Needle Structure Research Articles

Interface needle structure induced high-performance aluminum alloy/PPS hybrids

Direct joining molding of metals and polymers has received increasing attention in the field of lightweight fabrication. The aluminum alloy (Al) surface was modified by secondary anodizing and a special needle-like structure was formed on the Al surface. Then, the glass fiber-filling polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) was directly joined with Al by the hot pressing technique. The relationship between the interfacial structure and mechanical properties of Al/PPS hybrids was systematically investigated and discussed. The results showed that the generation of needle-like structures could improve the surface roughness and wettability, thus effectively improving the mechanical interlocking ability of the interface and forming the Al-O-C chemical bond with PPS. The maximum tensile strength of Al/PPS hybrids was 28.34 MPa, and their impact toughness (ak) reached 9.69 J/cm2. Even though the hybrids were exposed to a salt spray environment or 200 °C, the strength could still reach 25 MPa. This study has prepared a high-performance metal/plastic hybrid by secondary anodizing method, which can be applied in harsh environments.

Investigating the optical, structural, and therapeutic properties of CuO nanoparticles coated with [BMIM][BF4] Ionic liquid

This work reports a chemical synthesis of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid ([BMIM][BF4] IL) coated copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-[BMIM][BF4] NPs) by using co-precipitation method. Additionally, bare copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are prepared without the addition of the ionic liquid for comparison. Structural morphology and optical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). XRD analysis revealed the monoclinic phase of synthesised CuO NPs (with and without addition of IL) with an average crystallite size of 15.3 nm and 8.42 nm for CuO NPs and CuO-[BMIM][BF4] NPs respectively. An examination of the UV–Vis spectra revealed that the optical bandgap decreases with the addition of IL to CuO NPs. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed the flake like morphologies in the range of nanoscale. TEM Microscope showed the conventional needle structure of CuO-[BMIM][BF4] NPs. Synthesised NPs showed antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as pathogenic fungi, including Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans, as investigated using the disc diffusion technique. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacterial pathogen), Candida albicans (fungal pathogen) were significantly inhibited than the other two organisms. Additionally, the prepared CuO nanoparticles were evaluated for their anticancer properties on MCF7 human breast cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. The results indicated that the synthesised CuO nanoparticles exhibited effective cytotoxicity against MCF7 cells, with an IC50 value of 33.37 μg/mL. These findings are briefly discussed in this manuscript.

Integration of Vertical Graphene Onto a Tunnelling Cathode for Digital X-Ray Imaging.

As an alternative to thermionic X-ray generators, cold-cathode X-ray tubes are being developed for portable and multichannel tomography. Field emission propagating from needle structures such as carbon nanotubes or Si tips currently dominates related research and development, but various obstacles prevent the widespread of this technology. An old but simple electron emission design is the planar tunnelling cathode using a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure, which achieves narrow beam dispersion and low supplying voltage. Directly grown vertical graphene (VG) is employed as the gate electrode of MOS and tests its potential as a new emission source. The emission efficiency of the device is initially ≈1% because of unavoidable fabrication damage during the patterning processes; it drastically improves to >40% after ozone treatment. The resulting emission current obeys the Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling model, and the enhanced emission is attributed to the effective gate thickness reduction by ozone treatment. As a proof-of-concept experiment, a clustered array of 2140 cells is integrated into a system that provides mA-class emission current for X-ray generation. With pulsed digital excitations, X-ray imaging of a chest phantom, demonstrating the feasibility of using a VG MOS electron emission source as a new and innovative X-ray generator is realized.

Biomimetic Ag-modified core-shell nanofibrous membrane with enhanced solar absorption and water replenishment for efficient clean water production and antibacterial activity

