Negative Cognitive Emotion Research Articles

Psychological Distress During COVID-19: Its Association With Stress, Emotion Regulation, and Sleep

Background and Objective The COVID-19 pandemic has been linked to an increase in psychological distress and mental disorders worldwide. The objectives of this study were to investigate the correlates of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore whether the relationship between stress and psychological distress was mediated by cognitive emotion regulation strategies and sleep.Methods Four hundred ninety-six university students completed the Mental Health Inventory, the Insomnia Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Perceived Stress Scale.Results Female gender and younger age were related to stress, sleep difficulties, and psychological distress. Stress was positively correlated with psychological distress and these two variables were associated with sleep difficulties, negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies (both positively), and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (inversely). In mediation analyses, there was a statistically significant positive direct/indirect impact of stress on psychological distress. The indirect pathways linking stress to psychological distress were: through an increase in negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies or a reduction in positive ones; through sleep difficulties; and through negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies and sleep. Female gender had a positive impact on sleep difficulty index, negative cognitive emotion regulation, and psychological distress.Conclusions The cognitive-emotional arousal associated with stress, as well as the maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation to cope with stress, may be implicated in the genesis and maintenance of sleep difficulties and distress during the pandemic. Strategies that include stress management, emotional self-regulation, and sleep hygiene should be implemented to promote the mental/psychological well-being of university students in future public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

The mediating role of social connectedness and negative cognitive emotion regulation in the association between problematic Internet use and depression among adolescents.

While the relationship between adolescent problematic Internet use (PIU) and depression has been extensively researched, few studies have investigated the role and mechanisms of social connectedness (SC) in this context. This study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of social connectedness (SC) and cognitive emotion regulation (CER) in the relationship between PIU and depression. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 9,407 adolescents aged 12-18 years in China from September 2022 to March 2023. We employed Young's 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT-20), the Social Connectedness Scale-Revised (SCS-R), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale (CER), and the DSM-5 Level-2 Depression Scale to assess mental health outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was also performed to examine the independent association between the measured variables and depression. Mediation analysis was then conducted to evaluate the mediating roles of social connectedness and cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between PIU and depression. We found that the prevalence of PIU was 21.8%. Offline SC (indirect effect: 0.112, 95% CI: 0.104-0.121) and negative CER (indirect effect: 00.140, 95% CI: 0.129-0.152) mainly played a parallel mediating role in the relationship between PIU and depression, along with online SC (on_SC) (indirect effect: 0.007, 95% CI: 0.005-0.010). These findings provide valuable insights into how PIU is associated with depression and highlight the importance of fostering real-life interpersonal interactions. However, the generalizability of this study's findings to other populations may be limited due to cultural factors.

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Quality of Life, Psychological Distress, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Patients With Breast Cancer Under Early Chemotherapy-a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been receiving growing attention in cancer care. This study evaluated the impact of the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on quality of life, psychological distress (anxiety and depression), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in patients with breast cancer under early chemotherapy. A total of 101 patients with breast cancer under early chemotherapy were randomly assigned to either an 8-week MBSR group (n = 50) or a control group (n = 51). The primary outcome was quality of life, measured on Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer. The secondary outcomes were anxiety (Self-rating Anxiety Scale), depression (Self-rating Depression Scale), and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (The Chinese version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire). The participants were assessed at baseline (T0) and week 8 (T1). The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 21.0. The participants in the MBSR group experienced significantly better outcomes in their quality of life, psychological distress, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies than the control group. The MBSR intervention was demonstrated to improve the positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and quality of life in patients with breast cancer under early chemotherapy and significantly reduce the patient's anxiety, depression, and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and help the patients to adjust their mental state and promote positive psychology to improve their quality of life.

