Negative Environmental Impact Research Articles

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Pre-Synthesis Selection of the Optimal Physicochemical Properties of TiO2 Photocatalytic Nanoparticles for Biomedical and Environmental Applications

Nanomaterials are widely used in several biomedical and environmental applications, due to their ideal properties. However, the synthetic and characterization procedure requires significant costs and has a negative environmental impact. Various methods are available in order to control the pre-synthesis design of the produced materials, predicting their behavior and minimizing the series of experiments. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making is proposed in this study in order to determine the best combination of the physicochemical parameters and to define the best alternative among fifteen different samples of nanostructured titanium dioxide. In particular, the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was applied to achieve a final ranking of the available alternatives by avoiding several of the trials that would follow testing the biological effect and the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Thus, this approach helps us to stay environmentally and ethically correct, saving time, money, and energy and also providing an optimization of the nanomaterials that are developed.

Solar photovoltaic buildings: The combination of sustainable energy and green buildings

Solar photovoltaic (SPV) buildings are at the cutting edge of renewable energy technology, offering a promising solution to meet our growing energy needs while minimizing environmental impact. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted realm of solar PV buildings, examining their design, construction, energy performance compared to traditional structures, environmental consequences, and future possibilities. SPV buildings hold significant potential in promoting sustainability and achieving energy self-sufficiency. These structures not only generate clean energy but also contribute surplus electricity to the grid, enhancing community resilience and reducing dependence on traditional energy sources. Design and construction innovation involves implementing advanced architectural designs, utilizing smart building management systems, and incorporating renewable materials. These practices not only improve energy efficiency but also enhance the overall aesthetic appeal of structures. Performance evaluations consistently show that SPV buildings outperform traditional structures in terms of energy efficiency, carbon footprint reduction, and long-term cost-effectiveness. This translates to reduced energy consumption and environmental burdens. Environment issues such as energy-intensive panel production and waste disposal necessitate ongoing research to mitigate any negative environmental impact, thus necessitating technological developments to minimize these ramifications. SPV buildings represent the future of energy-efficient construction, leading the way to a cleaner and more eco-friendly world. Through tireless research and innovation, these structures may soon become mainstream solutions, providing environmental preservation as well as energy independence benefits for society at large.

Three-step kinetic model for fisetin dye diffusion into fibroin fibre

BackgroundThe study’s relevance is determined by the current desire to reduce the negative environmental impact of the textile industry. The study aims to develop and optimise dyeing processes using natural dyes in the textile industry.ResultsThe process of dye transfer from solution to Bombyx mori natural silk fibre can be divided into three successive kinetic stages. The first stage involves the adsorption of dye molecules on the active surface of the fibre, the second, their diffusion deep into the fibre towards its centre, and the third, the uniform distribution of dye molecules along the fibre starting from its centre. It is noticed that diffusion at the third stage slows down significantly, and the third stage lasts much longer than the first and second stages. The analysis of experimental data on dye concentration over time on dyed materials and their comparison with hypothetical data will make it possible to establish time intervals for each stage of the process and diffusion coefficients for each of them.ConclusionThis study has practical implications as it may contribute to more efficient and sustainable dyeing of textile materials using natural dyes, helping to reduce the negative environmental impact of the textile industry, and contributing to our knowledge of diffusion and dyeing processes.

Factors Determining Household Waste Segregation Behaviour: An Indian Case Study

Waste represents used things or materials that are no longer required or wanted. These articles are cast off as they have stopped working or because they have ceased to be of value. Human settlements inevitably generate waste. According to UNEP's Global Waste Management Outlook 2024, the quantity of waste being generated is growing each year due to augmented economic growth accompanied with untenable consumption and production practices. In fact, global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per year is projected to grow from 2.1 billion tonnes in 2020 to 2.7 billion tonnes in 2030 and further to 3.2 and 3.8 billion tonnes in 2040 and 2050 respectively. According to the World Bank, more than a third of waste generated globally is not managed in an environmentally sound manner and emissions related to solid waste are likely to increase to 2.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2050. The present study based in Delhi with a sample of 708 households aims to understand the factors influencing the adoption of the “practice of waste segregation” by households. From our SEM and Path analysis we conclude that environmental awareness, knowledge about waste segregation and the perception about actual task of waste segregation have a significant impact on the practice of waste segregation. Environmental awareness has the largest impact followed by knowledge about how to undertake the task of waste segregation. In the light of our results, it is important and imperative to create awareness about the negative environmental impact of not segregating waste as well as demystifying the actual task of practising waste segregation.