Microorganism contamination of evaporators can deteriorate their performance during solar-driven water evaporation. Herein, we developed a biomimetic core-shell nanofibrous membrane with enhanced solar absorption, water replenishment, and antimicrobial properties via modification of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). By mimicking the core-shell structure of natural pine needles, (1) the core of polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) nanofiber, like the xylem of pine needles, can act as a support skeleton for dimensional stability; and (2) the shell of Ag-NPs-modified copper oxide (CuO) crystals (Ag@CuO), like the mesophyll of pine needles (photosynthesis for pine growth), can perform the photothermal and antimicrobial properties. The Ag@CuO nanofibrous membrane achieved increased solar absorption from 92.44 % to 95.88 % and decreased water contact angle from 36.1° to 0° after the incorporation of Ag-NPs. Furthermore, the Ag@CuO nanofibrous membrane exhibited stable evaporation rates of 1.31 kg⋅m−2⋅h−1 for 3.5 wt% saline water and 1.27 kg⋅m−2⋅h−1 for actual dye wastewater. Moreover, the nanofibrous membrane possessed excellent flexibility and robust adhesion of Ag-NPs due to the strong interfacial bonding induced by polydopamine. In addition, inhibition rates above 99.97 % against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli demonstrated the outstanding antimicrobial properties of the Ag@CuO membrane. In conclusion, the high evaporation performance, excellent flexibility, and outstanding antimicrobial properties enable the Ag@CuO nanofibrous membrane to be a good option for sustainable clean water production by treating evaporation media containing microorganisms.

Characterization and engineering of the type 3 secretion system needle monomer from Salmonella through the construction and screening of a comprehensive mutagenesis library.

Protein production strategies in bacteria are often limited due to the need for cell lysis and complicated purification schemes. To avoid these challenges, researchers have developed bacterial strains capable of secreting heterologous protein products outside the cell, but secretion titers often remain too low for commercial applicability. Improved understanding of the link between secretion system structure and its secretory abilities can help overcome the barrier to engineering higher secretion titers. Here, we investigated this link with the PrgI protein, the monomer of the secretory channel of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) of Salmonella enterica. Despite detailed knowledge of the PrgI needle's assembly and structure, little is known about how its structure influences its secretory capabilities. To study this, we recently constructed a comprehensive codon mutagenesis library of the PrgI protein utilizing a novel one-pot recombineering approach. We then screened this library for functional T3SS assembly and secretion titer by measuring the secretion of alkaline phosphatase using a high-throughput activity assay. This allowed us to construct a first-of-its-kind secretion fitness landscape to characterize the PrgI needle's mutability at each position as well as the mutations which lead to enhanced T3SS secretion. We discovered new design rules for building a functional T3SS as well as identified hypersecreting mutants. This work can be used to increase understanding of the T3SS's assembly and identify further targets for engineering. This work also provides a blueprint for future efforts to engineer other complex protein assemblies through the construction of fitness landscapes.IMPORTANCEProtein secretion offers a simplified alternative method for protein purification from bacterial hosts. However, the current state-of-the-art methods for protein secretion in bacteria are still hindered by low yields relative to traditional protein purification strategies. Engineers are now seeking strategies to enhance protein secretion titers from bacterial hosts, often through genetic manipulations. In this study, we demonstrate that protein engineering strategies focused on altering the secretion apparatus can be a fruitful avenue toward this goal. Specifically, this study focuses on how changes to the PrgI needle protein from the type 3 secretion system from Salmonella enterica can impact secretion titer. We demonstrate that this complex is amenable to comprehensive mutagenesis studies and that this can yield both PrgI variants with increased secretory capabilities and insight into the normal functioning of the type 3 secretion system.

Numerical Investigation of Effects of Ripple Type Needle Erosion on Pressure Inside a Pelton Nozzle

Abstract Pelton turbines, a commonly used impulse turbine for hydroelectric generation which converts the potential energy of the water into kinetic energy through a needle structure within the nozzle system. However, the exposure of the Pelton turbine components such as needle, seat ring, buckets to the sediment laden water can erode these components. The erosion on the needle can also lead to the efficiency degradation. This study aims to investigate the effect of needle erosion on the pressure dynamics within the Pelton nozzle system. For the study purpose, the nozzle system from Pelton rig at the Waterpower Laboratory, NTNU is used and a general erosion pattern is developed through literature and field information. The research focuses on analysing the difference in pressure distribution between the normal and eroded needles under different opening conditions, with the objective of understanding how erosion affects the nozzle performance. Single-phase 3-D simulations are performed with an unstructured ANSYS mesh and the CFX solver. This study examines the static pressure at the inner surface of the nozzle casing wall. The results show that for a constant head at the inlet boundary condition, the static pressure with eroded needles was significantly lower than that with normal needles. The pressure difference was around 1.88 kPa for a 60% nozzle opening and around 3.57 kPa for a 40% nozzle opening. The reduction in pressure is due to the increased area in the needle orifice and nozzle outlet caused by erosion, which is more pronounced at lower openings. The findings reveal a direct correlation between needle erosion and alterations in pressure distribution, highlighting the necessity for vigilant monitoring and timely maintenance. The study provides valuable insights into optimizing turbine performance in sediment-laden water conditions and underscores the importance of addressing needle erosion to maintain efficiency.