Psychological distress in Portuguese university students during COVID-19 pandemic: relationship with stress, sleeping and emotion regulation strategies

IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, psychological distress, anxiety and depression reached new highs associated with a number of variables such as pandemic related-stress and sleep difficulties. These later two are known to be the precipitant and risk factors for psychological distress/mental disorders, respectively, and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies can also have a key role on psychological/mental health problems generation and maintenance.ObjectivesTo study stress, sleep difficulties and the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies by groups of students with different levels of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods496 university students (mean age ± SD=20.99 years ± 2.27; 78.6% women) completed an online questionnaire between January and April, 2021, which included the Mental Health Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, as well as three questions from the Insomnia Scale to evaluate Difficulties in Initiating Sleep (DIS), Maintaining Sleep (DMS) and Early Morning Awakening (EMA). A Sleep Difficulties Index (SDI) was calculated by summing the scores of these three items.Results18.3% of the students showed high levels of psychological distress (group 1; scores 1 SD =/< Mean), 62.7% average levels (group 2), and 19% low levels (group 3; Scores 1SD =/>Mean). The group 1, compared with group 3, showed higher levels of sleeping difficulties (DIS, DMS, EMA and SDI), greater stress levels and an increased use of negative emotion regulation strategies, as well as a lesser use of positive emotion regulation strategies. Furthermore, the group 2, with average levels of psychological distress is significantly distinct from the group with better mental health when comparing these same variables.ConclusionsAlmost one fifth of the Portuguese university students report elevated levels of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical interventions to promote psychological/mental health in this population should focus on reducing stress, promoting adequate sleep habits, reducing the use of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies and increasing the use of positive ones.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The Effectiveness of Yoga and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Negative and Positive Emotions and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in People with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The Effectiveness of Yoga and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Negative and Positive Emotions and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in People with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Group Psychoeducation to Improve Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Nigerian Women with Breast Cancer

ABSTRACT Breast cancer is a life-altering stressor requiring patients to use a variety of psychosocial strategies to cope. Patients employing maladaptive cognitive coping strategies are likely to experience detrimental effects in their lives. Studies of group psychoeducation (GPE) interventions and its effects on positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation are scarce, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Nigeria. The present study investigated the effect of eight weeks of a GPE intervention on cognitive emotion regulation (CER) among a single group of Nigerian women with breast cancer. Twenty-eight women with breast cancer were randomly allocated to one of two conditions: a treatment group (TG, N = 15) and a control condition (CC, N = 13). The TG received eight weeks of GPE sessions, which included a 90-minute session per week, while the control condition (CC) included only a psychoeducational pamphlet. Assessments were carried out at baseline, posttreatment and 2-month follow-up with measures of CER Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using an independent sampled t test and chi square. The effect size was estimated with standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval. The results showed that TG participants had a significant improvement in adaptive CER (acceptance and positive reappraisal) in posttest and at 2-month follow-up compared to CC. Participants in TG also showed a significant decrease in maladaptive CER (self-blame, rumination and catastrophizing) relative to CC at posttest and 2-month follow-up. Group psychoeducation is an effective psychosocial treatment for better CER management of breast cancer. Group psychoeducation may be integrated as an adjunct therapy in the management of cancer patients, especially in Nigeria oncology, to improve the quality of life of patients and increase their survival rate.

The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Fear of Happiness

Background: Although the relationship between childhood trauma and fear of happiness (FOH) is well-documented, little attention has been paid to the mediating factors of this relationship. Objectives: This research aimed to investigate the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between childhood trauma and FOH. Methods: Three hundred and seventy-eight students participated in this descriptive correlational study. The participants were selected by the convenience sampling method among all the students of the Islamic Azad University of Kashmar during 2017 - 2018. Data were collected by the Cognitive Emotion Regulation questionnaire (CERQ), the Childhood Trauma questionnaire (CTQ), and Fear of Happiness scale (FHS). All data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The relationship between childhood trauma and FOH is mediated by cognitive emotion regulation. The fitness rates of the indices of GFI, CFI, NFI, IFI, NNFI, AGFI, RFI, and RMSEA were equal to 0.90, 0.96, 0.94, 0.96, 0.95, 0.87, 0.93, and 0.074, respectively. Conclusions: The findings of this study supported the proposed conceptual model in which the relationship between childhood trauma and FOH was mediated through positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Therefore, it is necessary for psychologists and other specialists to pay attention to these variables.

A person-centered evaluation of subjective well-being using a latent profile analysis: Associations with negative life events, distress, and emotion regulation strategies.

