a series of events in flight. The main idea is that bipolar disorders are not the differential symptoms of manic-depressive psychosis (MDP). But rather the delirium of death, the cotardization of desire, the flight of ideas, and especially the flight of events leading to the unconscious destruction of the subject. To present our theory on this subject, we must quickly evoke the new concepts we have formalized concerning the clinic of MDP, namely manic foreclosure, delirium of death, white factors, altruistic anxieties, psychic ruins and, of course, flight of events. In the diagnosis of MDP, there may well be medical data, why not, since this psychic disturbance produces real effects in the somatic, even if it is not an obligation that there should be. However, that it may have some effects in the somatic, does not mean that the MDP and the disorders attached to it depend, or come, ultimately, from an organic disorder that should be treated medically. The manic experience shows us the very singular relation of the subject to the language. It turns out that some over-evaluated or over-represented signifiers begin to have a very heavy weight against which the subject develops a frenzied and privileged ban. This is what Binswanger calls the flight of ideas, by which the subject does not shun his delusional ideas, but it is the ideas themselves and the overvalued signifiers that begin to flee by themselves. Now, the flight of events is a fourth form of psychopathological expression, in addition to delirium, hallucination and passages to the act, which I have observed in many cases of MDP and which I have formalized in several works. These events may come from the life of the mother or father and both, independently, but especially from earlier generations whose affective value is, like in a cascade, by the parent-child relationship. The inter-subjective event is the space in which the unconscious of several subjects can manifest themselves in a synchronous way and, as such, they can be shared and assimilated diachronically. In the case of a subject in whom the delirium of death fails, in whom negative hallucinations abound, but with an inhibition of the act, it is possible that the inter-subjective events in flight carry out the destruction of his life for him.

KONFLIK KEJIWAAN TOKOH UTAMA DALAM NOVEL KORUPSI KARYA TAHAR BEN JELLEOUN (Psychological Conflict of The Main Character in Tahar Ben Jelleoun’s Novel, Korupsi)

This study aims to describe main characters and psychological conflict experienced by the characters in “Korupsi” novel. The method used is qualitative descriptive method. Two issues are: (1) how the character of the character in “Korupsi” novel and (2) what psychological conflict experienced by the main character will be studied by combining a structural approach and psychological literature. The structural approach is used to understand the characterization aspect as one of the novel structures that discusses character and main figure’s character. The psychological literature is employed to understand psychological conflict and psychological problems experienced by the main characters. he results show that the main characters are easily tempted, inconsistent, impatient for having all his needs fulfilled. These characters makes him trapped in corruption case. The bribery money makes him in corruption trap in his office causes inevitable psychological conflicts. The main character decision to get involved in corruption case is inseparable from influence and pressure from family and his friends in his office. The action to neglect principle, integrity, and honesty that have been retained for many years causes him trapped in psychological conflicts. Psychological conflicts experienced by the main characters lead to psychological problem in the main characters, such as guilt, shame, negative hallucinations, nightmares, and desire to suicide.

Wykorzystanie awatara w poznawczo-behawioralnej terapii osoby przewlekle doświadczającej negatywnych omamów słuchowych – studium przypadku