Unravelling the polymorphic characteristics of carbamazepine through additive-assisted sonocrystallisation

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the influence of additives on the antisolvent crystallisation process of carbamazepine (CBZ) using methanol as the solvent and water as the antisolvent, with ultrasonic irradiation at a specific solvent-to-antisolvent (S/A) ratio of 1:2 and a 30-watt power ultrasonic horn. Various additives, such as Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC), Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), Tween 80, and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS), were employed to examine their effects on the morphology, stability (including suspension and thermal stability), crystallinity, and polymorphism of CBZ crystals. Raw CBZ exhibited irregular shapes during crystallisation, while SDS addition resulted in both plate-like and needle-like crystals. Conversely, BSA, HPMC, and Tween 80 induced the formation of needle, plate, and block-like crystal structures, respectively. Suspension stability ranked as SDS > BSA > HPMC > Tween 80. Regarding polymorphism, HPMC favoured Form 1, BSA and SDS favoured Form IV, and Tween 80 favoured Form I. Additionally, Tween 80 depicted similar preference for Form I polymorph as HPMC. Notably, Form II and Form III polymorphs were present to varying degrees in all samples, except for Tween 80. This study provides crucial insights into the controlled crystallisation of CBZ and the impact of additives on crystal properties, offering valuable information for tailoring CBZ crystal production for specific pharmaceutical applications.

Surface microstructuring of hot-rolled carbon structural steels under complex exposure to laser radiation

The purpose of the work was to study the effect of laser microstructuring modes of the cutting edge on changes in the structure and mechanical properties of the surface layer of parts made of hot-rolled structural carbon steels grades 20, 35, 45. Methods. Structural carbon steels of grades 20, 35, 45 were selected as objects of research. To study the effect of laser modification on changing the structure and mechanical properties of machine parts using laser cutting, special samples were made in the form of square plates (35×35 mm) with a thickness of 2 mm (St20 and St45) and 4 mm (St35). After laser cutting according to the modes, one of the sides of the sample was subjected to mechanical grinding in order to remove a layer with a modified structure of the material obtained during laser cutting. Next, laser microstructuring of the sample surfaces was performed using a continuous fiber laser. Metallographic and durometric studies were carried out to study the effect of laser microstructuring on changes in the structure and properties of the surface layer. Results. The regularities of the structure of the zone of laser action of structural carbon steels after laser microstructuring have been revealed, which consists of two layers: a non-etching (slightly etching) white layer, which is a finely dispersed martensite of a needle structure and immediately following it a zone of thermal influence, which, depending on the carbon content in the steel, has a different structure: ferrite-pearlite, martensitic, troostomartensitic, martensiticpearlitic. It has been established that laser microstructuring of a pre-polished surface in some cases leads to an increase in the values of microhardness and the length of the laser exposure zone, which may be associated with an increase in the absorption capacity of the material of the polished surface and, accordingly, a decrease in its reflectivity. Conclusion. The results obtained can be used in the creation of resource-saving material processing processes.

New insights into the growth characteristics and crystal morphology of α-hemihydrate gypsum induced by organic acid crystallization agents during PG conversion