The present study examined the structure of subjective well-being (SWB) using a person-centered approach, and tested whether SWB profiles differed in a number of self-reported negative life events, emotional distress, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The sample included a total of 945 undergraduate students from Serbia (78% female, Mage =20.14 years). A 3-step latent profile analysis with partial conditional independence revealed four profiles, which have been tentatively labeled: low SWB (a combination of low life satisfaction, low positive affect, and high negative affect), mixed SWB (moderate to high life satisfaction, moderate to low positive affect, high negative affect), moderately low SWB (low life satisfaction, moderate to low positive affect, moderate negative affect), high SWB (high life satisfaction, high positive affect, low negative affect). A comparison of SWB profiles applied to symptoms of emotional distress, along with the number of self-reported negative life events and emotion regulation strategies, offered support to the validity of four SWB profiles. Our findings suggest that a person-centered perspective might be a valuable tool for understanding the structure of SWB.

Personality characteristics of students in the regulation of network activity

Introduction. Nowadays, the increasing Internet influence on the personality and the ambiguous nature of this impact frequently result in such negative consequences as Internet addiction, reduced self-control, and dysregulation of the Internet-activity. Therefore, it is becoming more and more relevant to investigate the characteristics of personality regulation of students' network activity. The aim of the current research was to identify personality characteristics, which determine the network activity of students. Methodology and research methods. The current research is based on a subject-personal approach. The following methods were applied: Internet Behaviour Questionnaire (by A. E. Zhichkina); Self-Organisation Activities Questionnaire by E. Yu. Mandrikova (OSD); modified questionnaire (by O. N. Arezdova, L. N. Babanin, A. E. Voiskunsky); questionnaire “Attitudes towards the Internet” (by E. Gubenko); Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in the adaptation of O. L. Pisareva and A. Gritsenko; the technique of M. Kernis and A. Paradise “The Contingent Self-Esteem Scale” adapted by T. N. Savchenko, A. G. Faustova; personality questionnaire (TIPI-RU) (by A. S. Sergeeva, B. A. Kirillov, A. F. Dzhumagulova). Results and scientific novelty. For the first time, personality regulation of network activity is considered as a system of personality formation, which includes the following components in its structure: regulatory-behavioural, need-motivational, cognitive-emotional, and reflective-evaluative. General trends in the identified components and the connection of network behaviour strategies with personality characteristics of the student audience are determined. Students are characterised by an understanding of their own goals and their desire to achieve them, a tendency to be consistent and to follow the scheduled structure of the organisation of events, the manifestation of will to achieve goals and developed tactical planning skills. The Internet for students is above all a comfortable environment, where it is possible to feel calm and security, to expand social contacts, to find a new experience. Students are more likely to use effective strategies for cognitive emotion regulation, which are aimed at searching for the ways to overcome adverse situations, at recognising the positive significance of the event for personal growth, as well as at accepting the situation. Respondents' self-esteem is moderately reactive to the impact of situational factors. Students, who prefer network behaviour strategy “Activity in action”, have a generally positive personality profile, they tend to choose favourable strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, and they have personality characteristics such as determination, perseverance, extroversion, openness to new experience. The personal characteristics of young people with the strategy “Activity in the perception of alternatives” and “Internet addiction” are represented by the choice of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies, situational conditioning of self-attitude, and attitudes toward problematic Internet use. Practical significance. The research results can be used to improve distance learning programmes, additional education courses, as well as to increase the efficacy of regulation of student's network activity in order to prevent Internet addiction.

The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in the Relationship of Early Maladaptive Schemas With Spouse Abuse

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship of early maladaptive schemas with spouse abuse. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 324 married adults (226 females, 98 males) living in Tehran, Iran in 2017 were selected using a convenience sampling technique. They completed the revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-2), the Young Scale Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) in AMOS software. Results: The results of SEM showed a direct significant path from early maladaptive schemas to cognitive emotional regulation, and from cognitive emotional regulation to spouse abuse. There were also significant indirect paths from the first, second, and third domains of early maladaptive schemas to spouse abuse mediated by negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies with a path coefficients of 0.13, 0.16, and 0.13, respectively. The final structural model was a good-fitting model (X2/dF=1.595, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.045, Comparative Fit Index =0.953). Conclusion: The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and spouse abuse is not linear; it is mediated by cognitive emotion regulation.

