Negative Effects Of Climate Change Research Articles

Study protocol of the planetary health action survey PACE: a serial cross-sectional survey to assess the readiness to act against climate change

IntroductionClimate change is a paramount global health threat with multifaceted implications. Societal change is required to mitigate the negative effects of climate change, as well as help people adapt to...

Brazil nut journey under future climate change in Amazon.

Climate change is among the principal threats to global terrestrial biodiversity, especially to megadiverse ecosystems such as the Amazon rainforest. In this study, we investigate how it could affect an iconic forest species-Bertholletia excelsa-(the Brazil nut) which has values in multiple dimensions in an Amazonian context. We used an ensemble from various distribution modeling methods designed for four different climate scenarios from CMIP6 by the end of the century. Then, we simulate how spatial dynamics under climate change, including explicitly dispersal events, can affect the persistence, colonization, and potential extinction of Bertholletia excelsa in the future. Our results show that by the end of the century there would be a generalized loss of suitability on the Amazon biome, regardless of the climate scenario evaluated, which could promote a significant loss (up to 94%) of the area available for the species via extinction. Our results also show that, in the future, the species would colonize higher altitudes in search of favorable conditions for its survival. Finally, we detected that areas that had previously become unsuitable because of climate change would have favorable conditions by the end of the century. Such an outcome could be useful in fostering an active restoration agenda that can mitigate the negative effects of climate change on species in this study.

Czy klimatyzacja jest prawem człowieka? O odpowiedzialności państwa za przeciwdziałanie skutkom globalnego ocieplenia na gruncie Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

In the age of noticeable climate change, enduring high temperatures is becoming a serious problem and inconvenience, which can cause health problems and even lead to death. One way to counteract the negative effects of heatwaves is to use an indoor air-conditioning system – both in residential building and in workplaces. The purpose of the article is to find an answer to the question posed in the title of the publication of whether access to an air-conditioned room can be considered, on the basis of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, to be a human right. The considerations are divided into two segments: the right to air-conditioning in the workplace as part of the employer’s provision of safe and hygienic conditions, and the state’s responsibility for counteracting the negative effects of climate change. Indeed, it turns out that the Polish constitution makes it possible to conclude that the state has a certain obligation to provide places of rest from the heat in a situation where it threatens health and life. The article presents selected solutions for counteracting the effects of hot weather in European cities where high temperatures are more frequently recorded than in Poland. In addition, it presents the scope of the obligation to ensure adequate comfort at work in conditions with a high air temperature that also falls on employers. The aim is to draw attention to the important issue of how public authorities can counteract the negative effects of global warming. Indicating solutions used in other countries, it seeks an appropriate way for public authorities to act in Poland.

A importância dos conceitos de “paisagem” para o ambientalismo brasileiro

This article intends to contribute to the debate on the importance of the concepts of “landscape” for national environmentalism, especially in the context of socio-environmental collapse we are currently experiencing, marked by the intensification of the negative consequences of climate change. The discussion starts with a characterization and critical analysis of the use of the concepts of “landscape” in three fields: Ecology, Environmental Education, and Law by means of a non-systematic bibliographic review and analysis of secondary data.

Climate and political effects on agriculture: Empirical evidence from SSA

AbstractThe most of Sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries have been affected by climate change and food insecurity problems due to the reduction of production and productivity of cereal crops in the continent. The purpose of this research was to examine the short‐run and long‐run effects of climate change on agricultural productivity in 24 selected SSA countries. In the study, a systematic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) Model was used with recent data from 24 SSA countries from 2001 to 2020. The panel regression result revealed that temperature and precipitation showed positive significant effects whereas carbon dioxide emission had negatively influenced the cereal crop productivity in the region. Specifically, the empirical result indicates that a one percent increase in precipitation increases cereal crop productivity by 0.27%. The empirical result of the GMM model revealed that political stability, temperature, GDP per capita, trade openness, carbon dioxide emission, fertilizer consumption, and precipitation have both short‐run and long‐run effects, while precipitation has only a short‐run effect on agricultural productivity in the study area. A key implication of this work is the realization of the lagging effects of climate change in determining cereal crop production and productivity. This study was unable to include all SSA countries because the excluded countries did not have sufficient data on the selected variables in the study. Hence, adopting high‐temperature and drought‐resistant types of enhanced cereal crops is advised to combat the negative effects of climate change in the study area.

