Negative Sentences Research Articles

Hubungan antara Anonimitas dengan Cyber Incivility pada Pengguna Media Sosial Usia Dewasa

The development of information and communication technology through the internet has facilitated the communication process on various platforms. This convenience gives individuals the freedom to express their opinions. Individuals will express their opinions without having to issue negative sentences such as sarcasm, innuendo, and others. This is what is called cyber incivility. The freedom to express opinions on social media is increasingly prevalent because of anonymity. Anonymity is a condition where other people do not know the true identity of the individual. The purpose of this study was conducted to see the relationship between cyber incivility and anonymity. The subjects in this study amounted to 301 respondents obtained from the cluster random sampling method. Based on the results of the product moment test using SPSS, a significance value of 0.000> 0.05 was obtained, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between anonymity and cyber incivility. Based on the results of the independent sample t-test, a significance value of 0.198 > 0.05 is obtained, it can be concluded that there is no difference in cyber incivility based on working and not working.

Constrained Emotional Sentence Production in Parkinson's Disease.

Deficits in the processing and production of emotional cues are well documented in the Parkinson's disease (PD) literature; however, few have ventured to explore how impairments may impact emotional language use in this population, particularly beyond the word level. Emotional language is an important multidimensional manner of communicating one's wants and needs; thus, the current study sought to explore how various aspects of language production may be impacted by the emotionality of a stimulus. Eighteen persons with PD and 22 healthy adults completed a constrained emotional sentence production task in which the affective target word was either a noun or a verb. Output was analyzed for fluency, grammaticality, completeness, and response initiation times. Cognitive (i.e., working memory [WM], inhibition, and switching) and mood (i.e., depression and apathy) measures were examined as factors influencing performance. Individuals with PD produced fewer fluent responses than healthy controls. Furthermore, they had fewer grammatical responses in their production of negative sentences and exhibited reduced information completeness when producing sentences containing positive stimuli. Group differences could not be wholly attributed to individual differences in WM or apathy. Our results support those of others that document language production deficits in individuals with PD above and beyond those impairments that can be explained by the select cognitive abilities explored here. Moreover, the emotionality of the topic may impact various aspects of communicative competence in persons with PD. For instance, disease processes associated with degeneration of neural substrates important for processing negative stimuli may also impact the grammaticality of productions containing negatively valenced content. Thus, it is important to consider how individuals in this population communicate during emotional circumstances. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27289413.

Structural types of sentences in Kosovo police communication centers

In this paper it will be analyzed grammatical and dialectal aspect of structural sentences of Albanian language used in six Kosovo Police Communication Centers. This paper includes: types of sentences used in Communication Centers separately; enhancing sentences, declarative sentences, declarative-exclamatory sentences and declarative-imperative; imperative sentences; - affirmative and negative sentences. All sections of this paper are illustrated with tables and charts, including number of used sentences and percentage of usage, to present the current situation of use of structural types of sentences in the Kosovo Police Communication Centers. Based on the results from six Communication Centers, which we have analyzed and treated separately, we have come to conclusions of the analysis of the grammatical and dialectal aspects. In Kosovo Police Communication Centers, within the category of declarative sentences, we find positive and negative sentences, which are formed by positive and negative particles, as: Poziiv (Positive), Negativ (Negative), Negativ niher (Negative for now), Po (Yes), Jo (No), veç çka po vrehet n’pamje t’jashtme (only what can be seen from outside), etc. In six Kosovo Police Communication Centers, the affirmative sentences are mainly formed through affirmative particles, as: pozitiv (positive), pranim (copy), po, po – po (yes, yeas – yes), u ba (done), ani faleminderit (OK thank you), n’rregull (alright), e kjart osht n’rregull (it’s clear alright), u kry (done), etc.

