Negative Effects For Children Research Articles

The Effect of Children with Acute Tonsillitis on the Rate of Sedimentation of Red Blood Cells and the Complete Blood Count Test of Children in the Hawija City, Kirkuk Governorate

The current study aimed to know the negative effect of children with acute tonsillitis on CBC values and inflammatory indicators. ESR where the study included 50 children whose ages ranged from 5-10 years. Examples of experiment were divided into two groups 25 children for the first group, who were healthy from the injury. As for the second group, they are 25 children with acute tonsillitis. Al -Razi Laboratory, Al -Rafah and Al -Ahly Hospital Laboratory in Al -Hawija district. The current study's findings demonstrated a noteworthy rise in White Blood Cell (WBC) in children with acute tonsillitis compared to healthy children, while the results of the study in Red Blood Cell (RBC) showed a significant increase in healthy people compared to the affected children, while platelet values and values showed PCV is that there are no moral differences between the injured and the healthy, as the results showed that there is a moral rise in random sugar values and ESR values.

Konsep Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) Pada Anak Usia Dini Di Kelompok Bermain Almuhajirin Perum Baros Kencana Kota Sukabumi

In Islamic education, educators are people who are responsible for the development of students by trying to develop all the potential of students, both affective (taste), cognitive (creative) and psychomotor (intentional) potential. Aspects of education in PAUD include parenting, habituation, and the introduction of learning. Parenting aims to protect children from the negative effects of children's actions, such as dangerous actions, or harassment from adults; whether physical, moral or psychological. Habituation is a device of children's adaptation to their social environment, more broadly to life and life. Early Childhood Education (PAUD) methods in the perspective of Islamic education vary widely, including exemplary methods, educational methods with training and practice, educating through games, songs and stories, educating with (targhib) and (tarhib), praise and flattery, and instill good habits. Early Childhood Education (PAUD) according to an Islamic perspective includes the principle of prioritizing the cultivation of aqidah, guiding and demanding the actualization of worship, fostering noble character and training for independence as well as the principle of balance between the world and the hereafter and the principle of balance between knowledge and charity. Early age is a golden age for children, because at this age children have extraordinary physical and mental growth and development. This period is also a period of character formation, personality and character. Early age is also the most important period for children, because it is the main personality formation period. The importance of instilling religious values ​​from an early age in order to create human beings with noble character. Islamic religious education is given to children from an early age through introductions and habituation in advance regarding the introduction of God's creation about nature and everything in it. Then introduced worship, especially prayer, ablution, daily prayers. Also about habituation with Islamic nuances in order to form good morals.

Children's internal migration and subjective wellbeing of older parents left behind: Spiritual or financial support?

Against the background of population aging and large-scale internal migration, this study uses an ordered logit with two-way fixed effects to examine the effect of children's internal migration on the subjective wellbeing of parents left behind. The study is based on the China Family Panel Studies database. Data were obtained from CFPS (China Family Panel Studies), and ordered logit with two-way fixed effects was used to test the total effect of children's internal migration on subjective wellbeing of parents left behind, and KHB test was used to separate intergenerational spiritual support and intergenerational financial support to examine the intergenerational support preferences of parents left behind. The results show that children's internal migration has a significant negative effect on the subjective wellbeing of parents left behind, mainly through the reduction of intergenerational spiritual support. Furthermore, intergenerational financial support significantly mitigates this negative effect. There is heterogeneity in the direction of the total wellbeing effect across parents' preferences, as well as in the masking effect of financial support. However, the effect of financial support never fully offsets the effect of spiritual support. To cope with the negative effects of children's internal migration on parents, positive measures should be taken to change parental preferences.

Prevalence of food and beverage brands in "made-for-kids" child-influencer YouTube videos: 2019-2020.

