Need For Storage Capacity Research Articles

Environmental and financial multi-objective optimization: Hybrid wind-photovoltaic generation with battery energy storage systems

The present study proposes a multi-objective optimization method for wind and photovoltaic (PV) hybrid generation with battery energy storage, considering a tariff policy issue for the grid-connected residential scenario. The proposed method used the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to model two objective functions, one environmental (Carbon footprint) and the other financial (Net Present Value - NPV) in relation to four controllable variables. To perform the multi-objective optimization, the Normal-Boundary Intersection (NBI) was used to construct the Pareto frontier. Finally, the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) criterion was used to select the best Pareto optimal point. The proposed model was applied in Brazilian cities from different geographic regions. The main results of the study indicated that only regions with favorable environmental conditions and higher energy tariffs became financially viable for the proposed model, with NPV values ranging from R$ −76,080.94 to R$ 69,675.23. As for the Carbon footprint (emission of CO2eq), the values ranged from 8951.47 to 27,939.78 kgCO2/kWh, being strongly influenced by the adopted power generation technology. The use of LCOE to select the best solution provided a metric for the cost of implementing a technology, whose values ranged from 1.093 to 1.981 R$/kWh. It is still not advantageous to opt for the use of batteries for later use at peak hours, even when the tariff modality selected was the white tariff; and energy storage systems that could enable the implementation of this policy proved to be economically unfeasible. In the current Brazilian legislation, the services and benefits generated by energy storage are not remunerated, which penalizes the investment in this type of technology. As proved, solar PV technology, despite being cheaper, was penalized by a greater need for storage capacity, which led to optimal configurations with greater participation of wind generation. This indicates the need for incentives mainly related to wind energy and batteries, which are still expensive elements in the national scenario for a residential generation, reducing the probability of achieving economic viability.

On To A Centralized Sponsorship of Blockchain Based IoT Operational Infrastructure

With the rapidly developed IT technology, large-scale networks can be designed to link many heterogeneous devices into the Internet. The majority of current infrastructures are clustered, easier to maintain, but cannot efficiently provide immutable and verifiable service between multiple parties. For large-scale infrastructures like decentralization, reliability, trackability, and immutability, Blockchain technology offers several desirable functions. This article introduces an infrastructure based on blockchain that facilitates unchanging and controllable services. However, the need for storage capacity presents a threat to resource-controlled architecture when adding blockchain technologies to the infrastructure. The paper attempts to tackle the storage dilemma with a centralized storage side chain. In fact, the proposed architecture has a distributed storage structure where most of the blockchain is kept at the cloud, although these current blocks are kept in the real network integration node. The framework architecture allows the local, blockchain and server infrastructures to be conveniently merged to create a distributed blockchain storage between two connectors, the database and the blockchain. The extended version blockchain connection builds block of the network info, and addresses network/cloud overlay sync problems in blockchain. In a practical case of professional IoT, we also have a test case to demonstrate the reliability of the general architecture processing blockchain.

Blueprint and Implementation of Rural Stand-Alone Power Grids with Second-Life Lithium Ion Vehicle Traction Battery Systems for Resilient Energy Supply of Tropical or Remote Regions

Developed societies with advanced economic performance are undoubtedly coupled with the availability of electrical energy. Whilst industrialized nations already started to decrease associated carbon emissions in many business sectors, e.g., by substituting combustion engines with battery-powered vehicles, less developed countries still lack broad coverage of reliable electricity supply, particularly in rural regions. Progressive electrification leads to a need for storage capacity and thus to increasing availability of advanced battery systems. To achieve a high degree of sustainability, re-used batteries from the electromobility sector are appropriate, as they do not consume further primary resources and still have sufficient residual capacity for stationary electrical storage applications. In this article, a blueprint for the electrification of a remote region by utilizing second-life lithium ion traction batteries for an integrated energy system in a stand-alone grid is presented and the implementation by the example case of a Tanzanian island in Lake Victoria is demonstrated. First, economic potentials and expected trends in the disposability of second-life lithium ion batteries and their foreseeable costs are outlined. Subsequently, key decision variables are identified to evaluate logistic aspects and the feasibility of the implementation of an off-grid electrical system in remote areas for economically and geographically unfavorable environments. The practical realization is pictured in detail with a focus on technical performance and safety specificities associated with second-life applications. Therefore, a new type of battery management system is introduced, which meets the special requirements of climate compatibility, low maintenance, enhanced cell balancing capability and cell configuration flexibility, and combined with a fiber-optical sensor system, provides reliable status monitoring of the battery. By carrying out on-site measurements, the overall system efficiency is evaluated along with a sustainability analysis. Finally, the socioeconomic and humanitarian impact for the people on the island is debated.