Co-predications and the quantificational force of summative predicates

Abstract In the literature on homogeneity, summative predicates have been described as quantifying universally over their argument’s parts in positive sentences, while being negated existentials in negative sentences. In this article, I provide a fuller picture of these predicates’ quantificational force in positive sentences through various ‘co-predications’—sentences in which two summative predicates are predicated of the same individual. In some co-predications, summative predicates are universal; in others, they are weaker, while remaining stronger than existential. In light of this new empirical paradigm, I suggest that summative predicates are lexically existential, but are exhaustified so as to exclude other same-class predicates. In addition to making this proposal, I also show that no other theory of homogeneity can capture the co-predicational paradigm.

Adjusting Mood in Mandarin Chinese: A Game Theory Approach to Double and Redundant Negation with Entropy

Abstract This study investigates how Mandarin Chinese speakers use double and redundant negations to adjust information entropy and convey the speaker’s mood. Integrating Gricean implicature, signaling game theory, and information entropy, we quantified uncertainty in negation sentences by calculating self-information of negation markers and overall entropy for negations versus affirmatives. Analyzing sentences from the BCC Corpus of Mandarin Chinese newspapers, we extracted double and redundant negation patterns, calculated their frequencies, and compared entropy values in payoff matrices against affirmatives. Contextual analysis of surrounding discourse interpreted pragmatic functions. Our findings reveal that universal double negations reduce sentence entropy, intensifying assertiveness. Modal forms further decrease entropy, amplifying necessity, while conditional patterns strengthen the asserted conditions. Euphemistic double negations increase entropy, weaken assertiveness, and align with Levinson’s Manner Principle. This increase in entropy quantifies pragmatic markedness, allowing tentative critiques. Redundant negations significantly reduce entropy, strengthening negative attitudes. We elucidate how interlocutors navigate cooperative discourse by quantifying uncertainty via entropy measures, making contextually-optimal linguistic choices like assertion, indirectness, and emphasis. These findings impact signaling game theory and pragmatic markedness, with applications in natural language processing, cross-cultural communication, and computational models. Future research could explore other languages and cognitive and social factors in negation use.

“Beyond the literal meaning” processing implied emotion in second language discourse: an ERP study

ABSTRACT Emotion is processed incrementally during sentence comprehension in a first language (L1) due to unification operations. Since processing multiple types of information is cognitively more demanding in a second language (L2), we investigated implied emotion processing in L1 and L2 using event-related brain potentials. We presented native Spanish speakers with sentences whose context rendered neutral words either negative-congruent, neutral-congruent or neutral-incongruent in Spanish (L1) and English (L2). Results showed differences in early emotion processing across languages: a larger N100 for neutral than negative sentences in L1 and a more positive P300 for negative than neutral sentences in L2. Effects in the N400 and LPP time windows were not language dependent. An N400 semantic incongruity effect was present in both languages. A gradual LPP effect was larger for negative than incongruent sentences in both languages, with neutral sentences in between. Results indicate early time-window differences in implied emotion processing across languages.

Examining the impact and implementation of the ENabling VISions And Growing Expectations (ENVISAGE) program in Croatia: a discourse analysis pilot study

Purpose To explore the impact of the online ENVISAGE program for parents of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDD) on parents’ perception of themself, their child with a disability, and their family, as well as to explore experiences of participating in the program in Croatia. Methods In this before-after discourse analysis study, participants took part in the five-week ENVISAGE program. There were two semi-structured interviews for each participant: within one month before and after participating in the program. The proportions of positive, neutral, and negative sentences about themself, their child, and their family from two interviews were compared on an individual and group level. The perceived changes and experiences with the program were also analyzed qualitatively. Results Data from thirteen participants were included. From the three pre-determined discourse categories (self, child, and family), most changes were observed in parents’ perception of self (average increase in positive views of 8.8% and decrease in negative of 5.3%). Qualitative results showed multiple positive self-perceived impacts on parents’ lives. Participants’ experiences with ENVISAGE were consistently positive; all believed they benefited from the program. Conclusions The results support our assumption that participation in ENVISAGE positively affects multiple areas of life, particularly parents’ views of themself.