Низкоуглеродное развитие России: вызовы и возможности в новых условиях

Russiaʼs model of economic development, based on hydrocarbon exports, initially determined the countryʼs scepticism to- ward low-carbon transformation. However, the growing negative effects of climate change, manifesting in increased natural disasters (floods, fires, extreme heat), as well as extraterritorial measures imposed by major trading partners, which could potentially limit market access, led to a transformation of the perceived climate change challenge and the adoption of a range of policy documents and regulations to articulate and implement a low-carbon development policy in Russia. The targets and measures have been criticized for lacking ambition and rigour, but still pushed the processes without which the economy would continue to face the negative effects of climate change and increasing constraintsin global markets. The geopolitical crisis of 2022 and widening sanctions have significantly constrained Russiaʼs ability to meet climate targets. Despite this, mechanisms to promote decarbonization in key sectors continue to be developed. In addition, opportunities for cooperation with some major non-western economies have not closed. This article analyzes Russiaʼs strategic documents and key low-carbon development policies, including the activities of major companies. It provides perspective on the role of forest climate projects as well astheir drawbacks and risks, the Sakhalin experiment to achieve carbon neutrality in the region and how it is implemented through concrete initiatives, the prospects and limitations of the hydrogen industry, the challenges and tools for decarbonizing transport, state of play in the carbon capture, use and storage technologies, the criteria for green projects, and the situation on the green bond market. It also identifies two important areas which gain importance as the climate transition scales up: nuclear power and the ex- traction and production of critical raw materials. Based on the analysis, recommendations are given on promising areas of cooperation between Russia and its BRICS and EAEU partners.

Investigation of Global Climate Change Awareness Levels Among Faculty of Medicine Students

Abstract Background According to the WHO, climate change is the biggest threat to global health in the 21st century. Thus, it is important to understand medicine faculty students’-who are future doctors-awareness of climate change and its effects on human health. The aim of this study is to determine the level of awareness of Inonu University Faculty of Medicine students about global climate change. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between February and March 2024. The target population consisted of 1692 students studying in a medical university. The sample size was calculated as 260 students based on a percentage of awareness of global climate change of 32.3%, and 283 respondents were included in the study. A questionnaire was used that included questions about the respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics and global climate change awareness. In addition, they answered the items of the Awareness Scale of University Students About Global Climate Change (GCCAS). The dependent variable was total GCCAS scores, and the independent variables included age, concern about climate change, and knowledge status. A Student’s t-test was used in the statistical analysis. Results Of the students, 50.2% were female, 51.6% were older than 22 years of age, 82% were worried about the negative effects of climate change, 79.5% said they received no education about climate change during their medical education. The mean total GCCAS score in the study group was 71.74 +/-13.81. Women, students who were concerned about climate change, and those who had knowledge about climate change had significantly higher mean GCCAS scores (p < 0.05). Conclusions More than 75% of study group said that they had received no education about climate change. However, the percentage of students who were aware of and concerned about climate change and who had information about climate change was even higher. Key messages • Due to the potential for medical students to encounter the health effects of climate change, these issues should be included in education programs to increase their awareness of this important issue. • Medical students need to take conscious and informative steps regarding climate change to help protect the health of future generations.

