Need-threat Model Research Articles

The effects of knowledge hiding on new product creativity in informational faultlines

Purpose This paper aims to explore how informational faultlines impact new product creativity through specific mechanisms. The study focuses on analyzing how knowledge hiding mediates the relationship between informational faultlines and new product creativity, and how team promotion regulatory focus and team prevention regulatory focus moderate this process. Design/methodology/approach This research investigates the proposed hypotheses by examining sample data from 65 team leaders and 370 employees, delving into the relationship between informational faultlines and new product creativity and its underlying mechanisms. Findings Knowledge hiding negatively mediates the relationship between informational faultlines and new product creativity; team promotion regulatory focus negatively moderates the relationship between informational faultlines and knowledge hiding; team prevention regulatory focus positively moderates the relationship between informational faultlines and knowledge hiding; team promotion regulatory focus negatively moderates the mediating role of knowledge hiding in the link between informational faultlines and new product creativity. The higher the level of team promotion regulatory focus, the weaker the mediating role of knowledge hiding between informational faultlines and new product creativity, and vice versa; team prevention regulatory focus positively moderates the mediating effect of knowledge hiding in the relationship between informational faultlines and new product creativity. The higher the level of team prevention regulatory focus, the stronger the mediating effect of knowledge hiding on informational faultlines and new product creativity, and vice versa. Originality/value This paper constructs a novel moderated mediation model based on the need-threat model. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first to explore the relationship between informational faultlines and new product creativity from the perspective of knowledge retention, effectively filling the research gap on the role of knowledge hiding between informational faultlines and team innovative output and the moderate role of team motivational-based psychological characteristics, such as team regulatory focus, in the aforementioned mechanisms.

The effect of ostracism on social withdrawal behavior: the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of rejection sensitivity.

Extant studies have empirically tested the main two behavior responses following ostracism: prosocial or antisocial. Few studies have investigated the relationship between ostracism and social withdrawal. According to the temporal need-threat model and the self-verification theory, the present study aimed to examine the influence mechanism of ostracism on social withdrawal, especially the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of rejection sensitivity. A total of 1,315 Chinese high school students (52.6% female) completed a written questionnaire. Results showed that ostracism was positively correlated with social withdrawal. Ostracism not only directly predicted social withdrawal, but also indirectly affected social withdrawal by threatening adolescents' self-esteem. High rejection sensitivity may help aggravate adolescents' self-esteem threaten perceive from ostracism. Adolescents with high rejection sensitivity felt a greater threat to self-esteem when ostracized. Findings suggest a new direction for understanding individuals' responses to ostracism.

From Exclusion to Connection: The Role of Anthropomorphic Chatbots in Shaping Customer Responses Post-Social Exclusion

In a world where digital interactions have become the norm, chatbots are evolving to not only assist with tasks but also to alleviate feelings of social exclusion. This study investigates how anthropomorphic chatbots influence customer engagement and emotional responses following social exclusion, and further impact their commercial decisions. Through a between-subject experiment involving 609 participants, we explored the effects of anthropomorphic (vs. non-anthropomorphic) chatbots across three social exclusion conditions (ignored, rejected, and control). Our findings reveal that anthropomorphic chatbots significantly enhance purchase intention, relational investment, and organizational trust, mediated by increased senses of belonging and control and enhanced parasocial interactions. This research enriches the marketing literature by applying the need-threat model and illuminating the psychological mechanisms underlying customer responses. The practical implications for marketing and public relations professionals include strategies for optimizing brand-consumer interactions through the strategic use of anthropomorphic chatbots.

The influence of social exclusion on prosocial behavior of college students: the role of relational need threat and regulatory focus.

The present study investigated the impact of social exclusion on prosocial behavior, examining the roles of relational need threat and regulatory focus. Utilizing a questionnaire study with 483 participants (Study 1) and an experimental study with 100 participants (Study 2), we found that (1) social exclusion negatively predicted prosocial behavior; (2) relational need threat fully mediated the relationship between social exclusion and prosocial behavior; and (3) regulatory focus, categorized as either promotion or prevention, moderated this relationship in opposite directions. In conclusion, our findings reveal that social exclusion does indeed trigger prosocial behavior. Meanwhile, relational need threat and regulatory focus have a co-action impact on this process. These findings have been carefully discussed within the frameworks of the temporal need-threat model and the cognitive-affective personality system theory.