Translation Analysis of Negative Sentences in the Zakat Chapter of the Book Al-Fiqh Al-Muyassar

In fiqh books, the translation of negative sentences into Arabic plays a crucial role in accurately explaining Islamic laws. This phenomenon requires translators to pay attention to correct grammatical structures and the use of appropriate technical terms within the context of Islamic law. For example, negative statements that indicate prohibition or disapproval (makruh) must be translated precisely to prevent misunderstandings or mistaken readings. This study aims to analyzes al-jumlah al-manfiyyah in Arabic, translation techniques, and the quality in al-fiqh al-muyassar. Using a descriptive qualitative approach with Spradley's analysis, 93 instances were identified, employing 12 translation techniques. Of these, 82 were accurately translated with high readability, resulting in a final quality score of 2.83. This suggests that readers can comprehend fiqh worship texts and muamalat effectively. Thus, this research significantly advances scholarship in Arabic language research by setting benchmarks for precision and comprehensibility in translating Islamic legal texts. Future researchers should explore the subtleties of interpreting negative sentences in fiqh texts, consider cultural and contextual influences on Islamic legal texts, and establish standardized guidelines for accurate and accessible translations.

Measures to Organize Steam Education Activities for Children with Autism in Vietnam

This study assessed the expressive language development of M.T, a 5-6-year-old child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), following a STEAM educational intervention conducted in April 2023. Using a structured plan aimed at enhancing expressive language, the project involved activities like “Making Scented Jars” and “Making a Bird's Nest.” M. showed marked improvements, scoring 36 points in the post-intervention assessment, a 10-point increase from the baseline, placing him in the "Fair" category (Level 3). Key progress areas included the ability to present using visual aids and answer open-ended "Why?" questions. Initially unable to present and displaying negative reactions, M. gradually understood presentation structures and organized content more logically. He began to use simple negative sentences and sequence words effectively in storytelling. Additional gains were observed in daily use of names, actions, qualities, and polite expressions, indicating broader communicative improvement. Feedback from teachers and parents highlighted increased attention, interest, and confidence in STEAM activities. M.'s ability to engage in storytelling and role-playing significantly enhanced his classroom participation and reduced the need for external support. These findings underscore the potential of tailored STEAM activities to foster language development in children with ASD.

On the Semantics of the Structure Estar para + infinitive in European Portuguese: From Aspect to Modality

In contrast to most aspectual operators whose meaning remains unchanged regardless of their context of occurrence, the structureestar para + infinitive reveals a great deal of variability in this respect. Thus, in addition to the primary prospective aspect value, this construction also conveys modal meanings that can express uncertainty, counterfactuality, or volition/intention. Factors such as the tenses in which the sentence appears (in particular, the pretérito imperfeito (past imperfect) and the pretérito perfeito (terminative past tense)) and the presence of sentential negation contribute decisively to bringing about this kind of variation. However, there seems to be a shared semantic profile underlying the construction estar para + infinitive, namely the presence of a stative predication that induces a prospective projection.

Parameterization of manipulative media discourse: possibilities and problems of automatic diagnosis

Abstract The issue of quantitative measurement and automatic processing is a significant problem in determining the markers of the manipulative potential of media texts, since linguistic indicators are the basis of machine parameterization. The purpose of the research is to analyse the possibilities of the main language parameters of the manipulativeness of media discourse, which can be identified using machine learning. To achieve the research goals, the following methods were used: system, content analysis, computer modelling, and comparative. The results of the article determined that such language indicators as use of the subjunctive mood of verbs, capital letters, high frequency of use of the ‘not’ particle, punctuation marks, questions, or exclamations of a rhetorical nature, use of quotation marks for the purpose of irony, double negative sentences, use of the word ‘no’, and verbal structures calling to action act as computer classification parameters. In order to cover the above purpose, PYTHON software was implemented that allowed texts to be analysed and visualized in algorithmic and lexical-vocabulary ways. In addition, it was determined that by integrating the PYTHON tool, it became possible to use language transformation markers that formed linguistic patterns in the analysed text. The list of parameters for diagnosing manipulative texts is non-exhaustive, which emphasizes the possibility of machine measurement of the manipulative component of mass media discourse.