The Mediator Role of Negative Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Between Interpersonal Problems and Borderline Personality Beliefs

Interpersonal difficulties and emotion regulation are the core characteristics of borderline personality disorders (BPD). However, how emotion regulation strategies contribute to the association between interpersonal problems and borderline personality symptomatology have not been highlighted within cognitive theory. The current study aims to examine the mediator role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies between interpersonal problems and borderline personality beliefs. The study consisted of 648 (381 women and 267 male) people from Turkey. In addition to Socio-Demographic Form, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scales (IIP-32), and Borderline Personality Belief Subscale (BPBS) were used to collect data from participants. Results showed that negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies, particularly catastrophizing, blaming-others and self-blame, mediated interpersonal problems, and borderline personality beliefs. Since the current study used thought-based assessment, the findings provide enlightening information to understand the underlying cognitive processes of the borderline personality pattern, and promising clinical implications to improve intervention programs within cognitive therapy approaches.

Structural Relationships Between Negative Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Symptoms of Internet Addiction: Mediating Role of Anxiety

Background: Internet addiction is one of the most paramount problems of societies. Therefore, the knowledge of its influencing factors is of special importance. Methods: The present study was correlational in terms of goals and descriptive in terms of the data gathering procedure. The statistical population consisted of 2,000 male students and included all fourth-grade students of state high schools of Tabriz City in 2017. The sample included 246 students, selected through random cluster sampling. For the collection of data, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation questionnaire (CERQ), Young’s Diagnostic questionnaire (YDQ), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used. Then, the collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. Results: Negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies could explain internet addiction symptoms. Self-blame, other-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and anxiety could explain internet addiction symptoms directly. The indirect effect of self-blame and rumination on internet addiction mediated by anxiety was positive and significant; however, the indirect effect of other-blame and catastrophizing on internet addiction mediated by anxiety was not significant. Conclusions: The findings have practical implications for clinical psychologists and can be used for diagnosis and therapy of internet addiction disorder.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Music Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Quality of Life, Craving and Emotion Regulation in Patients Under Methadone Maintenance Therapy

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Music Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Quality of Life (QoL), craving, and emotional regulation in patients under methadone maintenance therapy. Methods: The method of the study was quasi-experimental and multi-group pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population consisted of all clients treated with methadone maintenance therapy in addiction treatment clinics affiliated with Tehran Health Organization in 2018. Then 54 people of whom (18 in each group) were selected through purposeful sampling in two experimental groups (Music-Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and a control group was included. The data was collected using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Quality of Life Questionnaire, and Craving Questionnaire. The ANCOVA was used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that both Music Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Improved the QoL, emotion regulation in the experimental group compared to the control group and significantly reduced craving (P<0.01). The results of the follow-up test showed that the mean scores of the experimental groups in the study variables were significantly different from the control group. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the treatment groups in terms of their effect on the QoL and negative cognitive emotion regulation so that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was more effective in regulating negative emotions and enhancing the QoL but there was no significant difference in regulating for positive emotions and reducing craving. These results suggest that both treatments significantly increase the QoL, emotional regulation, and it reduces craving.

Parenting Styles and Health Risk Behavior of Left-Behind Children: The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Emotion Regulation

This study is to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between parenting styles and health risk behavior in left-behind children. Totally, 404 left-behind children were surveyed with the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Chinese Version (CERQ-C) and the Adolescent Health Related Risky Behavior Inventory (AHRBI). The results showed that: (1) The health risk behaviors of left-behind children were significantly negatively correlated with authoritative parenting styles (r = −0.46 to −0.26, P < 0.01) and positive cognitive emotion regulations (except Acceptance, r = −0.44 to −0.19, P < 0.01), and significantly positively correlated with authoritarian & permissive/neglecting parenting styles (r = 0.19–0.40, P < 0.01) and negative cognitive emotion regulations (except Self-blame, r = 0.25–0.52, P < 0.01). (2) Authoritative parenting styles were significantly positively correlated with positive cognitive emotion regulations (r = 0.13–0.47, P < 0.01), and significantly negatively correlated with negative cognitive emotion regulations (except Self-blame, r = −0.21 to −0.30, P < 0.01). Authoritarian & permissive/neglecting parenting styles were significantly negatively correlated with positive cognitive emotion regulations (r = −0.19 to −0.11, P < 0.05), and significantly positively correlated with negative cognitive emotion regulations (except Self-blame, r = 0.12–0.38, P < 0.05). (3) The structural equation models demonstrated that cognitive emotion regulation served as a partial mediator between authoritative, authoritarian and permissive/neglecting parenting styles and the health risk behaviors of left-behind children, accounting for the total effect from 7.55% to 66.92%. The results suggests that parenting styles impact the health risk behaviors in left-behind children mainly via the mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation.