Environmental Analysis of the Impact of Changing Shrink Film in the Mass Bottle Packaging Process

The aim of this study was to assess the environmental impact of using recycled polyethylene film for shrink-wrapping bottles. For this aim, film properties were tested and the harmfulness of the packaging process was simulated for film made from virgin and recycled material. For the recycled film, the results showed an increase of 14.7% in impact resistance, a change from −21.6 to +94.3% in tear resistance, and a decrease of up to 45.4% in tensile strength in dependence on the test direction. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the changes in the properties of the two types of film with temperature changes were evaluated. DSC analysis showed that recycled film has a 1.94 °C lower glass transition temperature and a 1.85 °C lower melting point in comparison to polyethylene film. This can reduce the temperature of the packaging process and lead to energy savings. A study conducted with SimaPro 9.3 software showed that a change in films made of virgin raw material to recycled films reduces the negative impact on the environment from 68.5 to 11.5%. The change also reduces resource consumption by about 80 percent. The results of conducted tests and simulations showed that using recycled film for bottle packaging allows reducing the negative environmental impact of examined process, especially in terms of resource consumption and energy savings.

Evaluation of Multi-Crop Biofuel Pellet Properties and the Life Cycle Assessment

Although wood biomass is mostly used to produce solid biofuel pellets, it is important to evaluate the possibilities of using other types of biomass as well. It is not only important to obtain biofuel pellets of suitable quality but also to ensure a sustainable process of producing and using these pellets for energy production. This paper presents an evaluation of the quality characteristics of seven different biofuel pellets made from multi-crop plants (fibrous hemp, maize, and faba bean) and a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the heat production by burning these pellets. The physical-mechanical properties and elemental composition of the pellets are determined according to international standards, as indicated in the methodology section. The LCA was performed using the SimaPro 9.5 software. The complete life cycle from cradle-to-grave is assessed, i.e., from growing plants to spreading ash obtained from pellet burning. An analysis showed that in most cases the produced pellets met the requirements of the standard ISO 17225-6:2021. The lowest negative environmental impact associated with the production of 1 GJ of thermal energy was for pellets made from fibrous hemp and maize biomass (MIX2-1) and pellets made from fibrous hemp and faba bean biomass (MIX2-3). Production of pellets from maize biomass (S-Mz) was found to have the highest carbon footprint (29.1 CO2eq GJ−1) and was associated with the lowest crop yield compared to the other six scenarios.

Effect of eco-friendly pervious concrete pavement with travertine waste and sand on the heavy metal removal and runoff reduction performance

To address the negative environmental and economic impact of the large amounts of solid waste generated during travertine mining and to reduce the dependence on natural aggregates and cement for pervious concrete pavement applications, travertine waste, as aggregate and powder, was used for the travertine powder pervious concrete (TPPC) to improve the utilization of solid waste and decrease CO2 emissions. The experimental results showed that using 25% travertine aggregate and 5% powder results in a compressive strength reduction of only 9.8% to 25.92 MPa but a significant improvement in water permeability of 57.1% from 3.89 to 6.11 mm/s. To improve the performance of TPPC, further research was done on the effect of sand addition rate (SAR) on TPPC's density, compressive strength, porosity, water permeability, freeze-thaw resistance and heavy metal removal capacity to obtain an optimal incorporation ratio. As SAR rises, the compressive strength of TPPC with sand (STPC) initially increases and then decreases, while permeability behaves inversely. At 3% SAR, the compressive strength reached a maximum of 26.51 MPa, primarily due to the sand added to fill in some of the pores and stabilize the gradation. After 25 cycles, the strength loss rate of STPC varies from 11.39 to 17.93% and the freeze-thaw resistance is most excellent when SAR is 3%. The removal rate of heavy metals using the immersion method was found to be significantly higher (83.4–100%) compared to the rapid method (11.7–28.1%). Therefore, the 3% SAR was recommended for the mixture design of STPC. A laboratory-scale version of the pavement was constructed to assess the efficacy of STPC pavement (STPCP) in reducing runoff and removing heavy metals. The results showed that STPCP could remove more than 94% of runoff with varying intensities after 1 h. The STPCP exhibited removal rates ranging from 42.0 to 99.4% for Cd2+ and 79.5–95.4% for Cu2+. STPCP also attained a removal rate above 98% for Pb2+ after 30 min, demonstrating its environmental friendliness.