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Stefaniak I, Sorokosz K, Janicki A, Wciórka J. Use of an avatar in cognitive-behavioural therapy of a person who is chronically experiencing negative auditory hallucinations – case study. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii. 2017;26(4):275-289. doi:10.5114/ppn.2017.71340. APA Stefaniak, I., Sorokosz, K., Janicki, A., & Wciórka, J. (2017). Use of an avatar in cognitive-behavioural therapy of a person who is chronically experiencing negative auditory hallucinations – case study. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii, 26(4), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2017.71340 Chicago Stefaniak, Izabela, Kamil Sorokosz, Artur Janicki, and Jacek Wciórka. 2017. "Use of an avatar in cognitive-behavioural therapy of a person who is chronically experiencing negative auditory hallucinations – case study". Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii 26 (4): 275-289. doi:10.5114/ppn.2017.71340. Harvard Stefaniak, I., Sorokosz, K., Janicki, A., and Wciórka, J. (2017). Use of an avatar in cognitive-behavioural therapy of a person who is chronically experiencing negative auditory hallucinations – case study. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii, 26(4), pp.275-289. https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2017.71340 MLA Stefaniak, Izabela et al. "Use of an avatar in cognitive-behavioural therapy of a person who is chronically experiencing negative auditory hallucinations – case study." Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii, vol. 26, no. 4, 2017, pp. 275-289. doi:10.5114/ppn.2017.71340. Vancouver Stefaniak I, Sorokosz K, Janicki A, Wciórka J. Use of an avatar in cognitive-behavioural therapy of a person who is chronically experiencing negative auditory hallucinations – case study. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology/Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii. 2017;26(4):275-289. doi:10.5114/ppn.2017.71340.

Negative hallucinations, dreams and hallucinations: The framing structure and its representation in the analytic setting

This paper explores the meaning of a patient's hallucinatory experiences in the course of a five times a week analysis. I will locate my understanding within the context of André Green's ideas on the role of the framing structure and the negative hallucination in the structuring of the mind. The understanding of the transference and countertransference was crucial in the creation of meaning and enabling the transformations that took place in the analytic process. Through a detailed analysis of a clinical example the author examines Bion's distinction between hysterical hallucinations and psychotic hallucinations and formulates her own hypothesis about the distinctions between the two. The paper suggests that whilst psychotic hallucinations express a conflict between life and death, in the hysterical hallucination it is between love and hate. The paper also contains some reflections on the dramatic nature of the analytic encounter.

Psychose, mélancolie et hallucinations négatives chez le sujet âgé

Negative hallucinations are an apparent abnormal inability to perceive an object or a person that is right before one's eyes. To erase the reality hallucinate as well to about nothing is a paradoxical phenomenon. Negative hallucinations are characterized by a defect in perception of an object or a person, and a denial of their existence. This term highlights a specific defense mechanism, clumsy and ineffective attempt to represent an absence. Psychological trauma and negative hallucinations have a close relationship with Cotard's syndrome, delusional theme of organ denial, observed in melancholic syndromes in geriatric psychiatry. Negative hallucinations require a phenomenological approach to identify their sense. A deficiency in symbolization is supposed in connection with neuropsychological deficits. Negative hallucinations create blank spaces, due to both an impossible representation and an incapability of investment in reality. The prevalence of this symptom is without doubt underestimated, although its presence often underlines thymic suffering that is more striking. These hallucinatory symptoms have an important impact on the patients’ daily life, and they appear to be prisoners of a suffering, that they cannot communicate. We propose in this article to review the clinical symptoms of negative hallucinations in the elderly and the way to manage them. The medicinal approaches are not always effective. A greater place must be given to non-pharmacological approaches, such as somatic ones, which can be either invasive (electroconvulsive therapy) or (transcranial magnetic stimulation).

Hypnotic Olfactory Hallucinations

Olfactory hallucinations (smelling odors that are not present) are intrusive and disruptive yet challenging to investigate because they cannot be produced on demand. In this study, the authors attempted to model olfactory hallucinations using hypnotic suggestions. We gave some subjects a suggestion to smell an odor in the absence of a real odor (positive hallucination) and gave others a suggestion to smell nothing in the presence of a real odor (negative hallucination). High hypnotizable individuals who received the positive hallucination reported intense smells whereas those who received the negative hallucination reported a reduction in intensity. These suggestions also influenced later recall about frequency of odor presentation. Findings are discussed in terms of reality monitoring and differences between positive and negative hallucinations.