Protecting Water Resources in North African Countries as an Entry Point to Achieve the Sixth Sustainable Development Goal

This article examines the legal framework on water in the Maghreb countries and analyzes if the existing legal framework guarantees the achievement of the sixth Sustainable Development Goal by 2030. One of the most important challenges faced by North African countries is the scarcity of water resources. Water scarcity and difficulty of providing the population with potable water, causes a thirst crisis and disruption of biodiversity, and thus preventing the achievement of sustainable economic and social growth, especially since the communities of this region are known for their intensive agricultural activity. The MENA region is among the most exposed to the negative effects of climate change, as the decrease in rainfall and its temporal and spatial variation leads to frequent floods and multiple droughts. All these pose the problem of dealing with the legal system considering the weak official cooperation between these countries to deal with this reality and find the necessary mechanisms to protect water resources from depletion, face climate change and reduce its effects. This article focuses on the Maghreb countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Mauritania. The choice of these countries is motivated by the fact that they share the same climatic characteristics and above all they suffer in the same way from the repercussions of global warming. Water resources in these countries are under increasing pressure amid population and industrial growth, irrigated agriculture, urbanization, tourism, climate change, overexploitation of aquifers and deteriorating water quality. In terms of methodology, the article employs a literature review of studies in this field as well as an analysis of legal texts related to water and the environment in the countries surveyed. This study shows that the Maghreb countries have made considerable efforts at the legal level to guarantee access to water for their citizens, however there are many peculiarities and insufficiencies for which the study presents some recommendations susceptible to help with the attainment of the 6 SDG objective within 2030.

Contribution of irrigation to the production of maize, wheat, and rice in the major global producing countries

This study offers new insights into the heterogeneity behind the widely accepted notion that irrigated crops contribute 40% to global food production. It also highlights the potential of irrigation to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on crop yields.

Marine reserves can buffer against environmental fluctuations for overexploited but not sustainably harvested fisheries.

Globally, decision-makers are seeking management levers that can mitigate the negative effects of climate change on ecosystems that have already been transformed from their natural state by the effects of fishing. An important question is whether marine reserves can provide buffering (i.e., population-level resilience) against climate disturbances to fished populations. Here, we examine one aspect of this question, by asking whether marine reserves can reduce the variability in either overall biomass or in fishery yield, in the face of environmental variability. This could happen because greater reproduction of longer-lived, larger fish inside reserves could supplement recruitment to the fished portion of the population. We addressed this question using age-structured population models, assuming a system where some proportion of the coastline is protected in marine reserves (0%-30%), and the remainder is fished (at a range of possible harvest rates). We modeled populations with sedentary adults and dispersal via a larval pool. Since recent extreme climate events (e.g., marine heatwaves) have reduced juvenile survival for some fish species, we assumed that environmental variability affected the survival of the first age class in our model. We viewed population variability as a question of buffering, measured as the proportion of time a simulated population spent below a target reference point, with the idea that marine reserves could prevent the population from reaching low levels in the face of fishing and environmental variability. We found that fisheries with more area in marine reserves always had less variability in biomass. However, adding marine reserves only reduced variability in fisheries yield when the fished part of the population was being harvested at a rate exceeding the maximum sustainable yield. This new result on reducing variability is in line with previous findings that the "spillover" effects of marine reserve benefits to fishery yields only accrue when the fishery outside reserve boundaries is being overharvested.

Environmental and Climatic Changes: Impacts on Women's Health

Climate change is occurring in a rapidly changing environment, which threatens to exacerbate pre-existing gender-based health inequities in India. Even the slightest variations in the weather and the environment have the potential to disturb the delicate hormonal balance that regulates the menstrual cycle. To lessen the negative effects of climate change, development, and catastrophe risk reduction on public health, a gendered perspective should be included in the policy frameworks. Mitigating climate risks requires the cooperation of several sectors, advances in data collection, the monitoring of gender-specific targets, and the equal engagement of stakeholders. Policy interventions for adaptation and mitigation of climate change may be bolstered by women's empowerment as social change agents.