Child health experts raise numerous concerns about the negative effects of children's exposure to unhealthy digital food marketing, including advertising and branded product placements on child-oriented videos. YouTube banned food advertising on "made-for-kids" channels in 2020, but research is needed to assess food-related appearances on increasingly popular child-influencer videos. Content analysis examined a sample of videos (n=400) uploaded in 2019-2020 by popular child-influencers on YouTube "made-for-kids" channels. We identified and coded all branded and non-branded food-related appearances (i.e., food, beverages, restaurants), ads, promotions, and sponsorship disclosures, and compared 2019 to 2020. Two-thirds of videos (n=260) had at least one food-related appearance, including branded product appearances (n=153), other brand appearances (n=60), and non-branded food-related appearances (n=203). Branded products appeared 592 times (M=3.9/video), including candy brands (42% of appearances) and sweet/salty snacks, sugary drinks, and ice cream (32% combined). Total food-related appearances did not change (2019-2020), but candy brand appearances increased significantly. Videos with non-branded healthy food category appearances also increased, but 70% also showed unhealthy branded and/or unbranded foods. Just one video disclosed a food-brand sponsorship. Additional policies are needed to protect young children from potential exposure to unhealthy branded foods on popular YouTube child-influencer channels.

Protein markers of negative effects in children under the influence of natural cold

Protein markers of negative effects in children under the influence of natural cold

Child abuse-related homicides precipitated by caregiver use of harsh physical punishment

BackgroundPhysical punishment (PP), which may involve the use of physical force, has been linked to negative effects in children and can escalate to abusive or harsh PP, resulting in injury or death. ObjectiveTo examine characteristics associated with fatal abuse involving caregiver use of harsh PP. MethodsData were from the National Violent Death Reporting System in 40 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico for years 2012–2018. Qualitative analysis was used to code textual material into categorial data, and logistic regression was used to examine associations between various characteristics and harsh PP. ResultsApproximately 4 % (n = 87) of the 2414 abuse-related homicides were known to have been precipitated by caregiver use of harsh PP. In adjusted models, homicides had greater odds of being harsh PP-related when incidents involved mothers' male companions (versus fathers), victims had a previous nonfatal injury (versus no previous nonfatal injury), and another adult participated in the fatal incident or had awareness of prior abuse/neglect (versus those without this characteristic). Two common precipitators of caregivers' use of harsh PP were: 1) child had a bathroom-related accident/soiled clothes (23.0 %; n = 20), and 2) child disobeyed a directive given by the perpetrator (17.2 %; n = 15). ConclusionsThis study highlights characteristics associated with fatal abuse precipitated by caregiver use of harsh PP. Children were physically punished for developmentally normative behaviors. Ensuring caregivers are aware of and use effective parenting practices that focus on use of nonphysical discipline and promote healthy child development, may help decrease harsh PP and physical abuse-related homicides among children.

Negative Effects of Children’s Television: A Case Study of Bahawalpur

Television is the major source of entrainment for children. TV play’s significant role by providing information, entertainment through its different programs. This article is exploring the adverse effects of children TV Programs that affected the behavior of children. They have resulted in negative imitation of Children TV characters, change of behavior into a violent and aggressive behavior. Children TV negative content creates desensitization for violence victims in real life. The elements of violence and fantasy create fear in children. They prefer to eat junk food and start to live in fantasy world instead of real. The social learning theory has supported this research study. Empirical analysis reveals that violent TV programs have negative effects on children attitude and behavior. However, this research article is based on survey technique to explore and investigate the effects specifically the negative effects of TV programs on children behavior. Data was collected from 500 children including different age groups. Children who have the age between 3 to 6 were unable to fill the questionnaire. Therefore, their parents and teacher were asked to fill the questionnaire. Closed ended questionnaire was used. The empirical analysis of the data reveals that children who prefer to watch action and violent TV programs have negative effects as compare to those who watch entertainment type programs.

Behavior problems reduce academic outcomes among primary students: A moderated mediation of parental burnout and parents' self-compassion.

The present study examines the mediating role of parental burnout in the relationship between students' behavior problems and academic outcomes and whether this mediating process is moderated by parents' self-compassion (PSC). This study was designed according to a cross-sectional study model, and includes 821 Vietnamese primary students (Mage=9.98, SD=0.889) completing behavior problems questionnaires. The parents completed parental burnout and the PSC questionnaires. The school office reported academic outcomes. Main findings include: (1) Student's behavior problems have a direct negative influence on academic outcomes; (2) the mediating role of parental burnout was significant; (3) the moderating role of PSC was also significant. This study suggests that students' behavior problems increase parental burnout, reducing academic outcomes. Next, higher self-compassion protected parents from the negative effect of children's behavior problems. The results of this study are meaningful for developing interventions, which help improve parents' mental health and children's positive outcomes.