Hallucination négative, conscience de soi et avancée en âge

Negative hallucinations are characterized by a defect in perception of an object or a person, or a denial of the existence of their perception. Negative hallucinations create blank spaces, due to both an impossible representation and an incapability of investment in reality. They have a close relationship with Cotard's syndrome, delusional theme of organ denial observed in melancholic syndromes in the elderly. Phenomenological approach. The phenomenology of negative hallucinations provides quite an amount of information on the origin of the psychotic symptoms when one is rather old. The connections between hallucinations, mood disorders and negative symptoms are often difficult to live with for the nearest and dearest. Negative hallucinations require a strict approach to identify their expression that is crucial because a wide heterogeneity exists within the pathological pictures, as in Cotard's syndrome. Although the negative hallucination has an anti traumatic function in elderly people fighting against mental pain, it still represents a deficiency in symbolization. The prevalence of this symptom is without doubt underestimated, although its presence often underlines thymic suffering that is more striking. These hallucinatory symptoms have an important impact on the patients' daily life, and they appear to be prisoners of a suffering, which cannot be revealed. We propose in this article to review the clinical symptoms of negative hallucinations in the elderly and the way to manage them. The medicinal approaches are not always effective. A greater place must be given to what is in connection with the body, aiming at a strong impact and thus to offer non-pharmacological approaches, such as somatic ones, which can be either invasive (electroconvulsive therapy) or not (transcranial magnetic stimulation).

A Preliminary Exploration of Trauma, Dissociation, and Positive Psychotic Symptoms in a Spanish Sample

The purpose of this research was to study traumatic and dissociative experiences in a sample of Spanish psychotic patients. A total of 37 psychotic patients filled out the Dissociative Experiences Scale (E. B. Carlson & F. W. Putnam, 1993), a questionnaire on traumas (J. R. E. Davidson, D. Hughes, & D. G. Blazer, 1990), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale delusion and hallucinations items (S. R. Kay, L. A. Opler, & J. P. Lindenmayer, 1988). The results showed that 40.5% of the subjects in the sample had undergone at least 1 traumatic experience as children and 64.9% had as adults. Patients with hallucinations had experienced a higher mean number of childhood traumatic experiences than patients without hallucinations. No significant difference in the mean number of traumatic events was found between patients with and without delusions. There was no significant difference in the mean number of adulthood traumatic events between patients with and without hallucinations and delusions. Subjects with childhood traumas scored higher on the Dissociative Experiences Scale than those who had had such experiences as adults. Patients with hallucinations and delusions also scored higher on the dissociation scale than patients who did not show those positive psychotic symptoms.

Alternative biologische Therapien - In der Behandlung der Negativsymptomatik und der kognitiven Störungen

The biological therapy of schizophrenia is based on psychopharmacology. In this paper two novel approaches are presented which might contribute to future treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Exercise might improve negative symptoms and cognitive impairment through increased synaptic plasticity. Repetitive transcranial magnet stimulation is already used for the treatment of negative symptoms and acustic hallucinations. For both treatments the rationale and the current state of evidence is reviewed.

Drug-Induced Dissociative States of a Sleep Terror Patient

ABSTRACT Frightening negative hallucinations as a side effect of fencamfamine (a central nervous system stimulant), aggressive behavior and amnesia due to interactions between metoprolol (a beta adrenergic blocking agent) and alcohol, chronic and severe sleep terrors and conversion disorder are described in a middle-aged man with high social status and no personality disorder. Rare mental side effects should draw attention to the possibility of a latent dissociative disorder. The relationship between beta-blocker induced disturbing dreams, dissociative disorders and sleep terrors is discussed.

