Predicate Negation Research Articles

Propositions with Negative Predicates in Arabic Logic

ABSTRACT This paper explores a neglected category of propositions in Arabic logic, propositions with negative predicates (sālibat al-maḥmūl), by addressing two pivotal questions concerning this propositional form: first, whether it is possible to defend it as distinct from metathetic and simple negative propositions and second, whether affirmative instances of these propositions have existential import. The paper argues for the existence of two distinct and conflicting theories of existential import frequently implicit in the views of Arabic logicians: one centered on the copula and the other on the predicate.

Representations of 5G in the Chinese and British press: a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis

This study employs a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis to demystify the dominant patterns of representations around 5G in the Chinese and British press. Keyword analyses identify four thematic categories around the representation of 5G: the nature of 5G, social actors in 5G discourse, actions around 5G and timing in 5G discourse. Findings suggest that the Chinese press tends to use positive evaluative expressions to depict 5G as a trustworthy and beneficial issue and stress China’s strong support for 5G development. In contrast, the British press prefers to frame 5G as a product of geopolitical rivalry and an issue with scientific uncertainties and controversies by repeatedly employing negative language patterns related to 5G risks and conspiracy theories. Besides, a subtle but varying “self versus other” schema is constructed by the two presses. The Chinese press is inclined to use positive predication strategies to construct a positive self-representation, whereas the British press tends to adopt negative predication strategies to portray China as an outgroup and meanwhile use scapegoating strategies to profile Britain as a positive self by using recurrent patterns denoting the pressure exerted on Britain by the United States. Such differences could result from their journalistic ideologies and values and the contrasting socio-political contexts where the two presses are situated.

The Polish Complementiser 'jakoby': a relevance theoretic account


 This paper analyses the Polish complementiser jakoby within the framework of relevance theory. It suggests that those environments in which jakoby is licensed, namely certain indirect-speech-type constructions and clauses embedded under inherently negative predicates, such as zaprzeczyć (“to deny”) and nieprawdą jest (“it is untrue”), have in common that they can be conceived of in metarepresentational terms. Furthermore, it argues that jakoby encodes procedural meaning which restricts it principally to these types of environment. Unlike że (“that”), which can always be substituted for it, jakoby constrains the range of attitudes towards the embedded proposition that can be implied contextually, blocking interpretations on which this proposition is understood to be endorsed, while encouraging the recovery of evaluative stances such as scepticism, doubt and rejection. We show that jakoby can be selected from the point of view of the reporting voice, in which case it receives a global interpretation, or that of the matrix subject; this yields a local interpretation.

Infinite Judgment

The article uses the idea of “infinite judgment” (borrowed from the field of logic) to reflect on the narrative techniques employed in Ádám Bodor later works, with a special focus on the novel The Birds of Verhovina (2011) and the collection Nowhere (Sehol, 2019). In a formal sense, the idea of infinite judgment breaks down the duality of the so-called positive and negative qualities of logical judgments (assertion and negation) by introducing a negative predicate into the structure of a positive proposition. Applying the same logic to Bodor’s prose, we can also grasp it as a poetic principle: the process of fictional world-creation does not follow the logic of either negation or affirmation and, through a subtle logical negation, opens up a series of infinite possibilities. This rhetorical strategy, in turn, becomes the appropriate vehicle for the articulation of a specific type of historical experience that we could designate as “potential history” (in opposition to the “actual” history of Eastern European dictatorships in the second half of the twentieth century). Bodor’s prose forces a confrontation with this potential history through narratives of transience and historical transformation whose ultimate horizon is human extinction.

Negative Predication and Distinctness

Negative Predication and Distinctness

Non-verbal predicate negation in child Emirati Arabic

ABSTRACT We provide an account of the developmental trajectory of Emirati Arabic negation particles. We treat the non-verbal predicate negator (NVPN) mub as a negative copula, in contrast to the verbal predicate negator (VPN) maa, which encodes sentential negation in verbal and existential contexts. The analysis is supported by evidence from a longitudinal corpus of six Emirati children. Given the high frequency of occurrence of maa in the ambient language, we show that an input-frequency account predicts maa-mub substitutions in early stages of acquisition. However, confirming previous findings by Becker we show that when mub emerges in later stages, its distribution exhibits an asymmetry: mub is used frequently with individual-level nominal/adjectival predicates but it almost never appears with stage level adjectival/prepositional/ adverbial predicates, mirroring the distribution of copular elements in child English (and other languages).