Negation and social avoidance in language recruits the right inferior frontal gyrus: a tDCS study.

In the process of comprehension, linguistic negation induces inhibition of negated scenarios. Numerous studies have highlighted the role of the right Inferior Frontal Gyrus (rIFG) - a key component of the inhibitory network - in negation processing. Social avoidance can be linguistically portrayed using attitudinal verbs such as "exclude" vs. "include", which inherently carry negative connotations. Consequently, we hypothesize that the interplay between explicit negation and the implicit negativity of avoidance verbs can be modulated via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the rIFG. In our study, sixty-four participants read approach/avoidance sentences, which were either affirmative or negative, such as "Anne included (did not include) meat in her diet" vs. "Anne excluded (did not exclude) meat in her diet". This reading task followed a 20-minute tDCS session. The sentences were sequentially displayed, and at 1500 ms post-sentence, a verb was shown - either the one previously mentioned or its semantic alternative counterpart (e.g., included vs. excluded). Findings revealed that anodal stimulation intensifies the inhibitory impact of negation during sentence comprehension. Under anodal conditions, negative sentences led to extended reading times for the mentioned verbs compared to their affirmative counterparts, suggesting an increased inhibitory effect on the verb. Furthermore, in avoidance sentences, anodal stimulation resulted in reduced reading times for alternative verbs (e.g. "included") in negative sentences compared to alternative verbs (e.g. "excluded") in negated approach sentences. As "avoidance" is semantically equivalent to "non-approach", the inhibitory effect of negation is primarily applied to the implicit negation: NOT EXCLUDED = NOT→NOT (INCLUDED), which consequently activates the representation of the alternative verb making it more available. We further discuss these findings in light of the rIFG's pivotal role in processing attitudinal verbs and linguistic negation. This discussion is framed within the overarching context of the two-step model of negation processing, highlighting its significance in the realm of social communication.

Positive or Negative Sentence Feedback Identifier

Abstract: The "Positive or Negative Sentence Feedback Identifier Project" is a natural language processing (NLP) initiative designed to automatically classify and analyse sentences or text- based feedback as either positive or negative. This project aims to streamline sentiment analysis and opinion categorization by employing machine learning and NLP techniques. Its potential applications include sentiment analysis in customer reviews, social media monitoring, and opinion mining, ultimately providing valuable insights to businesses and individuals. It's crucial to gauge the overall sentiment and tone of the feedback. Positive feedback typically conveys satisfaction, using enthusiastic language and specific compliments about at's working well. In contrast, negative feedback often carries a critical tone, highlighting issues or areas of concern with the project. Pay attention to emotional indicators, the specificity of comments, and whether the feedback offers constructive suggestions for improvement. Evaluating feedback within the context of the project's goals and objectives is essential to understanding its impact and guiding necessary actions for project enhancement. Enhance security with two-factor authentication and encryption, while implementing user authentication and authorization controls. Integrate third-party services for expanded functionality and ensure mobile responsiveness for an improved user experience. Explore AI for automation and data analysis, offer robust analytics, and gather user feedback. Prioritise accessibility, optimise performance, and gamify the project with badges and leaderboards. Enable offline functionality, foster community engagement, and align features with userneeds and scalability goals. The project's development encompasses a comprehensive range of solutions, including the implementation of a sophisticated sentiment analysis model, efficient data collection and preprocessing methods, and the incorporation of scalable real-time processingarchitecture. Furthermore, the project's innovative facets encompass a dynamic blend of emotion analysis, contextual analysis, and predictive sentiment analysis, which significantlyaugment its adaptability and effectiveness across diverse domains and use cases.