The stockpiling of phosphogypsum (PG) poses a substantial risk of environmental pollution.To reduce the stockpile of PG and enhance its value, this research utilized phosphogypsum to produce α-hemihydrate gypsum (a-HH).The study elucidates the crystallization process of α-HH, which involves Ca2+ helical growth and coordinated filling by SO42- and H2O. Succinic acid, malic acid, L-aspartic acid are used as agents to transform PG into α-HH. α-HH is developed using a modified vapor pressure method. XRD, XPS, FT-IR, SEM, zeta potential, intensity testing, and molecular dynamics simulations are some methods used to study its crystal growth characteristics, morphological structure, and mechanical strength. These analyses aim to explore the impact and mechanism of succinic acid, malic acid, L-aspartic acid on the properties of α-HH. The results indicate that α-HH assumes a monoclinic crystal form, appearing as needles. Upon the addition of succinic acid, malic acid, and L-aspartic acid, the aspect ratio of α-HH crystals decreases, and the crystal morphology transitions from a rod-like needle structure to a short and stout structure.Notably, Malic acid demonstrates the most effective results.The study further demonstrates that the flexural and compressive strengths of all α-HH specimens surpass 4.5 MPa and 30 MPa, respectively, meeting the requirements for high-strength gypsum, specifically α30.Simultaneously, this study reveals that succinic acid, malic acid, L-aspartic acid form cyclic chelates with Ca2+ on the prominent surface of α-HH through oxygen atoms in the carbon base of the molecules, thereby altering the crystalline morphology of α-HH. The regulation of α-HH crystalline morphology depends primarily on the spacing and electron-donating ability between carbon-based oxygen atoms in the molecules of succinic acid, malic acid, L-aspartic acid. Introducing conjugated electron-donating groups into the adjacent positions of organic acids can more effectively enhance their ability to regulate the crystalline morphology of α-HH. This study further demonstrates that the regulation ability is directly proportional to the polarity of the organic acid molecules.

Static and Modal Analysis of a Coil Needle Structure

This paper mainly conducts static and dynamic mechanical analysis of the coil needle structure in the battery cell winding machine device. As the coil needle structure directly supports the battery cell and performs the cell winding process, the rationality and stability of its design directly affect the accuracy of cell winding formation. Therefore, static and modal analysis of the coil needle mechanism is carried out to verify its static and dynamic mechanical performance under working conditions.

Analysis of thicknesses of blood collection needle by scanning electron microscopy reveals wide heterogeneity.

The preanalytical phase in clinical laboratory diagnostics is currently receiving more and more attention. This term describes one part of actions and aspects of the "brain-to-brain cycle" of the medical laboratory diagnostic procedure that take place before the analytical phase. However, the preanalytical activities, the handling of unsuitable samples and the reporting procedures are neither fully standardized nor harmonized worldwide. The influence of the properties of the blood collection needle must be acknowledged. In this work, we focused on the investigation of the internal structure and size of standardized 21G blood collection needles. All parameters were measured with a scanning electron microscope using a Jeol model JSM-6000PLUS. Our. The obtained data shows that the internal surfaces of the needles vary greatly from manufacturer to manufacturer (by around 35 %), and this may play an important role in influencing blood flow and even the risk of blood cell injury (especially hemolysis) during blood drawing. The differential actual needle diameters can vary greatly between needle manufactures and this variety may have a significant impact on laboratory values and may also lead to specimen rejection.

Varied directions of heat flow and emission of volatiles impact evolution of products in pyrolysis of wet and dry pine needles

In pyrolysis of biomass via furnace heating, directions for travel of volatiles and heat flow are opposite. This is drastically different from simultaneously heating surface/inner core of a biomass particle with microwave heating. Changing direction of heat flow and volatiles affects volatiles-char interactions and evolution of pyrolytic products. This was investigated herein by pyrolysis of wet and dry pine needles via furnace or microwave heating at 600 °C. The results indicated that microwave heating induced intensive cracking of outer/inner structures of pine needles. This promoted gasification, decreased production of biochar/bio-oil, diminished formation of both light and heavy organics in bio-oil. Microwave heating also accelerated aromatization, forming biochar of higher C/O and C/H ratios and thermal stability. Additionally, formation of “hot spot” in pyrolysis of wet pine needles via microwave heating was evidenced by the phenomenon of decomposition of CaCO3 to CaO in pyrolysis, which also contributed to enhanced aromatic degree of biochar. Besides, pyrolysis of wet pine needles via microwave heating also generated developed pore structures in biochar (151.4 m2 g−1), as the inherent water and carbonaceous organics were heated simultaneously. Hydrogen bonding from inherent water was largely cracked only above 500 °C. Prolonged retention time of H2O reacted with carbonaceous intermediates, generating more aliphatic structures. Additionally, microwave heating also induced formation of unique morphology like massive thorn-like particulate matters on biochar.