Farmers’ Awareness of the Negative Effects of Climate Change on Strategic Grain Crops and Adaptation Mechanisms in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate in the Arab Republic of Egypt

Farmers’ Awareness of the Negative Effects of Climate Change on Strategic Grain Crops and Adaptation Mechanisms in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate in the Arab Republic of Egypt

Residue Addition Can Mitigate Soil Health Challenges with Climate Change in Drylands: Insights from a Field Warming Experiment in Semi-Arid Texas

Texas cotton production is facing challenges from increased temperatures and extended droughts. We sought to determine whether applying a multi-species grass mulch on the surface of cotton fields in a semiarid region would mitigate some of the negative effects of climate change. We used open-top chambers (OTCs) to mimic climate warming and compared whether the effects of residue addition were similar between dryland and irrigated cotton fields located in the High Plains region of Texas during the summer of 2021. The OTCs raised the average air temperature by 2 °C. Under experimental warming, residue addition increased moisture content in non-irrigated (i.e., dryland) soils (+9.2%) and reduced the daily temperature range (by −1.4 °C) relative to uncovered soils. Furthermore, when pooled across irrigation and warming treatments, the addition of residue increased microbial biomass, soil respiration (+78.2%), and cotton yield (+15.2%) relative to uncovered soils. OTCs further enhanced the residue effects on microbial biomass by 34.9%. We also observed higher soil organic matter, microbial biomass, cotton biomass, and yield in irrigated fields compared to dryland, irrespective of residue addition. Our findings suggest that residue addition in dryland agriculture can mitigate the adverse effects of warming by stabilizing soil microclimates and promoting microbial growth and biomass by providing a more labile source of carbon, which, in turn, could boost the yield of cotton plants.

Dwarf shrubs may mitigate the negative effects of climate change on spiders by moderating microclimate

Climate change negatively affects arthropod biodiversity worldwide. Mitigating the resulting arthropod decline is a great challenge. Dwarf shrubs in open areas might buffer microclimatic extremities by reducing the solar radiation reaching the ground and weakening air circulation near the soil surface. Forest steppes are mosaics of forests and grasslands covering a vast area in Eurasia. This heterogeneous ecosystem offers the opportunity to study the effect of small habitat features, i.e. dwarf shrubs, in dry grasslands and compare the fauna of rosemary-leaved willow (Salix rosmarinifolia) shrubs with forest patch interiors, open grasslands and their edges. We hypothesized that the dwarf shrub microhabitat has a wetter and cooler microclimate than open grassland and a different spider community composition than other forest-steppe microhabitats. We recorded microclimatic parameters with data loggers, measured soil moisture with TDR and collected ground-dwelling spiders with pitfall traps. We detected the highest soil moisture (6.26 ± 1.21%, mean ± 95% confidence interval) and air humidity (80.19 ± 3.19%) in forests and the lowest in grasslands (4.36 ± 0.65%; 66.59 ± 2.53%, respectively). The warmest microhabitats were grasslands (23.23 ± 0.51°C), whereas the coolest microhabitats were forests (18.92 ± 0.41°C). The distinct microclimate of dwarf shrubs was cooler (21.46 ± 0.41°C) and moister (5.43 ± 0.53%) than the surrounding semi-desert like grassland. Furthermore, we found a different spider community composition and trait state composition of spiders in forests, edges, grasslands and dwarf shrub microhabitats. Forests (9.90 ± 0.95) and edges (11.44 ± 1.27) hosted a higher species richness than grasslands (7.08 ± 4.27) and dwarf shrubs (5.09 ± 1.33). We collected larger spiders on the edges than in dwarf shrub microhabitats. The dwarf shrubs hosted a different microclimate and spider community composition from the grassland. Climate change in the forest-steppe region is assumed to be driven by a combination of warming and drying. In the coming decades, drought frequency and severity are predicted to increase. Woody vegetation, even dwarf shrubs, creates a thermal and moisture heterogeneity that might aid arthropods in buffering macroclimatic warming through behavioural thermoregulation. Therefore, their presence on grasslands can benefit the conservation of specialised grassland arthropods.