Divergent effects of warmth and competence social rejection: An explanation based on the need-threat model.

Based on the need-threat model, we hypothesized that "warmth rejection" threatens belongingness more than "competence rejection," whereas competence rejection threatens sense of efficacy more than warmth rejection. To restore threatened belongingness, warmth (vs. competence) rejection was predicted to result in higher affiliative responses. In contrast, to restore the threatened sense of efficacy, competence (vs. warmth) rejection would lead to higher self-focus. Across six studies, we found that the participants exhibited more affiliative responses after being rejected due to low warmth than due to low competence (Studies 1-6), whereas they became more self-focused after being rejected due to low competence than due to low warmth (Studies 3-6). Furthermore, the effect of warmth rejection on affiliation was mediated by perceived threat to belongingness (Studies 4-6), whereas the effect of competence rejection on self-focus was mediated by perceived threat to control and belongingness (Studies 4-6). The studies provided converging evidence that the effects of social rejection depend on the perception of why rejection occurs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Taking the edge of ostracism – a slow death: from socio-legal perspective

PurposeFirst, with real-life examples and current research, this study aims to demonstrate the existence of various forms of ostracism (linguistic, gender, social and workplace). Second, following the “need-threat model,” this research addresses the previously unaddressed topic of coping with, reducing, mitigating or curbing workplace ostracism. Moreover, the researchers also proposed a “multiplying effect model” of ostracism.Design/methodology/approachData was gathered from 199 service sector employees. The NVivo software is used for the thematic analysis of qualitative data(suggestions) gathered using open ended question on how to mitigate/reduce/curb ostracism.FindingsThe results generated were the suggestive measures, which were further categorized under three major themes: individual, society and organizational. The measures to reduce, mitigate and stop the practices of workplace ostracism can be initiated on all these three levels.Originality/valueThis is the only study that addresses the subject of decreasing, alleviating or eliminating workplace ostracism and explains the compounding effect of ostracism by suggesting a multiplying effect model. The study will pique the interest of the government and legislators to propose legal measures to prevent ostracism and achieve sustainable development goals (gender equality and reduced inequalities. The study’s practical, social, theoretical and managerial utility are discussed in the implications section.

The Influence of Social Exclusion and Anthropomorphized Brand Roles on Consumers’ Purchase Intention

Anthropomorphism is a prevalent practice in Chinese marketing practices. For instance, companies may speak to customers in a sweet, human-like tone or utilize anthropomorphized imagery to grab their interest. However, additional theoretical studies are necessary. From the perspective of compensatory consumption, based on the temporal need-threat model and the three-factor theory of anthropomorphism, this paper explored the mechanism of social exclusion, anthropomorphized brand roles, and consumers’ purchase intention, as well as the moderating effect of self-construal through two experiments. The results of study 1 showed that social exclusion and anthropomorphized brand roles jointly influenced consumers’ purchase intention. When rejected, consumers were more willing to purchase anthropomorphized partner (vs. servant) brands. When ignored, consumers preferred to purchase anthropomorphized servant (vs. partner) brands. The results of study 2 showed that self-construal played a moderating effect in this mechanism. For interdependent self-construal consumers to be rejected, the anthropomorphized partner (vs. servant) brands were more likely to promote positive purchase intention. For independent self-construal consumers to be ignored, anthropomorphized servant (vs. partner) brands were more likely to promote positive purchase intention. The conclusions encourage enterprises to take into account both situational factors and consumers’ traits when creating anthropomorphized marketing strategies.

Supplemental Material for Divergent Effects of Warmth and Competence Social Rejection: An Explanation Based on the Need-Threat Model

Supplemental Material for Divergent Effects of Warmth and Competence Social Rejection: An Explanation Based on the Need-Threat Model

A Window to What We Missed: Effects of Self- versus Other-Exclusion on Social Media Users’ Fundamental Needs, Emotional Responses, and Online Coping Behaviors

ABSTRACT The present paper investigates the psychological and behavioral responses postulated within the Temporal Need-Threat Model of a specific form of social exclusion: Not being included in other users’ social media posts. Across two experiments (N Total = 563), we distinguished two reasons for this aversive experience: (a) Voluntarily choosing not to engage in the activity being displayed in the post (i.e. self-exclusion); (b) not being invited to this activity (i.e. other-exclusion). Compared to the inclusion condition, being excluded was – for both reasons – associated with threatened needs and impaired emotional responses. As hypothesized, these detrimental effects were more pronounced for other- than for self-exclusion. Concerning coping behavior, we found that self-excluded users more frequently behaved in a prosocial way, whereas those who were excluded by others performed more withdrawal behavior. Depending on self- versus other-exclusion, different coping behaviors were more versus less effective in restoring needs and regulating emotions.