Dual templated-based synthesis of smart zeolites and its self-healing anticorrosion coatings

The process for the synthesis of smart zeolite is complex. The porous zeolite was synthesized by a hydrothermal route. Aluminium powder and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) are used as alumina and silica sources. The presence of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAH) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (SDBS) acts as a structural directing agent and soft templates. The chemical growth mechanism of porous zeolite to form needle structures with the help of templates is discussed. The porous zeolite was prepared using optimum crystallization conditions (temperature and duration) and Si/Al component ratios. Following calcination, the porous zeolite was loaded with mercaptobezothaizole (MBT) and layer by layer (LBL) covered with both cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. This is the first time a study has been conducted that embraces the porous zeolite pre-loaded with a corrosion inhibitor (MBT). Here, the MBT is released in high pH conditions to prevent corrosion, simultaneously increasing the life of the smart zeolite coatings in a corrosive environment. The smart zeolite-based coatings prevent corrosion by the pH activity of smart zeolite above the neutral pH condition.

Freeze-drying of bupivacaine lipospheres: preparation, characterization, and evaluation of anti-microbial properties.

To prepare freeze-dried bupivacaine lipospheres intended for topical application in burn injuries. The aim was improving the storage stability and developing a prolonged release pattern to tackle the adverse reactions resulting from the frequent administration of bupivacaine. The lipospheres were prepared by hot-melt dispersion method employing bupivacaine base at 1.5 and 3%w/w, tristearin 6% w/w as the core while dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC) as the coat at 0.75, 1.5 and 3% w/w. The lotion was then freeze-dried and cryoprotected by sucrose 3% w/w. Evaluation was carried out through loading and release analysis, storage study, particle characterization including morphology, zeta potential and particle size as well as anti-microbial assessment. The highest loading, (87.6 ± 0.1%), was achieved using bupivacaine 3% and SPC 0.75%. After 6 months of storage at 4 ͦC, the loading in the lotion and the freeze-dried samples were 17.4 ± 0.2 and 87.2 ± 0.3%, respectively. In vitro dissolution test demonstrated 94.5% and 95% of bupivacaine release from lotion and freeze-dried samples, after 24h. The respective zeta potential of -1.30 and 26 mV was recorded for lotion and solid-state bupivacaine. Micromeritic evaluation of freeze-dried powder exhibited particle size of 35.23 ± 2.02μm and highly-wrinkled-irregular morphology without detectable needle structures related to drug free crystals. The powder had rapid reconstitution property and antibacterial activity. Freeze- drying holds a promising potential to improve the storage stability of bupivacaine lipospheres with well- preserved release pattern and particle properties for further topical application.

The Impact of Needle Evolution on Embroidery Focus on the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods

Different needs and techniques have led to the creation of different tools that act as a bridge between the objects to be processed and the objects to be used, and these tools have influenced the emergence and development of traditional craft civilizations. It is important to note that these tools were created based on specific times and conditions. Taking embroidery needles as a starting point, this paper examines the influence of needle evolution on the progress of needlework during the Spring and Autumn (770-476 BC) and Warring States periods (475- 221 BC), analyzing excavated objects and documentary records and emphasizing the interplay between tools and techniques. The evolution of needle materials, structures and sizes reflects the law of change in response to time, linked not only to the development of productive forces but also to complex and profound social changes.

Fabrication of Micro/Nano Dual Needle Structures with Morphological Gradient Based on Two-Photon Polymerization Laser Direct Writing with Proactive Focus Compensation

Micro/nano structures with morphological gradients possess unique physical properties and significant applications in various research domains. This study proposes a straightforward and precise method for fabricating micro/nano structures with morphological gradients utilizing single-voxel synchronous control and a nano-piezoelectric translation stage in a two-photon laser direct writing technique. To address the defocusing issue in large-scale fabrication, a methodology for laser focus dynamic proactive compensation was developed based on fluorescence image analysis, which can achieve high-precision compensation of laser focus within the entire range of the nano-piezoelectric translation stage. Subsequently, the fabrication of micro/nano dual needle structures with morphological gradients were implemented by employing different writing speeds and voxel positions. The minimum height of the tip in the dual needle structure is 80 nm, with a linewidth of 171 nm, and a dual needle total length reaching 200 μm. Based on SEM (scanning electron microscope) and AFM (atomic force microscope) characterization, the dual needle structures fabricated by the method proposed in this study exhibit high symmetry and nanoscale gradient accuracy. Additionally, the fabrication of hexagonal lattice periodic structures assembled from morphological gradient needle structures and the size gradient Archimedean spiral structures validate the capability of the single voxel-based fabrication and proactive focus compensation method for complex gradient structure fabrication.