Optimizing Energy Efficiency and Environmental Sustainability in Gas Distribution Station: A Comprehensive Analysis and Technological Solutions

It is important to address the world‘s energy crisis, increasing energy demand and changing climate by finding ways to recover unused energy and minimise primary and secondary energy use and emissions. The natural gas sector, which consists of the transmission network and gas distribution stations, is an important part of the global and Lithuanian energy sector. However, due to the operating principle of gas pressure regulators, the energy potential of high-pressure gas is not efficiently utilized in gas distribution stations. As a result, natural gas boilers are used for gas preheating, and gas distribution stations cause additional environmental pollution. This study aims to find ways to optimise the efficiency of gas distribution stations and reduce their negative environmental impact by identifying areas where energy is wasted and proposing alternative technological solutions: turbine expander (as an alternative for gas pressure regulator), ground heat pumps, solar collectors and photovoltaic solar cells (as gas preheating alternatives). The best alternative technological solution for the gas distribution station is evaluated based on energy efficiency, economic viability, and environmental impact (3E criteria).

Effect of vermicompost enriched with bacterial endophytes (Azospirillum and Rhizobium) on growth and yield of tomato

The extensive use of chemical fertilizers has served as a response to the increasing need for crop production in recent decades. While it addresses the demand for food, it has resulted in a decline in crop productivity and a heightened negative environmental impact. In contrast, bacterial endophytes namely Azospirillum and Rhizobium and vermicompost offer a promising alternative to mitigate the negative consequences of chemical fertilizers. It can enhance nutrient availability, promote plant growth, and improve nutrient uptake efficiency, thereby reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers. In this study, two bacterial endophytes Azospirillum and Rhizobium, combination with vermicompost and chemical fertilizer were used to investigate their potential role in the enhancement of growth yields of tomato. The inoculation of bacterial endophytes enhanced the root and shoot length, biomass and leaf chlorophyll contents. The fruit weight of the tomato (kg/plant) was also higher in the vermicompost and bacteria inoculated plants of tomato than in the chemical fertilizer. The mixed application of vermicompost with the combination of Azospirillum and Rhizobium showed the best performance compared to other treatments.

Environmental and Health Influences of Crude Oil Spills in Niger Delta, Nigeria: Case Study Oporoma Community

Oil spills have been reported over several decades in many parts of the world including Nigeria. The region of Niger Delta is greatly affected by oil spills in recent years, Oporoma inclusive. About 635 persons (both females and males) from different groups e.g farmers, fisher men and women, community representatives, and youth leaders, were interviewed between the age of 18 and 90 years old. About 25 persons representing farmers and 25 persons representing fisher men and women from each of the twelve compounds that made up Oporoma community, 25 persons were randomly selected for community representatives, and 10 youth leaders were interviewed. The interview focused mainly on health and environmental impacts of crude oil spills in the community. The data and responses gotten from the interview shows negative health and environmental impact on crude oil spill in the community. The presence of crude oil and their constituents in the environment are capable of causing some acute and long-term adverse health effects. Some carcinogens like pyrene, benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are always found in crude oil, which contaminates the surface water and soil. Therefore, affecting the environment through soil, water, and air, which directly or indirectly harms humans, plants and marine ecosystem. The influence of crude oil spills not only restricted to environment and human health, it has also had impacts on the nations and the local economy, which are includes; livelihoods, farmland, fishing, wild life, and the nations revenue.