Trophic cascades regulate arthropods density and plant damage across forest strata.

Research Highlight: Sivault, E., Kollross, J., Jorge, L., Finnie, S., Diez Mendez, D., Fernandez Garzon, S., Maraia, H., Lenc, J., Libra, M., Masashi, M., Nakaji, T., Nakamura, M., Sreekar, R., Sam, L., Abe, T., Weiss, M., & Sam, K. (2024). Insectivorous birds and bats outperform ants in the top-down regulation of arthropods across strata of a Japanese temperate forest. Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.14146. Top-down predators exert strong effects on prey populations. Theoretical and empirical studies investigating the cascading effects of predators on biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem functionality have been central to advancing ecology and conservation biology. Yet, how intraguild predation and niche overlap drive the strength and direction of trophic cascades across forest strata is still barely understood. In a study published in this issue, Sivault etal. (2024) investigated the impacts of excluding vertebrate (birds and bats) and invertebrate (ants) predators on arthropod herbivores and plant damage in understory and canopy forest strata. The study finds that birds and bats (but not ants) have negative impacts on herbivore density, which, in turn, benefits plants by reducing leaf damage. Additionally, the effects of vertebrate predators are similar across strata. The authors also show that herbivore density and herbivory are greater in the understory compared to the canopy strata. Sivault etal. (2024) demonstrate that intraguild predation and niche overlap dictate the strength and direction of trophic cascades in forest ecosystems. In addition, these findings shed new light on forest ecology and conservation, especially considering the potential negative effects of climate change on top predators.

Assessment of Agricultural Virtual Water Export of Türkiye

As the negative effects of climate change are amplified, the agriculture sector is becoming more fragile. Food security is under risk because agriculture is highly dependent on climatic conditions and availability of water resources all over the world. For this reason, the concepts of virtual water and water footprint have begun to gain importance as decision-support tools for the effective and efficient use of water. However, there is a gap in the literature, where few studies focus on virtual water trade. Given the increasing stress caused by reasons such as the scarcity of water resources and climate change, this concept is likely to gain serious attention in the coming years. Türkiye is a water-stressed country whose water resources are decreasing due to the impact of climate change. More effective water management is needed to meet the increasing demand. In this study, virtual water was determined for Türkiye's agricultural export, and it was observed that crops with high water footprint but low economic returns were also exported in large amounts. It was revealed that the virtual amount of water exported by the evaluated crops was 5.9 billion m3 annually. This value is high enough to meet the domestic water needs of a metropolitan city like Istanbul for seven years. It is evident that water footprint and virtual water concepts would help decision makers to support optimized water consumption and sustainable water management.

Review on Conservation Approach Study of Largest Mangrove Ecosystem as the Mitigation of Climate Change

Bangladesh’s complicated socioeconomic background serves as an example of the 21st-century worldwide environmental challenges. With a land area of 10,200 km2, the ‘Sundarbans’ is the world’s biggest mangrove forest, a hotspot for biodiversity, and home to several rare or endangered birds, reptiles, and mammals. Issues with biodiversity and climate change are linked here. Bangladesh and India share this important carbon sink ecosystem downstream of the Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna River complex. The Sundarbans are extremely beneficial to the local population because they produce beeswax, honey, and an abundance of seafood. They also prevent saltwater intrusion onto arable land, accumulate sediment as sea levels rise, and lessen the effects of seasonal droughts and monsoon floods. The mangrove is the main source of food and money for a large number of the impoverished residents that live in and around this forest, mostly from farming and fishing. The negative effects of climate change are becoming more and more evident. Preserving this worldwide treasure is of utmost importance; nevertheless, how can this forest be sustained over the long haul? In order to ensure the effective conservation of this globally significant ecosystem in the context of climate mitigation, this paper evaluates the advantages of the Sundarbans ecosystem’s good ecosystem function and lays out an integrated approach at the national (Bangladesh), bi-national (India-Bangladesh), and regional (with all countries of the Sundarbans river catchment system) levels.