영어 부정극어 발화유형 비교

This study investigated the speech acts of Korean adolescents, focusing on the English negative polarity item(NPI) ‘any’, which, unlike Korean, exhibits subject-object asymmetry. Specifically, differences in speech rates of NPIs and indefinite pronouns were confirmed in the subject and object positions. English NPIs mainly appear in negative contexts and conditional sentences, and since they must comply with the C-command conditions, indefinite pronouns mainly appear in the subject position, and relatively both NPIs and indefinite pronouns appear in the object position. Focusing on these basic theories, this study checked what they were like in practice. Overall, the rate of utterance of indefinite pronouns in the subject position was much higher than that of NPIs. And the fact that the rate of utterance of indefinite pronouns increases with age may be a result of learning. In the object position, the rate of utterance of indefinite pronouns was found to be similar and slightly higher than that of NPIs. This means that participants may know through learning or innately that both NPIs and indefinite pronouns are possible in the object position. It was found that the younger Korean adolescents were, the more familiar they were with the use of NPIs with the negative word ‘not’, and the less familiar they were with the use of indefinite pronouns with negative connotation. This is believed to be proportional to the frequency of appearance of ‘not’, which is commonly used in negative sentences in a second language environment.

Не какъв да е мелодичен контур: влияние на прозодията върху семантиката на неопределителните местоимения от типа който и да е

This study aims to address a debated question concerning the influence of emphatic stress on the semantics of koyto i da e indefinite pronouns (IPs). The meaning of this class of IPs is often analyzed in comparison to the meaning of the class of koy da e IPs. In contrastive context koyto i da e forms imply absolute randomness in the selection of an element from a given set, while koy da e forms imply selection from a subset of elements of low and medium value. It is assumed that such a contrast is created in negative sentences. Some authors argue that in this type of context IPs from both classes are not interchangeable, while others suggest that placing emphatic stress on koyto i da e aligns its semantics with koy da e. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a survey in which respondents were asked to determine the semantics of nine structurally identical sentences containing koyto i da e indefinite pronouns, differing only in their prosodic contour (emphatic or non-emphatic). The article begins with a review of approaches to modeling the semantics of both types of indefinite pronouns and the role of negation and emphasis. Attention is given to the difference in expressive strength between written and spoken language and its impact. Subsequently, we present the survey, along with the obtained results and their interpretation.

Language and cultural creolisation in nigerian script texts

This article deals with the peculiarities of script texts being a part of cinematography – one of modern art form. The scientific problem is determined by the trend towards globalisation of all contemporary art types, on the one hand, and the need to preserve cultural heritage, on the other hand. The aim of the work is to identify the characteristic features of Nigerian English script texts – phenomena created due to creolisation process defined as the process of British English adapting procedure to the realities of local languages and cultures. The Nigerian script text is a creolised type of text with characteristic of unique properties – the presence of detailed instructions in the form of author’s remarks which provide expanded information for subsequent stepwise actions for the director, actors, editors, makeup and costume designers; a double process of creolisation due to the necessary adaptation to numerous local languages and cultures. It is proved that Nigerian script texts, influenced by the process of creolisation, are largely subject to grammatical transformations. The most productive grammatical changes include: the consistent use of nouns and pronouns within the same semantic group; the simplification of the specific verb forms manifested in the use of simple forms and omission of auxiliary verbs in interrogative and negative sentences. High-frequency grammatical transformation processes in Nigerian script texts are explained by the influence of tribal languages and be needs of the Nigerians to preserve the heritage of local cultures.

The comprehension of double negation in Chinese children with reading difficulties

ABSTRACT This study investigated the processing of double negation in Chinese children with reading difficulties. The comprehension of Mandarin affirmative, single negative and double negative sentences was tested with Chinese young poor readers and typical readers, using a sentence-picture verification task. Results showed that double negative sentences were most difficult to process for both groups; the poor readers performed significantly worse than the typical readers in comprehending double negative sentences, while no difference between the two groups was observed in comprehending affirmative and single negative sentences. Besides, morphological awareness correlated with the comprehension of double negative and single negative sentences in poor readers, while this correlation did not emerge with typical readers. Overall, our results suggest that children with reading difficulties experienced great processing difficulty in double negation, confirming that reading disorders are also characterised by oral language difficulties, in particular in the comprehension of sentences requiring high processing costs.