Computing irregular hypar-based quad-mesh patterns for segmented timber shells

Hyperbolic paraboloids, “hypars,” are special types of ruled surfaces. Their geometric properties provide them with loadbearing and stabilizing capacities, as well as distinct esthetic qualities. These attributes become evident in numerous applications in buildings, in many of which concrete or timber is used for the construction of the hypars. Hypars could also be relevant in the context of circular construction and design for disassembly, and the upcycling of construction waste. Due to the geometric simplicity of straight lines, which generate ruled surfaces, hypar-based structures can be designed and built with relatively simple means. They can consist of self-similar or even identical elements, which could facilitate their reuse.Compared to other types of ruled surfaces, such as conoids, hypars have the advantage of being doubly ruled, meaning that structural grids of straight elements can be formed. This paper investigates another interesting property, which is the possibility of creating flat-quad meshes by diagonally connecting the intersection points of the generatrices. This property has been previously described by other scholars, some of which explored its applicability for glass-clad steel grid shells. In this research, we focus on its potential for segmented timber shells that can serve as stand-alone structures, or as modular and reusable building parts, such as façade or roof components. The reusability of such modular units could be achieved by using reversible joints between them.More specifically, our research investigates the design space of construction systems based on such components via computational design and optimization algorithms, such as the memory limited Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (LBFGS) algorithm with automatic computation of the gradient, within the Julia programming environment. By applying principles and methods of differential geometry, we study hypars with irregular tilings, enabling the integration of panels with diverse proportions, shapes and sizes, as they can occur in wood production waste. By reducing construction waste, the work aims at reducing the negative environmental impact of the building construction sector. Moreover, irregular tilings could enable a more customized design of acoustic qualities and offer visual variety in segmented hypar based timber structures.The here presented studies show that the proposed optimization method provides a good fit of many tiles to rhombi, particularly when the steepness is not too large. We also show that optimizing towards rectangles provides better results. Overall, the results support the initial assumption that irregular rulings could be a means of adapting to both homogeneous and diverse material stocks.

The Impact of Economic Growth on the Ecological Environment and Renewable Energy Production: Evidence from Azerbaijan and Hungary

This article reflects on the necessity of employing renewable energy sources in the modern era to mitigate the negative environmental impact caused by traditional energy sources and address environmental pollution. Through research conducted in Azerbaijan and Hungary, it analyses the influence of economic growth on the ecological environment and renewable energy production. Due to limitations in the general dataset, the study considers the period of 1997–2022 for CO2 emissions causing environmental pollution, 2007–2022 for renewable energy production in Azerbaijan, and 2000–2021 for the same in Hungary. Information regarding wind and solar energy in Azerbaijan has been available since 2013. Temporal sequences have been utilised in the research, employing Augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips–Perron (PP) unit root tests to examine the stationarity of the time series. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model has been constructed, and the credibility of the model has been verified using Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Canonical Cointegrating Regression (CCR) models. The findings reveal that in Azerbaijan, the long-term impact of economic growth on hydro-energy has been negative, while dependence on biomass and waste has been insignificant but positive. The influence on wind and solar energy production has also been negative and insignificant, akin to hydro-energy production. However, energy supply from renewable sources has been positively affected by the aggregate indicator of economic growth, albeit insignificantly. The impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide has been significant in two magnitudes, whereas in other cases, it has been insignificant but positive. In Hungary, economic growth has positively affected renewable energy production. However, the impact on carbon dioxide has been negative, meaning that this indicator has decreased as economic growth has increased. The study concludes that the impact of economic growth on indicators of both countries has been more effective in Hungary, which can be attributed to economic development.

An efficient power management control strategy for grid-independent hybrid renewable energy systems with hybrid energy storage: Hybrid approach

The increase in renewable energy resource based electricity generation in the past few years can be attributed to dwindling fossil fuels and their negative environmental impact, as well as the exponential expansion of electricity consumption. Furthermore, RERs are environmentally benign and sustainable. This manuscript proposes a hybrid method for managing power in a Hybrid Energy Storage System within a grid-independent Hybrid Renewable Energy System. The proposed hybrid technique combines the Prairie Dog Optimization (PDO) and Multi-scale Attention Convolutional Neural Network, hence named the PDO-MACNN technique. The principal objective of the proposed method is to minimize Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), maintain active power stability among generation and consumption through the charging or discharging of the Hybrid Energy Storage System, and regulate the DC-link voltage within strict bounds. The PDO algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the three-phase inverter controller, while the MACNN algorithm is used to predict the performance of the hybrid renewable energy systems. The proposed approach is evaluated and compared to other existing methods on the MATLAB platform, demonstrating superior performance to methods like the Whale Optimization Algorithm, Seeker Optimization Algorithm, and Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm. Based on the outcome, it is concluded that the proposed approach achieves a 0.8 % lower THD compared to the existing techniques.