A Comprehensive Review of Potential Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Agriculture in the Current Climate Change Scenarios

Climate change has a major impact on agriculture worldwide, but in certain regions, like India, this impact is more pronounced than in others. India's large population, heavy reliance on natural resources, and lack of coping mechanisms make it difficult for the country to adapt to the changing climate. India has experienced a notable warming trend over the past century, with an approximate 0.60 °C increase in temperature. This trend is anticipated to continue, possibly having catastrophic consequences for agricultural productivity and food security. Climate change is predicted to result in increasingly variable growing conditions for many crops, making it more challenging for farmers to schedule the planting and harvesting of their crops. Rapid reaction times and coordination are required to mitigate the consequences of climate change on Indian agriculture. This means implementing adaptation tactics, such as cultivating crop varieties that can tolerate high temperatures, promoting water-efficient irrigation techniques, preserving soil health, and enhancing climate resilience through integrated farming systems. India can lessen the negative effects of climate change on its agriculture sector and guarantee food security for its growing population by taking proactive steps and implementing sustainable farming practices.

Sustainable Biopolymer Composites From Perlite, Plasticized and Unplasticized Poly(Lactic Acid)

In recent years, ecological pollution has reached critical levels and that has been experienced as climate change by all living organisms. Slowing down the negative effects of climate change depends on changing our consumption behavior. Based on that, people tend to prefer more environmentally friendly, sustainable raw materials, products and processes. Since polymers are one of the most widely used raw materials in the world, any improvement regarding their recycling or biodegradation process can significantly reduce the damage to nature. Considering this fact, manufacturers are taking initiatives to develop such products in line with the demand from consumers. As known, Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), one of the most consumed biodegradable polymers in the market, however there are various problems especially in film production due to its rigid structure. Plasticization is the easiest route to minimize this disadvantage. The aim of this study is to produce and characterize PLA composites with increased flexibility by using sustainable natural materials. In this context, glycerol-plasticized PLA and unplasticized PLA composites were prepared using perlite, a natural additive, and their morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties were investigated.

Performance optimization of a novel perovskite solar cell with power conversion efficiency exceeding 37% based on methylammonium tin iodide

The development of highly efficient lead-free solar cells is essential for sustainable energy production in the face of depleting fossil fuel resources and the negative effects of climate change. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) containing lead pose considerable environmental and public health hazards, in addition to thermal stability and longevity challenges. Here, a novel lead-free solar cell design of the configuration, ITO/PC61BM/CH3NH3SnI3/PEDOT:PSS/Mo, is investigated for improved light harvesting capabilities, enhanced device performance, and better operational efficiency under various temperature conditions. The optimal thickness of the light-absorbing layer, CH3NH3SnI3, was found to be 1000 nm for maximum quantum efficiency (QE). Further, the temperature tolerance of the solar cell was evaluated using Mott-Schottky (MS) capacitance analysis and showed that the model cell retains about 95% of its power at 400 K, demonstrating excellent thermal stability and robust performance. The solar cell also shows promising electrical output parameters, including a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 34.84 mA/cm², open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.5226 V, Fill factor (FF) of 71.04%, and an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 37.66% at 300 K. The effect of buffer layers such as CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, and V2O5 on the electrical outcomes of the model cell structure has been critically examined. Additionally, parasitic resistances and doping characteristics on the operational performance of the cell have been explored in detail. This work therefore, provides remarkable insights in the field of solar energy harvesting, offering potential sustainable energy generation solutions, supporting de-carbonization of the environment and climate change mitigation efforts towards an energy sustainable future.