The role of motor inhibition in implicit negation processing: two Go/No-Go behavioral studies

Several studies demonstrated that explicit forms of negation processing (e.g., “I don’t know”) recruits motor inhibitory mechanisms. However, whether this is also true for implicit negation, in which the negative meaning is implicated but not explicitly lexicalized in the sentence (e.g., “I ignore”), has never been studied before. Two Go/No-Go studies, which differed only for the time-windows to respond to the Go stimulus, were carried out. In each, participants (N = 86 in experiment 1; N = 87 in experiment 2) respond to coloured circle while reading task-irrelevant affirmative, explicit negative and implicit negative sentences. We aimed to investigate whether: (i) the processing of implicit negations recruits inhibitory mechanisms; (ii) these inhibitory resources are differently modulated by implicit and explicit negations. Results show that implicit negative sentences recruit the inhibitory resources more strongly when compared to explicit ones, probably due to their inferential nature, likely requiring deeper processing of the negative meaning. Implicit and inferential meaning (i.e., pragmatic information) are grounded too in the same mechanisms that integrate action with perception. Such findings provide further evidence to the embodied account of language, showing that even abstract aspects, like implicit negation, are grounded in the sensory-motor system, by means of functional link between language and motor activity.

Disentangling inhibition and prediction in negation processing

Negation as a universal feature of human language is used effortlessly in everyday communication. However, experimental research has shown that the comprehension of negated sentences seems to require additional cognitive resources compared to affirmative sentences. Many studies investigating the processing of negation report longer reading and reaction times for negative compared to affirmative sentences and many studies report a Polarity by Truth interaction: false affirmative sentences lead to longer response times and larger N400 event-related potentials (ERPs) than true affirmative sentences, whereas the pattern is reversed for negative sentences where it is the true sentence that elicits longer reaction times and higher N400 ERPs compared to false negative sentences. These interactions have been discussed in the light of lexical associations, predictability, and the need to construct two subsequent mental representations. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the comprehension of negated sentences seems to make use of neural resources that are typically involved in cognitive control and inhibitory mechanisms. As both processes have been associated with two different and temporally overlapping ERP components (the N400 and the P300), we focus on studies with high temporal resolution. We discuss linguistic aspects of negation, such as semantic similarity and contextual invariance of negation. We furthermore discuss the role of the verb as well as the position of the negative marker with respect to the verb, and their respective relevance for predictive and inhibitory mechanisms in negated sentences.

A Biblical Study of “Forgiveness” in Matthew 6:14-15 and its Implications for Christians

Sin which is a violation of God's law, makes humans stray away from God and causes damage to the relationship between them and God. Humans can't get back in touch with God unless they have received forgiveness from God. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the meaning of forgiveness as it is expressed in the Gospel of Matthew 6:14-15, through a biblical study based on the Byzantine Greek text of the Bible. The approaches taken were an exegesis and a descriptive literature methodology approach. The result obtained in this limited study is that the meaning of forgiveness in the Gospel of Matthew 6:14-15 is that there is a connection between the first clause and the second clause used which is a conditional sentence along with its negation. Based on the grammatical and lexical structure of Matthew 6:14 the second clause is an apodosis of the first clause, where the second clause is the answer to the first clause which is the prosthesis. So the sentence apodosis will apply if the prosthesis is fulfilled, as well as in the next paragraph which is the sentence negation. When the prosthesis in Matthew 6:15 is not performed, then the apodosis in Matthew 6:14 becomes invalid. Also, Matthew 6:14-15 cannot be separated from Matthew 6:12, where the translation of this verse grammatically states that God has forgiven humans first, and this is the basis for Matthew 6:14-15. This was emphasized by the Lord Jesus in Matthew 18:35. Christians in Indonesia should understand the meaning of forgiveness that the Lord Jesus taught, so that after a person has repented and become a Christian, he or she remains in Christ and keeps their life holy and forgive others, as a form of response to God, for the forgiveness that the Lord Jesus has given to them. Thus there must be repentance including a change of heart about one's actions or one's whole life. Atonement is needed as well which is making reparation after one has committed an offense.