Correction: Muslim Philosophers on Affirmative Judgement with Negative Predicate

Correction: Muslim Philosophers on Affirmative Judgement with Negative Predicate

Domestic Violence Against Women During The Covid 19 Pandemic In Gorontalo Province

The phenomenon of violence against women has recently become a prominent issue. This is not only due to the increasing severity of cases of violence experienced by women, but the intensity is even more worrying. This study focuses on domestic violence during the covid-19 pandemic in Gorontalo Province. The method used in this research is field research with a sociological juridical approach to determine the application of law to society, in this case the enforcement of related laws regarding Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence.The results of this study are forms of domestic violence in the form of physical violence, namely actions that cause pain, fall ill, or seriously injured. Psychological violence, namely actions that cause fear, loss of self-confidence, loss of ability to act, sense of helplessness, and/or severe psychological suffering on a person. Factors causing Domestic Violence (KDRT) which are often found in handling victims, include: Perpetrators who cheat or have WIL, Communication factors that are not harmonious, There are influence factors from the family either from the victim or perpetrator, Socio-economic factors, Perpetrators who commit physical violence and sexual violence, perpetrators who do not provide a living or neglect for a long time and from the juridical side the problem of domestic violence (KDRT) is pursued through private law (civil) with divorce. However, the dilemma faced by the victim is that she is not ready to live her own life (as a widow) by bearing a negative predicate from the community.

부정사의 지도방법 연구 －학습자들의 사용실태 및 인식조사를 바탕으로－

In this article, I aim to propose an effective method for teaching indefinite nouns based on a survey of the learners’ unnatural uses of human-denoting indefinite nouns. Human-denoting indefinite nouns have hardly been described in previous language studies and grammar books, and the learners of Japanese occasionally do not even recognize their meaning.BR First, I surveyed the actual status of the learners’ use of indefinite nouns based on composition data to see how the teachers should teach indefinite nouns to the learners. The results indicate that the indefinite nouns do not frequently appear in the composition data, but I found several unnatural usage-patterns. Based on this result, I conducted a survey about the use of human-denoting indefinite nouns with 32 participants and found that several Korean learners of Japanese do not sufficiently recognize the correct use of indefinite nouns.BR Second, I explored how indefinite nouns are used in novels to propose an effective method for teaching indefinite nouns. The results show that the most frequently used type is daremo, followed by darenimo, daredemo, daremoga, dareyorimo, and darenidemo. Furthermore, each type of indefinite noun co-occurs with predicates featuring some specific morphological properties.BR Based on these results, I compared daredemo and daremoga in the positive-polarity contexts. I also revealed that the indefinite nouns involving a particle co-occur with certain types of predicates and uncovered meaning associated with the particle for each indefinite noun. These findings are reflected in my proposed teaching method. That is, I propose that the teachers should teach the following: the human-denoting indefinite nouns, daremo and darenimo, co-occur with negative predicates, whereas daredemo, daremoga, and darenidemo co-occur with positive predicates.

Muslim Philosophers on Affirmative Judgement with Negative Predicate

Muslim Philosophers on Affirmative Judgement with Negative Predicate

Aplikasi Tiktok Sebagai Media Pendidikan Membentuk Generasi Tangguh Bencana

Insights about disaster mitigation are needed by the people of Indonesia. Basically, disaster mitigation can be embedded in the world of education. Project-based learning assisted by the Tik Tok application can be a medium of learning as well as an effective means of socialization in order to form a generation that is resilient to disasters. Although the Tik Tok application comes with a negative predicate from the community, the average generation Z children currently use it. The purpose of this study is to find out that project-based learning assisted by the tik tok application media can form a generation that is resilient to disasters from an early age. The researcher uses a qualitative method in the form of Research and Development (R&D), namely research that is followed up with the development and dissemination of a learning media through the cycle process of Action, Reflection, Evaluation, Replication, and Innovation. The subjects of this study were students of class VIIIB SMP Negeri 3 Kawunganten Cilacap, totaling 30 students. Data collection techniques used are observation, interview and documentation techniques. While the data analysis technique is qualitative analysis to determine the increase in students' creative thinking. The instrument is used to see the creative thinking ability of class VIIIB students during social studies learning. From the observations of 30 students that have been carried out, it shows that for the very high category there are 20 students, for the high category 5 students, for the medium category 3 students, for the low category 2 students. From these data, the findings obtained are that social studies learning with project based learning assisted by the tik tok application media can improve students' creative thinking in creating a generation that is resilient to disasters.