Negative and Positive Visual Hypnotic Hallucinations: Attending Inside and Out

Hypnotic perceptual alteration affects brain function. Those hypnotic instructions that reduce perception by creating an illusory obstruction to it reduce brain response to perception in the cognate sensory cortex, as measured by event-related potential (ERP) amplitude and regional blood flow (PET). Those hypnotic instructions that affect the subject’s reaction to perception activate the anterior attentional system, especially the anterior cingulate cortex in PET studies. Hypnosis involves activation without arousal and may be particularly mediated via dopaminergic pathways. Hypnotic alteration of perception is accompanied by measurable changes in both perceptual and attentional function of those specific regions of the brain that process these activities, modulated by the nature of the specific hypnotic instruction. Positive obstructive hallucinations seem to allow for a hypnotic focus inward, activating the functioning of attentional neural systems and reducing perceptual ones.

Is response expectancy sufficient to account for hypnotic negative hallucinations?

AbstractAccording to the response expectancy theory of hypnosis, hypnotic phenomena are fundamentally genuine and occur simply because subjects expect them to occur. In the present study, under both hypnotic and non‐hypnotic conditions, subjects were presented with a clear visual stimulus after being led to expect that they would see nothing, that is, they would experience a negative hallucination. Results showed that although about half the subjects were 100% confident that they would see nothing, all reported seeing something. Moreover, whereas expectancy did not correlate significantly with the clarity of the image, hypnotic depth did. Although the results are not supportive of expectancy theory, they are deemed to be compatible with both classic state theory and sociocognitive approaches to hypnosis that stress the operation of strategic enactment and compliance. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis

On discriminating and not discriminating between affect and representation.

The topic involves two issues. They can be related either to different clinical pictures or to divergent opinions about the same clinical facts. But the above mentioned opposition can be found in Freud's work. Listening in analysis differentiates between situations where the distinction of affect and representation is blurred within the general frame of communication and others where this distinction imposes itself because of the critical or chronic character of the predominance of affect. Problems about the discrimination between affect and representation in the unconscious are elucidated in the light of their structural differences. The notion of the psychical representative of the drive announces the reference to the further notion of instinctual impulse. Later on, in Freud's theory, the notion of instinctual impulse has encompassed the distinction between affects and representation. Contemporary authors have, in their vast majority, chosen to refer preferably to object relationships. Nevertheless, the problems raised by Freud remain unanswered. It is with the clinical picture of borderline personality disorders that the lack of discrimination between affect and representation becomes evident. A detailed description is presented of the forms of transference where the irrepresentable prevails, accompanied by feelings of being overwhelmed, repetition compulsion, acting out and somatic reactions. In the countertransference, the affects of helplessness, despair and even the impossibility of grasping the meaning of the patient's communication are frequently met in the analyst. In these clinical pictures, intermediary formations, i.e. psychic organisations where primary processes structures the unconscious, are impaired. One is struck by the limitation of the capacities of representation and by the importance of phenomena related to negative hallucinations specially focused on thought processes, The communication is frequently self-contradictory, the transference oscillating between disembodiment and primitive fusion. The object has a paradoxical status; it is at the same time everything and nothing, the transference being incomprehensible and unanalysable. Different hypotheses are presented to explain the importance of destruction. Finally, the author presents a hypothesis for the deficiency of these intermediary formations because of the absence of continuing cathexis from the primary object at certain important moments of the relationship. It is the establishment of theses intermediary formations that will permit the acceptance of the separation from the object, the child now being able to rely on his own internal creations. However important the influences of the relationship to the other in the genesis of affects, the internal orientation towards the body of the psychic processes is what constitutes the core of the primordial psychic world.

Symptoms and psychosocial situation in schizophrenia: A prospective follow-up study

A representative sample of 156 new schizophrenia patients (DSM III) were examined at their first contact for psychosis and re-examined 2 and 5 years thereafter. The five clinical symptom dimensions (negative, delusional, hallucinatory, disorganization, depressive) described in an earlier study were correlated with the patients' psychosocial situation at each point of examination. The negative dimension was closely and comprehensively associated with the patients' actual psychosocial situation at all phases of the illness, and other dimensions (disorganization, delusions, hallucinations, and depression) at the 2nd and 5th follow-up year. Heterosexual and work development were the major predictors of clinical dimensions. On the other hand, the negative dimension and auditory hallucinations predicted a poor psychosocial outcome, and depressive and manic grandiose dimension a good one. The negative syndrome found in chronically hospitalized patients may be caused or modulated by both environmental and biologic factors. In the later phase of the illness depression is an important indicator of poor psychosocial situation and requires attention in the treatment of chronically schizophrenic patients. Clinical syndromes or dimensions found by the factor analytic method and their relations with psychosocial situation vary considerably with illness duration. This should be taken into account in evaluating the meaning of results obtained in different studies.