Cancelled: Effect of Cyber-Ostracism on the Mental Condition of Instagram Users

This study aims to determine the effect of social media cancellation or cyber-ostracism on the mental condition of Instagram users based on the temporal need-threat model, as well as to assess the potential role of trait mindfulness in managing its negative effects. University student participants (M age = 21.248; SD = 1.21) were divided into cyber-ostracism scenario (n = 180) versus inclusion scenario (n = 179) groups and were required to complete the mood, four basic needs, and trait mindfulness scales. The results showed that cyber-ostracism had greater impact on the threat of the four basic needs compared to the mood of participants. Furthermore, trait mindfulness was found to predict lower threats to the needs of belonging, control, and meaningful existence, but not to self-esteem. The results also showed that the inclusion of trait mindfulness reduced the influence of cyber-ostracism on the fulfillment of control needs. These findings are expected to contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of cyber-ostracism and its emotional effects, as well as bridge the gap between the public phenomenon of cancel culture and ostracism literature.

The relationship between the Dark Triad and bullying among Chinese adolescents: the role of social exclusion and sense of control.

Abundant evidence has proved the association between the Dark Triad and bullying. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are still not fully understood. Based on the temporal need-threat model, three studies were designed to explore the mediating role of social exclusion and sense of control in this research. In study 1 we recruited 571 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 14.53, SD = 0.716) to participate in a cross-sectional study. And two experiments were respectively designed in Study 2 (N = 88) and Study 3 (N = 102) to verify the effects of real and cyber social exclusion on adolescent bullying behavior. Study 1 showed that social exclusion and sense of control would play the serial mediating role in the relationship between the Dark Triad and bullying (except social exclusion as a mediator between the Dark Triad and cyberbullying). Study 2 and 3 showed that adolescents with high Dark Triad show lower sense of control and more bullying behavior after experiencing social exclusion. These findings extend the research on the Dark Triad and bullying by providing a solid empirical foundation and intervention strategies to avoid bullying so that the problem can be rationally and scientifically approached.

Developmental trajectory of ostracism during the transition to college: The role of the five-factor model traits

This study aims to examine the developmental trajectory of the ostracism of freshman and the role of the Five-Factor Model traits during the transition to college. A total of 977 freshmen (270 males, 707 females) from a college in Guizhou Province, China, were followed up once a month for a total of 4 assessments. The unconditional latent growth model showed that the ostracism of freshmen declined linearly during the transition to college. The conditional latent growth model showed that neuroticism significantly positively predicted the intercept and slope of ostracism. Agreeableness, extraversion and openness significantly negatively predicted the intercept of ostracism, while conscientiousness did not predict the intercept. Agreeableness and conscientiousness negatively predicted the slope of ostracism, while extraversion and openness had no predictive effects. Overall, the unconditional latent growth model provides the first empirical support for the changes in ostracism proposed in the temporal need-threat model and the integrated model of workplace ostracism. Additionally, this study is the first to explore the role of Five-Factor Model traits in the dynamics of ostracism.

Is socially disruptive smartphone use detrimental to well-being? A systematic meta-analytic review on being phubbed

ABSTRACT Phubbing—i.e. excluding and ignoring others through smartphone use—is a pervasive phenomenon. Yet, a comprehensive understanding of its consequences is still lacking. This systematic meta-analytic review aimed to (1) synthesize the associations between being phubbed and emotional and cognitive, social, and behavioural well-being, (2) test the strength of these associations, and (3) investigate moderating influences. Literature searches according to PRISMA-guidelines yielded k = 83 included studies. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for 24 of 72 extracted consequences. Subgroup analyses were performed for phubbees’ relationship to interlocutors, age group, and study design. The overall sample was N = 53,916 with a mean age of 19.68 years. Being phubbed was moderately to strongly (e.g. = .23–.75) associated with various adverse consequences (e.g. depression, relationship dissatisfaction, derogation of interlocutors, smartphone addiction). Effects were larger for adolescents than for adults. The findings are in line with existing theoretical assumptions (e.g. the temporal need-threat model of ostracism) corroborating that phubbing is a detrimental experience. Thus, phubbing appears to be a public health issue which should be addressed through suitable interventions in order to enhance healthy human-human and human-technology interactions.