Project Based Learning Berbantuan Aplikasi Tiktok Sebagai Media Pembelajaran IPS Inovatif

Along with the declaration of the industrial revolution 4.0, the dynamics of learning can no longer implement conventional methods, especially in the selection of learning models and media. Project based learning assisted by the Tik Tok application can be an attractive learning solution for students. Although the Tik Tok application comes with a negative predicate from the community, on average, generation Z children now really enjoy this application. But if the Tik Tok application is used properly, it will be an interesting learning medium. The purpose of this study is to find out that project based learning assisted by the tik tok application media can improve students' creative thinking in social studies learning. The researcher uses a qualitative method in the form of Research and Development (R & D), namely research that is followed up with the development and dissemination of a learning media through the cycle process of Action, Reflection, Evaluation, Replication, and Innovation. The subjects of this study were students of class VIII B SMP Negeri 3 Kawunganten Cilacap, totaling 30 students. Data collection techniques used are observation, interview and documentation techniques. While the data analysis technique is qualitative analysis to determine the increase in students' creative thinking. The instrument is used to see the creative thinking ability of class VIIIB students during social studies learning. From observations on 30 students that have been carried out, it shows that for the very high category there are 16 students, for the high category 8 students, for the medium category 4 students, for the low category 2 students. From these data, the findings obtained are that social studies learning with project based learning assisted by the tik tok application media can run well and can increase the creativity of students.

CONDITIONAL CONVERB IN FOREST ENETS: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF ITS SYSTEM OF USES

This corpus-based study examines the functions of the conditional converb in Forest Enets and investigates the differences in its use between two generations of Enets speakers. In line with the previous descriptions, independent clauses with conditional converbs are used as self-addressed questions (yes/no, special, and alternative questions). The conditional converb of the verb ɛ ‘be’ when used with numerals is developing into a marker of approximation. Dependent clauses with conditional converbs include protases of conditional and concessive conditional constructions as well as complement clauses. This study discusses the diachronic relation between independent clauses with conditional converbs and the protasis of conditional constructions and concludes that either of the two directions of development is possible. Complement clauses with conditional converbs include, first, irrealis complements to negative propositional attitude predicates (dʲɔxara ‘not know’, dʲurta ‘forget’), which, showing signs of relatively recent grammaticalization, have hitherto received scant attention by scholars, and, second, sentential subjects in modal constructions with such predicates as sɔjza ‘good’, bɔɔ ‘bad’ etc. To compare the use of the Enets conditional converb across types of clauses and generations of speakers, this paper analyses the occurrence of the future tense marker on the converb, the order of clauses in multi-clause constructions, the range of verbs in the main and in the dependent clauses. Many of these parameters can be interpreted as the signs of the growing level of clause integration in the process of grammaticalization of polypredicative constructions.

Alienation and Hopes in Indonesian Migrant Worker Literature Work

Abstract: Female Indonesian migrant domestic workers (DMWs) often get a negative predicate both in Indonesia and in destination countries. For example, DMWs in Singapore are treated unequally by Singaporean society, in Indonesia, as well, their work is seen as a lowly job. They can be categorized as a marginal group. Marginals are marginalized people whose rights are ruled out by people that have power. Hence, they find it difficult to adapt to their environment and they are always suppressed. The circumstances lead to the feeling of alienation for DMWs. The alienation they have experienced is often ignored as a reality of the life of migrant workers. This study takes the object of poetry by Female Indonesian DMWs in Singapore. It explores how marginalization and alienation are expressed in literary work by female domestic migrant workers. This study, also analyzes how the expression of literary work can be functioned as a medium to voice alienation and to overcome its problem. This research used textual analysis, including the application of semiotics and narratology to see the marginalization and alienation faced by the migrant workers which are represented through a literary work. As complementary data, virtual interviews with the author of poetry was conducted.