Changes in biochemical parameters in children exposed to objects of accumulated environmental damage

Introduction. At present, the assessment and evidence of the impact of objects of accumulated environmental damage on the health of the population, primarily children, is extremely relevant, which is reflected in the priority goals of the Federal Project “General Cleaning”. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the changes in some biochemical indicators of negative effects in children exposed to objects of the former production of chemical products. Materials and methods. Risk assessment, chemical-analytical, biochemical and general clinical studies, statistical analysis were carried out. Results. In children exposed to objects of the former production of chemical products, relative to the comparison group, there were identified, toxic metabolites of epichlorohydrin, elevated concentrations of phenol, benzo (a) pyrene, manganese, nickel, lead, arsenic, chromium, zinc in the blood, mercury, cadmium, arsenic in the urine; more frequent registration of the development of negative effects was revealed, indicating a more pronounced development of general and specific sensitization to nickel and hypersensitivity to benzo(a)pyrene, mercury, phenol; a decrease in the filtering ability of the kidneys, the development of functional disorders of the liver and biliary tract, an increase in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and a violation of the neuro-endocrine regulation of the stress state associated with the negative impact of chemical risk factors. Limitations. The conducted study takes into account the influence of only chemical factors of accumulated environmental damage on the health of the child population aged 3-6 years. Conclusion. The relationship between public health disorders and the impact of factors of accumulated environmental damage as a result of the former economic activity for the production of chemical products was identified and evaluated.

Kırsal Yaşamda Ücretsiz Çocuk Emeğinin Kullanımı

Bu çalışma, Van’ın kırsal alanında çocuk emeğinin hangi şekillerde kullanıldığını ortaya koymak amacıyla tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın temel iddiası, her türden çalışmanın çocuklar için zararlı bir süreç olduğudur. Çocuk emeğine ilişkin birçok araştırma yapılmasına karşın ev içinde yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan ücretsiz çocuk emeği ile ilgili çalışmaların, literatürde büyük bir eksikliği vardır. Bu açıdan Van ili üzerinden ücretsiz çocuk emeğinin bir tablosunu çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır. Kırsal alanda ev içinde çalışan çocuklarla 741 anket yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler; “sosyo-demografik ve ekonomik özellikler”, “çalışma koşulları ve riskler”, “okul deneyimleri ve gelecek beklentileri” şeklinde ana başlıklar altında analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda görülmüştür ki; kırsal alanda ev içi işlerde yoğun olarak çalışan çocuklar için çalışma alanı ve şartları olumsuz etkiler barındırmaktadır. Çocukların, fiziksel ve psikolojik olarak kendilerini zorlayan işlerde çalışmaları, hem okul hem de gelecek beklentilerini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Kırsal alanda çalışan çocukların ailelerinin çoğu, düşük gelire sahip ve eğitim düzeyleri düşük ailelerdir. Ailelerin sosyal ve ekonomik düzeylerinin düşük olması, çocukların çalış(tırıl)masında son derece önemli bir etkendir.

Overparenting: The current situation in Greece comparing to European and Worldwide context.

Overparenting is a parental style that seems to be popular in all over the world. Specific parental characteristics and multi-cultural differences seemed to play an important role in this parental style to appear. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to identify the factors shaping overparenting and the impact in children, adolescents and young adults in Greece, comparing to European and Worldwide context. A literature review was conducted using online databases and words such as «overparenting», «helicopter parents», «intrusive parenting», «parental interference», and «parental control». Overparenting seems to be related to negative effects in children’s psychosocial and mental health. It was associated with lack of autonomy, low levels of self-regulation and mastery, which affected social adjustment skills and higher levels of anxiety, depressive symptoms, poor self-regulation and low levels of life satisfaction in children. In Greece, overparenting was related to poor school adjustment, obesity, internet addiction and post-traumatic stress from bullying. Overparenting is becoming more and more popular, so more research is becoming a necessity. It is important for every state to support and consult parents, from pregnancy to school, with specialized programs and teachers’ training with the collaboration of social scientists. Further research of the phenomenon, in Greece and cross-culturally, is however needed.

Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in children: a review and suggested solutions

BackgroundThe outbreak of coronavirus began in China in December 2019. It became a pandemic and a public health emergency. There have been numerous reports related to post-traumatic stress disorder outbreaks in the COVID-19 crisis. After a natural disaster, children are at a higher risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. The current study is a review of the scientific literature on the effect of COVID-19 on the prevalence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in children.We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases until February 02, 2022. The search strategy was based on a combination of the following keywords “child,” “COVID-19,” and “post-traumatic stress disorder.”ResultsBy searching the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases, 173 articles were retrieved. After reviewing the inclusion criteria and in terms of eligibility, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria out of the remaining 46 articles. Based on the findings, 80% of the articles were cross-sectional and 20% of them were longitudinal. The articles reviewed in this study reported an increase in the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in children during or after the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionsIn summary, the findings of this review showed that restrictions and fears of COVID-19 had negative psychological effects on children. As well, one of the most important issues that arose at the time of the tragedy was that children were suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Given that post-traumatic stress disorder can be treated, it is essential to choose the appropriate therapeutic intervention approach in order to better deal with the negative effects in children.

Crowded out: Heterogeneity in risk attitudes among poor households in the US

Not much is known about the heterogeneity of risk attitudes among poor households in rich countries. This paper provides estimates from a unique data set collected among the urban poor in Atlanta, Georgia. The data set includes lab-in-the-field experiments on the relationship between risk attitudes and several household characteristics. Apart from looking at income, wealth, and education, we are particularly interested in household composition as it captures the number and kind of people who are dependant on the income of the household head. Heads of households who are less risk averse may be willing to take on the extra risk from smaller resource margins resulting from additional dependants, implying a negative relationship between household size and risk aversion. However, if the size of the household is a result of exogenous forces some heads of households may become more risk averse with more dependants. Household size can also reflect a risk management choice that involves adding non-dependant members who can provide resources and risk sharing. However, this possibility is limited to homes that are not already too crowded. We find that household size correlates positively with the risk aversion of the head, but with a large proportion of children the correlation is strongly dampened. However, this negative effect of children is conditional on the home not already being crowded. These heterogeneous findings have implications for the design of new insurance, savings, and credit programs where risk attitudes are important to the decisions to adopt.

Help in controlling pain in children: pediatrician’s tips

The problem of anesthesia includes mainly the treatment of pre-existing pain or surgical manipulations with the use of anesthesia. However, the problems of pain prevention during traumatic (invasive) procedures are also actively solved, methods of prevention are improved and expanded, taking into account the impact of pain on the quality of life. Pain is not a simple physiological process of conducting stimulation from the receptor apparatus to the CNS structures, but a complex phenomenon that includes biological, emotional, psychological and social components. Pain is one of the earliest formed psychophysical functions; by the 30 th week of fetal development all pathways of pain conduction and perception are already formed, so both fetus and child are already capable of perceiving pain, and the intensity is often even higher than in adults. Many believe that: young children do not feel pain because their central nervous system is immature; children remember themselves from the age of 4–5 years, so they do not remember the pain they suffered, so all surgical problems that cause pain should be addressed as early as possible; if the child is sleeping or playing, he or she has no pain, etc. Current research has demonstrated significant short-term adverse reactions and long-term negative effects in children in response to pain-related manipulations. Anesthesia of intact skin was previously impossible without prior painful anesthetic injection. Today, other ways of administering anesthetics are used as alternatives: oral, in enemas or suppositories, locally as sprays, ointments, or by application. To address the pain associated with invasive procedures, the effectiveness of a 5% local anesthetic cream based on a water-oil emulsion of lidocaine and prilocaine (1:1), which has good absorption properties, has been studied. Using local anesthesia can prevent and/or reduce the risk of pain-induced stress. Considering the results of these studies, the use of a local combined anesthetic containing 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine may be suggested.