Ostracism and Knowledge Hiding: Sequential Mediation of Efficacy Needs and Psychological Distress

Drawing on the conservation of resources theory and need-threat model, this study analyses the mediating role of efficacy needs and psychological distress on the relationship between workplace ostracism and knowledge-hiding behaviour of employees. Time-lagged data were collected from 225 employees working in the mobile telecommunication sector through online survey instruments prepared in light of past literature. SPSS23 and SmartPLS3 were used to analyse the data. The results obtained confirm the initial hypothesis that there exists a positive relationship between workplace ostracism and knowledge hiding. Furthermore, the results also established the sequential mediating roles of efficacy needs and psychological distress between workplace ostracism and knowledge-hiding behaviour of employees. This study adds to the literature suggesting that workplace ostracism represents a real threat to companies that aim to foster knowledge-sharing behaviours. Moreover, it reveals that efficacy needs and psychological distress are two underlying mechanisms behind the baseline relationship.

Why Don’t You Answer Me?! Exploring the Effects of (Repeated Exposure to) Ostracism via Messengers on Users’ Fundamental Needs, Well-Being, and Coping Motivation

ABSTRACT This preregistered diary study shed light on the effects of computer-mediated communication on users’ fundamental needs and well-being. As a specific demanding situation, it focused on the experience of cyber-ostracism, defined as not receiving replies from others on a sent message. Hypotheses were derived from the temporal need-threat model. To test these hypotheses, 214 participants answered 1,378 questionnaires over the course of one week. The results have shown that being cyber-ostracized via messengers (e.g., WhatsApp) was negatively associated with the satisfaction of users’ needs for belonging, self-esteem, meaningful existence, and control. Moreover, mediated via these needs, there was a negative indirect association between cyber-ostracism and well-being. Messenger users’ trait mindfulness served as a buffering mechanism: For mindful users, low satisfaction of the need for meaningful existence was not associated with decreased eudaimonic well-being. Moreover, although messengers were perceived as a source of exclusion, cyber-ostracized users reported an increased desire to use these services on the respective following day, representing an approach coping tendency. All additional files referred to in this paper can be found at https://osf.io/fqbya/.

Apology or gratitude? The effect of communication recovery strategies for service failures of AI devices

ABSTRACT As social actors, artificial intelligence (AI) devices are used in tourism. However, it’s challenging for enterprises to choose recoveries for their service failures. To fill this gap, we divide these service failures from the perspective of consumers’ basic psychological needs: being rejected and being ignored due to AI lacking flexibility and common sense. Based on the Need-Threat model and three experiments, we find that chatbots express gratitude (vs. apology) will be more likely to gain consumers’ forgiveness if service failures of AI devices are being rejected (vs. being ignored); this main effect is mediated by relational needs (vs. efficacy needs).

The impact of organizational ostracism on knowledge hiding: analysing the sequential mediating role of efficacy needs and psychological distress

PurposeDrawing on the conservation of resources theory and need-threat model, this study aims to analyse the mediating role of efficacy needs (EN) and psychological distress (PD) on the relationship between workplace ostracism (WO) and knowledge hiding (KH) behaviour of employees.Design/methodology/approachTime-lagged data were collected from 225 employees working in the mobile telecommunication sector through online survey instruments prepared in light of past literature. SmartPLS3 was used to analyse the data.FindingsThe results obtained confirm the initial hypothesis that there exists a positive relationship between WO and KH. Furthermore, the results also established the sequential mediating roles of EN and PD between WO and KH behaviour of employees.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature suggesting that WO represents a real threat to companies that aim to foster knowledge-sharing behaviours. Moreover, it reveals that EN and PD are two underlying mechanisms behind the baseline relationship.