Learners’ use of the adverb yoku: degree and frequency

This study investiagted the use of the adverb yoku to modify a verb and proposed a teaching guide for its use and meaning, using unnatural examples from the International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I JAS). The I JAS was created using spoken language collected from native and non-native Japanese speakers’ talking tasks. Based on previous studies’ analyses of yoku, we classified the adverb yoku examples into those connoting degree, frequency, and meaning. When we compared Korean learners’ usages with those of native Japanese speakers, we found that examples of degree were used in sentences expressing an essence (e.g., well) or comparing actions (e.g., better), and examples of frequency were used in sentences referring to accidental occurrences (e.g., much, often). Unnatural examples involving yoku were used to connote degree in sentences that referred to accidental occurrences and not single actions. Unnatural examples involving yoku were also used to connote frequency in sentences with negative predicates. Korean learners used 23 different instances with different meanings such as “many” and “easily.” In addition to these findings, this study suggests some effective ways to teach students about using the adverb yoku.

Typology of partitives

AbstractThis paper explores the coding patterns of partitives and their functional extensions, based on a convenience sample of 138 languages from 46 families from all macroareas. Partitives are defined as constructions that may express the proportional relation of a subset to a superset (the true-partitive relation). First, it is demonstrated that, crosslinguistically, partitive constructions vary as to their syntactic properties and morphological marking. Syntactically, there is a cline from loose – possibly less grammaticalized – structures to partitives with rigid head-dependent relations and, finally, to morphologically integrated one-word partitives. Furthermore, partitives may be encoded NP-internally (mostly via an adposition) or pronominally. Morphologically, partitives primarily involve markers syncretic with separative, locative or possessive meanings. Finally, a number of languages employ no partitive marker at all. Secondly, these different strategies are not evenly distributed in the globe, with, for example, Eurasia being biased for the separative strategy. Thirdly, on the functional side, partitives may have functions in the following domains in addition to the true-partitive relation: plain quantification (pseudo-partitives), hypothetical events, predicate negation and aspectuality. I claim that the ability to encode plain quantification is the prerequisite for the other domains. Finally, it is argued that there is a universal preference towards syncretism of two semantically distinct concepts: the proportional, true-partitive relation (some of the books) and plain quantification (some books).

Abstract 2293: A urine-based liquid biopsy method for detection of upper tract urinary carcinoma

Abstract Background: Upper tract urinary carcinoma (UTUC) includes renal pelvic cancer and ureteral cancer. For its diagnosis, ureteroscopy is the only method to obtain pathological result before surgery. However, there are also some problems with ureteroscopy. In addition to the trauma and infection risks, the possibility of exudation and adhesion of surrounding tissues after ureteroscopy is significantly increased, hypertension in the cavity may cause tumor spread, and the use of ureteroscopy and biopsy may cause recurrence of bladder tumors after surgery. These unfavorable factors make clinically urgent need for a sensitive and non-invasive method for the diagnosis of UTUC. Materials and Methods: In this study, 150 hematuria patients with upper tract urinary disease and 100 healthy people were enrolled. Among the patients, 75 were pathologically confirmed with upper tract urinary carcinoma while 75 with benign urinary diseases. A Genetron Urinary Assay was designed to maximize the number of unique driver gene variants of UTUC by a limited number of amplicons. Next-generation sequencing libraries were constructed using multiplex PCR methods. We also detected CpG-sites on ONECUT2 gene by performing bisulfite-specific real-time PCR for bisulfite converted DNA. Furthermore, we developed a prediction model based on several significant features to evaluate the risk of UTUC. Results: 234 samples were available for analysis. Our liquid biopsy assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 96%, a positive predication value (PPV) of 92% and a negative predication value(NPV) of 98% in this study. By using a decision tree model, we found age, gene mutations of HRAS, TERT and TP53 and methylation of ONECUT2 did place at some key nodes to classify the risk of patients of UTUC, and age around 48.5, the frequencies of mutated genes above certain value and ΔCt value of ONECUT2 about 7.6 would be good cutoffs. This model was able to stratify patients into a low or high-risk group with an accuracy score at 94%. After further analysis, we found that ONECUT2 methylation and TP53 mutations were more common in high grade UTUC (p<0.01), while AKT1 and FGFR3 (trend, but no statistical significance) mutations were more often shown in low grade group. No significant difference of gene mutations frequency was found between non muscle invasive and muscle invasive group, but FGFR3 as well as TERT and PIK3CA gene showed a trend of higher occurrence. Conclusion: In this study, Genetron Urinary Assay has a good performance in the diagnostic of UTUC. Its high sensitivity, high specificity, and non-invasiveness make it a potential clinical alternative to ureteroscopy. Further validation in a large prospective cohort of wide population is necessary to prove the true clinical value of this newly developed method. Citation Format: Xin Ma, Yansheng Xu, Hongzhao Li, Xing Ai, Jiangping Gao, Yiming Liang, Qiaosong Zheng, Kaisheng Mao, Tonghui Ma, Xu Zhang. A urine-based liquid biopsy method for detection of upper tract urinary carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2293.