Omic markers identification for predicting risks of negative effects in children with elevated copper and nickel contents in blood

Proteomic profiling is a promising procedure for examining and substantiating molecular mechanisms of body reactions occurrence and development as a response to adverse impacts; it allows detecting and examining these reactions at early stages in their development prior to cellular damage and damage to organs. Studies aimed at increasing efficiency of adverse effects prediction are especially vital for solving tasks related to early detection and prevention of consequences associated with exposure to chemical environmental factors, first of all, ambient air. Our research goal was to identify omic-markers for predicting risks of negative effects in children with elevated copper and nickel contents in blood. We performed proteomic blood plasma examination in children and modeled cause-and-effect relations. Children with copper and nickel contents in their blood being 3.5 times higher than physiological standard had approximately 20 protein stains that were authentically different from those detected in children from the reference group. We detected correlations between an increase in relative volume of three protein stains including apolipoprotein A-I, anchor protein of A-kinase 9, vitronectin, and a decrease in relative volume of one protein strain including transthyretin and elevated copper and nickel contents in blood (R2=0.30–0.44; р=0.0001–0.008). All the above-mentioned proteins have predictive significance when it comes down to negative effects related to neuroregulation disorders and endothelial dysfunction. It was proven that there was a risk of predicted negative effects such as greater frequency of nervous and cardiovascular system diseases in case copper and nickel contents in blood were elevated (R2=0.35–0.96; р=0.0001–0.013). The established list of potential target molecules (apolipoprotein A-I, vitronectin, anchor protein of A-kinase 9, and transthyretin) and genes that coded their expression (APOA1, VTN,AKAP9,TTR) was substantiated as omic-markers indicating a possibility that negative effects might occur in the cardiovascular and nervous system.

Выявление омик-маркеров для прогнозирования риска развития негативных эффектов у детей с повышенным содержанием меди и никеля в крови

Proteomic profiling is a promising procedure for examining and substantiating molecular mechanisms of body reactions occurrence and development as a response to adverse impacts; it allows detecting and examining these reactions at early stages in their development prior to cellular damage and damage to organs. Studies aimed at increasing efficiency of adverse effects prediction are especially vital for solving tasks related to early detection and prevention of consequences associated with exposure to chemical environmental factors, first of all, ambient air. Our research goal was to identify omic-markers for predicting risks of negative effects in children with elevated copper and nickel contents in blood. We performed proteomic blood plasma examination in children and modeled cause-and-effect relations. Children with copper and nickel contents in their blood being 3.5 times higher than physiological standard had approximately 20 protein stains that were authentically different from those detected in children from the reference group. We detected correlations between an increase in relative volume of three protein stains including apolipoprotein A-I, anchor protein of A-kinase 9, vitronectin, and a decrease in relative volume of one protein strain including transthyretin and elevated copper and nickel contents in blood (R2=0.30–0.44; р=0.0001–0.008). All the above-mentioned proteins have predictive significance when it comes down to negative effects related to neuroregulation disorders and endothelial dysfunction. It was proven that there was a risk of predicted negative effects such as greater frequency of nervous and cardiovascular system diseases in case copper and nickel contents in blood were elevated (R2=0.35–0.96; р=0.0001–0.013). The established list of potential target molecules (apolipoprotein A-I, vitronectin, anchor protein of A-kinase 9, and transthyretin) and genes that coded their expression (APOA1, VTN,AKAP9,TTR) was substantiated as omic-markers indicating a possibility that negative effects might occur in the cardiovascular and nervous system.

Study of indicators of negative effects in children under the influence of adverse factors of the subarctic climate

Study of indicators of negative effects in children under the influence of adverse factors of the subarctic climate

Children and COVID19: Understanding impact on the growth trajectory of an evolving generation.