Контрейлерні перевезення як елемент ланцюга постачань аграрної продукції на світовий ринок

The purpose of the presented research is to analyze the prospects of piggyback in improving the efficiency of or-ganization of agricultural supply chains to the world market. Ukraine is characterized by a high level of logistical com-ponent in transportation of agricultural products, which actualizes the issue of managed transformations in this field. The arguments and counterarguments on the viability of the strategy of using piggyback in the practice of build-ing a supply chain in the context of the agrarian market are analyzed. The basis of the formation of the author's vision is based on the criterion of economic feasibility. Attention was paid to the potential of piggyback in mitigating the situa-tion in the organization of agricultural supply chains by reducing: the need for storage capacities, expanding the range of exporting entities, smoothing the situation of shortages of hopper wagons. At the same time, the actual updating of the piggyback mechanism is connected with the change of the structure of Ukrainian agro-export, in the transition from the practice of raw material appendage to the strategy of creation of production chains with high added value. It is noted that the key feature of agro-logistics is the objective need to form highly specialized segments within it. Each group of a wide range of agricultural products requires an individual, non-uniform approach in the logistics of intermodal trans-portation. Piggyback is recognized as a promising direction for the development of the logistics services market in Ukraine. However, their implementation in the practice of organizing agricultural supply chains has objective limita-tions. The segment agricultural group where piggyback is economically viable includes high-value elite agricultural products with a small average export batch, as well as high value-added agro-industrial products. Key words: world market, piggyback, supply chains, international logistics, agricultural products, exports.

Exergoeconomic Analysis of a Pumped Heat Electricity Storage System with Concrete Thermal Energy Storage

Within the last 25 years the share of renewable energy sources in electrical energy production in Germany has been rising considerably. The volatility of renewable energy sources results in an increasing mismatch between supply and demand of electrical energy creating the need for storage capacities. The storage of electrical energy via the detour of thermal energy can be realized by a relatively new technology known as Pumped Heat Electricity Storage systems. This paper examines the exergoeconomic performance of such a storage system. A sample system comprising a concrete thermal energy storage is introduced; unsteady operations are simulated and analyzed. Although the achieved efficiencies are reasonable economical operations of the analyzed Pumped Heat Electricity Storage System are currently not possible. For the analyzed operation scenario the exergetic system efficiency, electrical energy output to electrical energy input, amounts to 27.3 %. Considering the storage capacity and the lack of geological requirements the Pumped Heat Electricity Storage system can compete with pumped hydrostorage and compressed air energy storage. However, prices of the order of 60 ct/(kWh) are not competitive considering current energy prices. Based on improved system designs as well as rising energy prices we assess Pumped Heat Electricity Storage Systems as a potential alternative to established storage technologies.

Technical and Economic Sizing of the Energy Storage in an Autonomous Hybrid Power Generator for Rural Electrification in Sub-equatorial Area of Africa

This paper analyzes and evaluates the possible technical and economical optimization of electricity production by autonomous hybrid power generator from renewable sources integrating an electrochemical storage system. A progressive combination of wind-turbines to photovoltaic modules is carried out in order to minimize the size of the electrochemical storage system over the cost of the resulting autonomous generator. An autonomous system with solar PV is dimensioned with respect to the needs in electricity of a given electrical installation. Beyond the original methodology presented in this paper, the case of the Maroua-Kongola High School site is investigated as applicative example. Considering the “weight” of storage in the overall financial costs of such an autonomous system, the generator is hybridized by attaching wind-turbines to it, adding a possibility of energy production during night and, consequently making the system technically more reliable with a less need of storage capacity and finally, a global production system economically cheaper. By the so called “down approach” dimensioning method, the optimum combination (f, (1-f)) of photovoltaic and wind power contributions in the hybrid system PV-wind power generator is thus determined by adjusting the storage capacity to the source capacities and the operating requirements of the investigated site.

Multigrid eigenvalue solver for mode calculation of planar optical waveguides

We present a multigrid algorithm suited to solve the discretized eigenvalue problem resulting from Maxwell's equations in the case of a planar optical waveguide homogeneous in one coordinate direction. The discretization scheme provides a full-vector solution for lossy or anisotropic media. It is possible to calculate higher order eigenmodes. The multigrid algorithm turns out to be a very powerful tool to find the solution in a short time with a moderate need of storage capacity even for very fine discretizations. This is demonstrated for the case of a rib waveguide.

A FORMULA FOR APPROXIMATION OF THE SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE OVER WATER

The use of electronic digit,al computers in scientific fields has made common the application of mathematical formulations of a much higher order of complexity and sophistication than was t'l-lought possible a generation ago. Yet, paradoxically, computer economics have made it urgent o seek mathematical simplifications, especially for commonly computed functions, to minimize computer time and the need for storage capacity. The kind of simplification to be sought in a formula is the use of only the elementary arithmetic operations in as few computer stsps as possible. Many approximation formulae have been developed for functions common to general mathemat'ics. A widely used and well-worn collect'ion of such approximatior~s is that of Hast'ings [I]. Sorrlc areas of specific interest to meteorology, howcver, are as yet rehtively untouched. The hygrometric functions are basic and are used extensively in meteorology. Therefore, approximation formulae for these functions can be a valuable tool for meteorological computer applications. The author [a] presented such an equation for approxinmting relat'ive humidity from dry bulb and dew point tenlpcratures. The equation present,ed here approxirrlatmes the saturation vapor pressure over water with reasonable accuracy for temperatures in thc range 6OoE'. <t<130°F. :