Embedding speech-act propositions

Hanks (Propositional content, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 2015) develops a theory of propositions as speech-act types. Because speech acts play a role in the contents themselves, the view overturns Frege’s force/content distinction, and as such, faces the challenge of explaining how propositions embed under logical operators like negation. The attempt to solve this problem has lead Hanks and his recent commentators to adopt theoretically exotic resources, none of which, we argue, is ultimately successful. The problem is that although there are three different ways of negating the sentence “Mary’s card is an ace”, current speech-act theories of propositions can only accommodate two of them. We distinguish between (1) “It is false that Mary’s card is an ace” (sentence negation), (2) “Mary’s card is a non-ace” (predicate negation), and (3) “Mary’s card is not an ace” (content negation) and show that Hanks and his commentators cannot explain content negation. We call this Hanks’ Negation Problem. The problem is significant because content negation is the negation required for logic. Fortunately, we think there is a natural way for Hanks to accommodate content negation (and all the other logical operators) as successive acts of predication. The view solves Hanks’ Negation Problem with only resources internal to Hanks’ own view.

ON THE TYPOLOGY OF THE NEGATION MARKER MÂ IN MODERN ARABIC DIALECTS: KUWAITI, JORDANIAN, SUDANESE, AND YEMENI

Modern Arabic Dialects (MADs) have an identical morphological system with some similarities and differences in the choice of the negation morphemes. The main concern of this paper is to discuss the typological properties of the negation morpheme mâ- ما and its variation in four Modern Arabic Dialects (MADs), JA (Jordanian Arabic), KA (Kuwaiti Arabic), SA (Sudanese Arabic), and YA (Yemeni Arabic) taking into account two negation strategies identified by Brustad (2000), namely Verbal Negation and Predicate Negation. Specifically, the study will shed light on the types and positions of the negation morphemes regarding VN and PN strategies. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach. The data were taken from previous studies on negation in MADs and online sources, i.e., published articles and YouTube. The study found that when the negation morpheme mâ - ما is used as a one-negation system or a two-negation system, as a verbal and predicate negation, it changes to the negation morpheme mâ- ما due to phonological conditions and its pre-verbal position. The study concluded that three negation templates might be generalized in the four dialects, namely one-morpheme template, two-morpheme-template, and predicate negation template. Moreover, blocking of the negation morpheme movement in the sentences happens to do to phonological conditions.

Mood selection in Yucatec Spanish: Veridicality as the trigger

Mood selection under doxastic, or belief, predicates in Spanish have been traditionally treated as cases of polarity subjunctive: affirmative predicates license the indicative and negated the subjunctive. In previous accounts of mood in Spanish, researchers (i.e. Haverkate, 2002; Quer, 1998; Mejías-Bikandi, 1998, 2016) argue that either subjunctive or indicative is felicitous under negation as mood in this environment is pragmatically motivated. Yucatec Spanish is a contact variety that allows the use of the subjunctive in both affirmative and negated doxastic predicates. I use Yucatec Spanish data to argue that mood is licensed by the speaker's epistemic uncertainty, not negation. As an alternative, I adopt the notion of (non)veridicality (Giannakidou, 1998, 2015; Giannakidou and Mari, 2020) and follow Mari's (2016) proposal of suppositional subjunctive selection to argue that mood is triggered by the evaluation of the proposition in Yucatec Spanish. When a speaker of Yucatec Spanish evaluates a proposition as nonveridical, she recognizes the possibility that the proposition could be either true or false. In such cases, the speaker selects the subjunctive in the embedded clause regardless of the presence or absence of negation. Other nonveridical environments (i.e. interrogatives and modals) are also briefly discussed as both license higher rates of subjunctive use in Yucatec Spanish.