The COVID19 pandemic has forced the world to be closed in a shell. It has affected large population worldwide, but studies regarding its effect on children very limited. The majority of the children, who may not be able to grasp the entire emergency, are at a bigger risk with other problems lurking behind the attack of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The risk of infection in children was 1.3%, 1.5%, and 1.7% of total confirmed COVID-19 cases in China, Italy and United States respectively which is less compared to 2003 epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), when 5–7% of the positive cases were children, with no deaths reported while another recent multinational multicentric study from Europe which included 582 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) confirmed children of 0–18 year of age, provide deeper and generalize incite about clinical effects of COVID19 infection in children. According to this study 25% children have some pre-existing illness and 8% required ICU (intensive care unit) admission with 0.69% case fatality among all infected children. Common risk factor for serious illness as per this study are younger age, male sex and pre-existing underlying chronic medical condition. However, we need to be more concerned about possible implications of indirect and parallel psychosocial and mental health damage due to closure of schools, being in confinement and lack of peer interaction due to COVID19 related lockdown and other containment measures. The effects can range from mood swings, depression, anxiety symptoms to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, while no meaningful impact on COVID19 related mortality reduction is evident with school closure measures. The objective of this paper is to look at both the positive & negative effects in children due to COVID19 related indirect effects following lockdown and other containment measures. There is a need to gear up in advance with psychological strategies to deal with it post the pandemic by involving all stakeholders (parents, teachers, paediatricians, psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers, counsellors), proposing an integrated approach to help the children to overcome the pandemic aftermath.

Guide of childrens online activities by parents: A gateway to protecting and enhancing their appropriate development, secure their future and reduce burden on Public Health.

Children online activities are of various categories, some are beneficial and some harmful to their wellbeing and development. For instance, children make use of phones of various types to browse online, and utilize both personal and cybercafé computers (desktop and laptop systems) to browse. Beneficial uses to which they engage online activities include search for information to- solve assignments they are given in school (Pre-college and college), play and download music (which relaxes the mind and body), download films for recreation (though some may teach them bad things and ideas), search for sports related information of their favorite sportsmen and teams, chat with friends for association and socials), and communicate with relations of distant geographical locations. Harmful effects includes- exposure to risk of being absorbed as members of terrorist groups under disguise, involvement in internet fraud and scams, download and watching of cartoon (fictional videos which may over glue them into an unreal world of excessive fantasies they could wrongly and fatally connect with as reality in life). It has been proven that overindulgence of children on virtual or fictional watching of films disconnects them from lessons, knowledge and real life cognitive experiences they are to learn from real life interactions with parents, guardians, good friends and good relations. These sort of lessons cannot be learnt by being over-glued on phone and computer screens watching fictional cartoon and playing games. As such, this piece of review is significant and of positive value in supporting the rightful development of our children, in order to help secure their future, through reduction in the number of those who could be at risk of being plagued by the negative effects of children’s online activities.

The effectiveness of Nurture Groups in improving outcomes for young children with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties in primary schools: An evaluation of Nurture Group provision in Northern Ireland

Concerns have grown regarding the increased prevalence of social, emotional and behavioural difficulties observed in young children in primary school settings. Contributory factors are multiple and varied but one consistent emphasis has been on the negative effects of children’s poor attachments with significant others which, due to contextual factors, may not have developed sufficiently. Some groups of children are more at risk of not developing strong attachments, particularly children in care whose ‘pre-care’ and ‘in care’ experiences make it more likely that their attachments will have been adversely impacted. Reflecting this increasing concern, there has been a growth of school-based interventions that aim to strengthen attachments in order that children can develop social and emotional skills; thus enabling them to be better placed to access learning opportunities and reach levels of educational achievement and attainment similar to their peers. One such intervention is Nurture Groups, modelled on attachment theory. Nurture Group provision is a short-term, schools-based intervention targeted at individual children beginning school who are already displaying social, emotional and/or behavioural difficulties. This article reports the findings of one of the first larger-scale evaluations of the effectiveness of Nurture Group provision in improving outcomes of children, and the first to explore the differential effects of Nurture Groups in relation to school-, pupil- and programme-level characteristics. The evaluation used a non-random control group design, involving a total sample of 384 children, aged 5–6 years, from 30 Nurture Group schools and a further 14 matched schools with no Nurture Group provision in Northern Ireland. The trial found effect sizes ranging in magnitude from g = 0.528 to 1.352 for a range of social, emotional and behavioural outcomes, using the Boxall Profile and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. However, no evidence of effects was found for academic outcomes. The article discusses the implications for policy and practice of the findings.