Influence of anthropogenic factors on anatomo-morphological and physiological indices of needles of common pine trees

The article presents the results of the influence of anthropogenic factors on the changes in anatomo-morphological and physiological features of the structure of pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in different habitat conditions in Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod region. Necrosis and desiccation of needles in places with the most intensive motor transport traffic exceeded the control variant by 30.0-72.0 %, respectively. The experimental variant showed changes in the anatomical structure of pine leaf: epidermis thickness increased (by 60%), the area of assimilation tissue decreased by 34.6%, the diameter of resin passages decreased (by 5.0%) and their number (by 60.0%), the distance between conductive bundles (by 26.7%) and their diameter (by 37.8%), compared to the control variant. Under conditions of anthropogenic load, changes in the pigment composition of pine needles were observed: the content of chlorophyll a decreased by 9.1%, chlorophyll b - increased by 29.1%, carotenoids did not change, compared to the control variant. Thus, the results obtained expand the understanding of morphology, anatomy and pigment composition of needles of common pine growing under urban conditions. Quantitative changes in these indicators depend on the growing area.

Design and development of a cryogenic J-T valve for a 2 K cryostat with a single cryocooler

Abstract A cryogenic Joule-Thomson (J-T) valve for a 2 K cryostat cooled with a G-M cryocooler has been developed to continuously supply superfluid helium. Saturated liquid helium flowing through the valve transitions to superfluid helium below 2 K because of the J-T effect. The heat leak, sealing performance and the J-T effect of the valve were tested experimentally and analyzed. To reduce heat leak in the 2 K range, two thermal anchors were installed in the first and second cooling stages, respectively, resulting in 89.93% reduction of useful work loss. A unique sealing structure was developed for the J-T valve and was tested at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature, yielding leak rates of 3 × 10-9 Pa· m3/s and 3 × 10-4 Pa· m3/s, respectively. The corresponding valve needle and seat structure were designed based on the flow resistance equation. The J-T effect of the valve in 2 K cryostat was tested at various valve openings. The cryostat can operate at 1.64 K with no load and provide 0.143 W cooling power at 2 K.

Optimization of Structural Parameters of Piezoelectric Injection Valve Based on Model Experiment and CFD Simulation

The miniaturization of electronic devices requires a decreasing quality of adhesive points. In order to obtain the minimum defect free adhesive point for injection, this paper uses a combination of Taguchi experiment and CFD method to systematically study the influence of structural changes in the needle nozzle on the mass size of the adhesive point of the piezoelectric injection valve. The results indicate that the structural changes of the needle nozzle have a significant impact on the quality of the sprayed adhesive point. For the five types of needle and nozzle structures studied, when the nozzle size is 0.05mm and the needle size is 1.0mm, the adhesive produced by the injection valve is the smallest, and the minimum adhesive mass is 13.3% of the original injection valve (APJ1500) injection mass. Through CFD simulation, it was found that due to the smaller nozzle diameter of the optimal parameter combination during the valve opening stage, and the higher reflux ratio of the nozzle combination during the needle lowering stage, it can produce smaller adhesive mass.

An Intriguing Interpretation of 1D and 2D Non-Diffracting Modes in Cosine Profile

We provide a simple analysis based on ray optics and Dirac notation for 1D (one-dimensional) and 2D (two-dimensional) non-diffracting modes in the cosine profile, which are often called Cosine beams. We explore various kinds of structured modes formed by the superposition of two 1D Cosine beams. We then went on to understand the properties of the Bessel beams in terms of Cosine beams. For the first time, we report on the generation of three-dimensional tunable needle structures based on the interference of 1D Cosine beams. These size-tunable optical needles can have multiple advantages in material processing. Also, we report, for the first time, on the Talbot effect in Cosine beams. Straightforward mathematical calculations are used to derive analytical expressions for Cosine beams. The present method of demonstrating Cosine beams may be utilized to understand other structured modes. The Dirac notation-based interference explanation used here can provide new researchers with an easy way to understand the wave nature of light in a fundamental aspect of interferometric experiments as well as in advanced-level experiments such as beam engineering technology, imaging, particle manipulation, light sheet microscopy, and light–matter interaction. We also provide an in-depth analysis of similarities among Cosine, Bessel, and Hermite–Gaussian beams.