Cortical event-related potentials show the structure of hypnotic suggestions is crucial

Electroencephalographic cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) are affected by information processing strategies and are particularly appropriate for the examination of hypnotic alterations in perception. The effects of positive obstructive and negative obliterating instructions on visual and auditory P300 ERPs were tested. Twenty participants, stringently selected for hypnotizability, were requested to perform identical tasks during waking and alert hypnotic conditions. High hypnotizables showed greater ERP amplitudes while experiencing negative hallucinations and lower ERP amplitudes while experiencing positive obstructive hallucinations, in contrast to low hypnotizables and their own waking imagination-only conditions. The data show that when participants are carefully selected for hypnotizability and responses are time locked to events, rather robust physiological markers of hypnosis emerge. These reflect alterations in consciousness that correspond to participants' subjective experiences of perceptual alteration. Accounting for suggestion type reveals remarkable consistency of findings among dozens of researchers.

Lilliputian and Negative Hallucinations in a Patient with Probable Encephalomyelitis disseminata

A patient who showed Lilliputian hallucinations and negative hallucinations in the course of probable disseminated encephalomyelitis is described. At the age of 14 years the patient experienced a transient, flaccid paresis of the right leg. Eighteen years later she suddenly developed paranoid-hallucinatory symptoms accompanied by atypical visual hallucinations. She did not recover completely and until now she has suffered at least once every year from an episode with psychotic symptoms. During the most recent of these episodes, MRI revealed several disseminated supra- and infratentorial foci in the brain. Two of them, in the left cerebral peduncle and in the left occipital white matter are discussed as the cause of her visual hallucinatory symptoms.

Effects of "deepening" techniques on hypnotic depth and responding.

The present study attempted to assess the effectiveness of commonly used deepening techniques and of surreptitiously provided stimulation on hypnotizability scores, in-hypnosis depth reports, retrospective realness ratings, and the Field Inventory of Hypnotic Depth (Field, 1965). High, medium, and low hypnotizables were assigned in equal numbers to 1 of 3 groups, each containing 54 Ss. Controls were compared to Ss receiving 2 deepening techniques or 2 suggestions for positive and negative hallucinations that were surreptitiously enhanced. Of the 4 dependent measures employed, the only significant difference between groups related to a change in depth reports for the manipulation items themselves, leading to the conclusion that the effect of the techniques was at best minimal and transient. Some methodological and conceptual issues are also discussed.

Hypnosis, reporting bias, and suggested negative hallucinations.

Hypnosis, reporting bias, and suggested negative hallucinations.

Hypnosis, reporting bias, and suggested negative hallucinations.

We examined the role of reporting bias in hypnotic negative hallucinations by using a paradigm in which reporting bias was assessed independently of perceptual change. In Experiment 1, highly hypnotizable subjects reported significant loudness reductions when tested for hypnotic deafness. Later, however, these subjects biased their reported loudness reductions in the absence of perceptual change, and their reporting bias scores were almost as large as their hypnotic deafness reports. Subjects also biased their ratings of strategy use. In Experiment 2, ratings of blindness given in response to a hypnotic negative visual hallucination suggestion were significantly correlated with reporting bias scores obtained in this paradigm. Although hypnotic blindness and hypnotic deafness correlated significantly, the partial correlation between these variables was nonsignificant when reporting bias scores were statistically controlled. Theoretical implications are discussed.