From rush to responsibility: Evaluating incentives on online fashion customers’ willingness to wait

Online retail is characterized by an increasing emphasis on shorter delivery times, which often comes with high logistics costs and a negative environmental impact. Conversely, longer order fulfillment times improve cost and eco-efficiency. This paper investigates whether customers in German-speaking countries are willing to wait longer for their online orders in the fashion, shoes, and accessories sector when offered incentives in return. The research employed an online survey using a within-subjects design. Results indicate that incentives significantly extend customers’ patience. Savings on shipping costs and information on the reduction in CO2 emissions greatly impact willingness to wait. Personal traits like gender, age, eco-awareness, and order urgency affect incentive responses. This demonstrates customers’ readiness to make trade-offs in delivery time and emphasizes the importance of explicitly addressing the ecological impact of delivery. Suggestions for online retailers and logistics include slower delivery choices and customized incentives aligned with target audience and market.

Recent advances in packaging materials for food products

AbstractThe food industry is adapting to evolving consumer demands for “healthy” and premium quality food by reducing the adverse effects of food packaging through innovative advancements in active and intelligent packaging technologies. These smart innovations offer diverse and creative ways to enhance food product quality and safety while extending shelf life. Emerging techniques are also improving the passive aspects of food packaging systems, such as thermal stability, barrier effectiveness, and mechanical strength. Notably, the use of plants, biodegradable materials, and nanomaterials in sustainable food packaging helps mitigate its negative environmental impact. By integrating intelligent, environmentally friendly, and active packaging technologies, a multipurpose food packaging system can be developed that maintains the integrity of all its components, representing the pinnacle of technological advancement in food packaging. This article reviews the fundamentals of food packaging systems, recent advancements in various packaging techniques, commercialized patents, future research trends, and the challenges that need to be addressed in food packaging.

Selection of optimal draw solution recovery technology for forward osmosis desalination system using analytical hierarchy process

Water scarcity poses a significant threat to global food and water security, prompting a need for practical solutions. With 97% of Earth’s water situated in oceans, desalination emerges as a viable option. Among desalination technologies, forward osmosis (FO) using membrane-based technology stands out for its potential to reduce costs and energy requirements. The focus on energy consumption in FO has prompted an exploration of optimal technology selection through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision-making method. Value judgments were collected through a questionnaire in consultation with two experts. Environmental aspects emerged as the most critical factor, weighted at 0.3963. The AHP analysis revealed nanofiltration (NF) as the optimal system, attaining a total weight of 0.2612. The NF scored highest in terms of environmental impact (C3), operating and maintenance costs (S6), and energy requirements (S4). Conversely, membrane distillation ranked as the least preferred alternative, with a total score of 0.1335, mainly due to lower maturity of technology (S3), higher capital costs (S5), and negative environmental impact (C3). Sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate how changing weights for sub-criteria might affect the preferred technology. Notably, Reverse Osmosis became the most favored technology when efficiency (S1) and S3 weights were set at 0.3 and 0.2, respectively. Conversely, thermal separation gained preference when the weights for resistance to scaling and fouling (S2) and S5 were set at 0.3. Changes in S4, S6, and C3 have showed the most minor sensitivity.

Revolutionizing electrospinning: Sustainable solutions through deep eutectic solvents in biopolymer processing

AbstractElectrospinning is currently one of the most used techniques for obtaining various types of nanofibers. In the era of sustainable development, it is essential to utilize environmentally friendly raw materials and solvents. This review summarizes the current state of the art in biopolymer electrospinning using deep eutectic solvents. To date, there have not been too many studies on the simultaneous application of these mixtures and biopolymers in the electrospinning process. Nevertheless, the use of natural origin raw materials and the replacement of conventional organic solvents with deep eutectic solvents appear promising in this technique due to many attractive properties of both the mixtures and biopolymers. This article aims to inspire scientists to further research in this direction, related to the development of electrospinning techniques aimed at reducing the negative environmental impact.