Effect of mindfulness trait factors on sleep quality of college students: the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and anxiety

Objective To explore the effect of mindfulness traits on sleep quality of college students, and to investigate the mediating mechanism of cognitive emotion regulation and anxiety for mindfulness trait factors, and sleep quality in college students. Methods Totally 397 college students from five colleges were investigated using Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.SPSS 22.0 version and Bootstrap method were used to analysis data and test intermediate effect. Results (1)The total score of mindfulness trait and the score of describe, act with awareness and non-judge factors in mindfulness traits were(118.44±9.38), (24.82±3.87), (27.41±5.53) and (25.07±4.60), respectively.The total score of sleep quality was (5.57±2.62), and it was negatively related to the above three factors (r=-0.13--0.37, all P<0.05). (2)Anxiety played a complete mediating role between describe factor and sleep quality.Negative cognitive emotion regulation and anxiety played multiple mediating roles between the total score of mindfulness trait, the act with awareness factor and sleep quality.Negative cognitive emotion regulation and anxiety played a complete chain mediated role between non-judge factor and sleep quality. Conclusion The describe, act with awareness and non-judge factors in mindfulness traits can affect sleep quality through mediation of negative cognitive emotion regulation and / or anxiety. Key words: Mindfulness trait; Sleep quality; Cognitive emotion regulation; Anxiety; College students

Structural and Functional Connectivity of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder.

BackgroundEmerging evidences supported the hypothesis that emotional dysregulation results from aberrant connectivity within the fronto-limbic neural networks in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Considering its important role in emotional regulation, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has not yet been fully explored in BPD patients. Therefore, using the seed-based resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) and probabilistic fiber tracking, we aimed to explore the alterations of functional and structural connectivity (SC) of the ACC in patients with BPD.MethodsA cohort of 50 unmedicated, young BPD patients and 54 sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) completed psychological tests and underwent rs-fMRI and diffuse tensor imaging (DTI) scanning. Rs-FC analysis and probabilistic fiber tracking were used to plot SC and FC of the ACC.ResultsWith the left ACC selected as a seed, BPD patients exhibited increased rsFC and abnormal SC with the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and decreased rsFC with the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), compared with HCs. Additionally, negative cognitive emotion regulation and depressive symptoms both correlated negatively with the rsFC of the left ACC in BPD patients.ConclusionAbnormal SC and FC of the ACC underlie the deficient emotional regulation circuitry in BPD patients. Such alterations may be important biomarkers of BPD and thus could point to potential BPD treatment targets.

Negative cognitive emotion regulation as a predictor of adolescent heart rate variability and entropy under social stress

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: Negative cognitive emotion regulation (ER) strategies are particularly important within the framework of anxiety problems amongst youths and how they cope with stressful events. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between both negative and positive ER style and cardiac regulation under stressful conditions.Design: Eighty-nine adolescents (M = 13.31 years, SD = 0.68, 44.94% girls) were exposed to a socially relevant stress induction protocol.Methods: Participants’ emotion regulation strategies were assessed and their cardiac function was recorded.Results: A negative ER style predicted heart rate (HR) entropy at the stressful stage after controlling for anxiety scores. In addition, heart rate variability reactivity and recovery and HR entropy recovery were larger (p < .05) in the low negative ER style group (n = 16) than in the high negative ER style group (n = 23).Conclusions: Results suggest that individuals with a highly negative ER style have diminished autonomic flexibility.