I’m broken inside but smiling outside: When does workplace ostracism promote pro-social behavior?

The study aims to investigate the conditions under which workplace ostracism leads to pro-social behavior. Drawing on the temporal need-threat model and the future time perspective, the authors investigated the moderating roles of the need for affiliation and future orientation. They collected data from 704 employees in the Thai hospitality industry. They found that workplace ostracism was positively related to pro-social behavior. The positive link between workplace ostracism and pro-social behavior was separately and jointly moderated by a need for affiliation and future orientation. The positive relationship was strongest for those employees who had a high need for affiliation and high future orientation. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. The limitations and directions for further research are outlined.

Mixing Misery and Gin: The Effect of Alcohol Administration on Ostracism Response.

Williams's need-threat model proposes that ostracism responses are reflexive and, because of their evolutionary significance, difficult to diminish. Alcohol is widely consumed in social contexts and for reasons of coping with social stress, and major theories of alcohol propose that intoxication disrupts cognitive appraisal of environmental threats, leading to stress relief. Surprisingly, though, no well-powered experimental research has examined the impact of alcohol intoxication on distress from social ostracism. In three studies across two independent laboratories (N = 438), participants were randomly assigned to receive either an alcoholic or nonalcoholic (i.e., no-alcohol control or placebo) beverage and were exposed to an ostracism (or social inclusion) manipulation. Results, which emerged as remarkably consistent across all studies, indicated strong and consistent effects of ostracism on mood and needs satisfaction among both intoxicated and sober participants. Findings have important implications for ostracism theory and speak to boundary conditions for alcohol's ability to relieve stress.

Ciberostracismo: Consecuencias emocionales y conductuales en las interacciones en redes sociales

This study focuses on the effect of cyberostracism on social networking sites. Based on the temporal need-threat model of ostracism, we examined a) reflexive reactions, specifically worsened mood and threats to the four fundamental needs (i.e., belongingness, self-esteem, meaningful existence, and control), and b) reflective reactions, in the form of prosocial, antisocial, and avoidance behavior. We also focused on the role of social anxiety. Using the experimental tool Ostracism Online, we conducted an online experiment to manipulate ostracism, measure self-reported reflexive reactions, and measure reflective reactions in a newly developed cooperative financial game. The participants were 196 young Czech adults (age 18-30; 62% women). T-tests showed worsened mood and higher threat connected to all four of the fundamental needs in the reflexive stage in ostracized participants. Regression models showed that social anxiety had a small effect on reflexive reactions, but it did not moderate the effect of ostracism. The type of threatened need and social anxiety did not predict a reflective reaction. The only significant predictor of antisocial response was experienced ostracism. Even a mild form of ostracism such as the lack of reactions by strangers to a shared post can lead to negative emotional and behavioral consequences. Este estudio se centra en el efecto del ostracismo cibernético en los sitios de redes sociales. Sobre la base de un modelo de necesidad temporal-amenaza del ostracismo, analizamos el efecto en reacciones reflexivas, específicamente el empeoramiento del ánimo y amenaza a cuatro necesidades fundamentales (sentido de pertenencia, autoestima, existencia con sentido y control), y la reacción reflexiva en forma de comportamiento prosocial, antisocial o evasivo. También nos concentramos en el papel que desempeña la ansiedad social. Mediante el uso de la herramienta experimental Ostracism Online (Ostracismo en línea), realizamos un experimento en línea en el que se manipuló el ostracismo, se midieron las reacciones reflexivas autoinformadas en un juego financiero cooperativo recientemente desarrollado. Los participantes fueron 196 adultos jóvenes checos (de 18 a 30 años; 62% mujeres). T-tests demostraron empeoramiento del ánimo y amenaza más alta en las cuatro necesidades fundamentales en la etapa reflexiva de los participantes ostracidos. Los modelos de regresión mostraron que la ansiedad social tenía poco efecto en las reacciones reflexivas, pero no moderaba el efecto del ostracismo. El tipo de necesidad amenazada y ansiedad social no predijo la reacción reflexiva; el único indicador significativo de la respuesta antisocial fue el ostracismo experimentado. Incluso una forma leve de ostracismo en forma de falta de reacciones por parte de extraños a la publicación compartida puede dar lugar a consecuencias emocionales y conductuales negativas.