Feasibility Analysis of Solar Energy and Role of Lithium-Ion Battery Reserved in Electric Vehicle Market: A Path Towards Green Transportation

Solar-based vehicular electrification is bound to play a vital role in Green House Gas (GHG) emission reduction from conventional transports and supporting the fight against environmental degradation. This paper presents the feasibility of solar-based electric vehicle charging (SEVC) in India, a shift of the transportation sector to renewable energy implementation. Solar-electric vehicles may transform the scenario in the coming future in India on a larger scale. Extensive negative environmental impact is produced by transport activities as it pours out 14% of global GHG emissions. The transportation sector is the second major contributor to pollution in India. Currently, dealers of non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum, etc. are facing a tough time meeting increasing demand. This results in limited resources which are being suppressed by the dealers and producers to meet this need which leads us to an insecure future, having scarcity of minerals and fuel. In this paper, we perform a graphical analysis of fuel consumption in India, the growing demand for green transportation in the Indian market and solar potential in our country. In Feb 2023, India’s government revealed the finding of a 5.9 million tons stockpile of unexplored lithium deposits in the Jammu and Kashmir state. So, the price of batteries would be significantly impacted by this, making EVs more accessible to customers. This paper also includes challenges in adopting solar-based transportation, steps of the Indian Government towards green transportation and recommended policies.

Exploring green solvents for the sustainable fabrication of bio-based polylactic acid membranes using nonsolvent-induced phase separation

Green and sustainable membrane technology has recently gained attention from the membrane community to minimize the negative environmental impacts associated with conventional membrane production in industries, which rely on petrochemical engineering plastics and toxic organic solvents. While the fabrication of biobased and biodegradable polymeric membranes using common organic solvents has been reported, eco-friendly membrane-fabrication techniques using greener solvents are required to improve sustainability and reduce the negative environmental impact of the membrane industry. For the first time, this study comprehensively investigates the potential use of green solvents for preparing polylactic acid (PLA) membranes via the phase separation technique. PLA solubility and phase separation experiments, employing various green solvents were conducted to examine the potential applicability of these solvents for membrane fabrication. Porous PLA membranes exhibit different surface and pore structures depending on the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the green solvents. Based on the phase separation study, both fine PLA ultrafiltration membranes with controllable molecular weight cut-off and mechanically robust PLA microfiltration membranes with bi-continuous pore structure were successfully prepared using methyl lactate. The prepared green membranes showed a competitive filtration performance implying that the fully bio-based PLA membranes could substitute the conventional engineering plastic-based membranes in versatile membrane filtration and separation processes, especially single-use or consumable membrane products in environmental and healthcare industries.

Sustainable agricultural practices: Volcanic rock potential for soil remineralization

Brazil is one of the world's largest importers of agricultural inputs, with 84% of fertilizers used in the country originating from imports. The widespread use of soluble chemical fertilizers leads to various adverse environmental impacts, such as the eutrophication of water bodies. The development and improvement of techniques and agricultural products capable of providing a variety of macro and micronutrients to crops with the least negative environmental impact have been intensified. Soil remineralization through the addition of ground rocks represents a low-negative environmental impact alternative and clean food production, aligning with the second goal of sustainable development proposed by the United nations agenda 2030. This study aimed to determine the viability of outcropping andesitic in the municipality of Jaguarão, in the extreme south of Brazil, for soil remineralization. For this purpose, mineralogical and geochemical characterization, as well as an analysis of availability of nutrients using citric acid as an extracting solution indicated a significant availability of macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, and Mn) and micronutrients (Fe and Cu), essential for the development of various crops., were performed. The free quartz content and the levels of K2O, MgO, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb comply with the parameters established by Normative Instruction No. 5 of 2016 from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply (MAPA), which regulates the commercialization of soil remineralizers. The analysis of availability of nutrients using citric acid as an extracting solution indicated a significant availability of macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, and Mn) and micronutrients (Fe and Cu), essential for the development of various crops.