Physical symptom complaints, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, self-compassion and diabetes distress among adults with Type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes-related distress is common among adults with Type 2 diabetes and is consistently associated with poorer self-management and treatment outcomes. However, little is known about the psychological factors that may contribute to or protect against diabetes distress. This study examined illness burden, and positive and negative ways of thinking and relating to oneself in times of stress, as independent correlates of diabetes distress, cross sectionally and longitudinally. A total of 120 adults treated for Type 2 diabetes reported their physical symptom complaints, cognitive emotion regulation, self-compassion and diabetes distress at baseline; 110 completed a 3-month follow-up assessment of diabetes distress. Pearson correlations and multivariable linear regression tested baseline and longitudinal relationships. Baseline diabetes distress was associated with greater use of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies (r = 0.43, P < 0.01), greater tendency towards self-criticism, self-judgement and over-identification (r = 0.37, P < 0.01), and greater physical symptom burden (r = 0.50, P < 0.01). Baseline physical symptoms and negative cognitive emotion regulation were independently associated with baseline diabetes distress. Baseline physical symptoms and negative aspects of self-compassion significantly predicted diabetes distress over 3 months. Positive aspects of cognitive emotion regulation and self-compassion were not independently associated with diabetes distress cross sectionally or longitudinally. Greater symptom burden along with the use of negative cognitive emotion regulation and negative aspects of self-compassion were independently associated with diabetes distress. If these relations are explained by causal influence, these modifiable factors could be fruitful targets for intervention research.

The relationship between childhood trauma and health risk behavior in rural orphans: mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation

Objective To explore the status of health risk behaviors and its relationships with childhood trauma and cognitive emotion regulation in rural orphans. Methods Totally 56 orphans and 56 non-orphans in rural middle school were surveyed with the adolescent health related risky behavior inventory (AHRBI), the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire-Chinese version (CERQ-C). Results (1) Orphans performed significant higher scores in aggression & violence, rule & law breaking, suicide & self-injury, smoking & drinking, health-compromising behaviors and uprotected sex of AHRBI (1.67±0.64, 1.63±0.58, 1.53±0.67, 1.75±0.98, 2.33±0.59, 1.28±0.40, respectively) than non-orphans (1.44±0.36, 1.40±0.29, 1.31±0.36, 1.38±0.48, 2.12±0.43, 1.13±0.19, respectively)(P<0.05). (2) Orphans performed significant higher scores in emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect (1.88±0.69, 1.62±0.72, 2.89±0.94, 2.33±0.45, respectively) than non-orphans (1.58±0.67, 1.31±0.57, 2.41±1.07, 2.06±0.68, respectively) (P<0.05). (3) Orphans performed significant higher scores in self-blame and catastrophizing (12.34±4.41, 10.25±4.14) than non-orphans (10.86±2.42, 8.36±3.43) (P<0.05), while lower scores in positive refocusing and positive reappraisal (11.27±3.50, 12.55±4.75) than non-orphans (12.63±3.54, 14.45±3.40) (P<0.05). (4) The structural equation models which the cognitive emotion regulation mediated the relationship between health risk behavior and childhood trauma fitted well, and the mediating effects of positive regulation and negative regulation respectively accounted for 15.41% and 68.92% of the total effects. Conclusion The current study suggests that rural orphans tend to adopt negative cognitive emotion regulations to copy with their childhood traumas, thus increasing their risk of health risk behaviors. Key words: Rural orphan; Health risk behavior; Childhood trauma; Cognitive emotion regulation

The mediating role of emotion regulation between childhood-adolescence socioeconomic status and cardiovascular diseases in middle age: Path analysis

Background: World Health Organization considers to control the cardiovascular diseases as health priority in developing countries. Life course is a biopsychsocial approach to chronic diseases and childhood-adolescence is a major course for development of this diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in relationship between childhood-adolescence socioeconomic status and cardiovascular risk factors in middle age. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in Cardiology Department of Bu-Ali Sina Hospital in Qazvin in 2017. Two hundred five middle age persons were chosen by judgmental sampling. The study tools were childhood-adolescence socioeconomic status researcher-made questionnaire, Garnefski cognitive emotion regulation scale and Framingham 10 year risk assessment of cardiovascular disease. Data were analyzed by path analysis. Findings: Results demonstrated that negative cognitive emotion regulation mediated the relationship between childhood-adolescence socioeconomic and cardiovascular diseases status. The direct effect of childhood-adolescence socioeconomic status on negative cognitive emotion regulation and this negative cognitive emotion regulation on the cardiovascular disease were approved. Conclusion: Likely, policies for improving socioeconomic status in childhood-adolescence and interventions teaching for the appropriate emotion regulation can stop the development of cardiovascular disease risk and play a basic role in prevention of it. Keywords: Socioeconomic status, Cardiovascular diseases, Emotion