Need For Review Of Policies Research Articles

Tourism Policies and Performance of Nigerian Heritage Sites

Background: Tourism policies have a significant impact on the preservation, promotion, and overall performance of heritage sites for both domestic and international tourists. This review provides insights into the entities responsible for tourism policy formulation, the policy objective, and how the stated objectives are being realized while shedding light on their implications for sustainability, economic growth, and cultural preservation. The main objective of Nigeria's tourism policy is to protect and improve the nation's natural and cultural heritage. Many activities aimed at encouraging tourism development include planning, provision of infrastructure, taxation regime that supports tourism growth, education and training for tourism employees, marketing, legislation and regulation in order to protect and preserve tourist facilities as well as the country's natural resources, historical and cultural assets. The critical concern is the enforcement and effectiveness of regulations, specifically the probability of a policy successfully promoting sustainable and viable tourism development and management. Aims: This paper therefore investigates the influence of tourism policies on the performance of heritage sites in Nigeria and the need for policy review for improved performance of Nigerian heritage sites. Methodology: The qualitative research paradigm emerged from a comprehensive review of tourism policy literature in Nigeria. The examination of documents and research projects focused on various aspects of tourism policy planning and governance, policy formulation, policy objectives, and their implications for sustainability, economic growth, and natural/cultural heritage preservation. In the data analysis, the comprehensive review were presented with an interpretative narrative. Results: The findings revealed that Nigeria's tourism policy seeks to empower the tourism industry and position it as a key driver of economic growth, job creation, and cultural heritage preservation. However, the policy's ability to achieve its goals optimally has been significantly hampered by lack of relevant mechanisms to measure overall levels of compliance, overreliance on petroleum resources, poor planning, and inadequate participation of relevant stakeholders in policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring. Conclusion: Despite policies and frameworks, Nigeria's tourism sector, including cultural heritage sites, has failed to reach its goals, losing the economy numerous potential benefits. In order to address the current circumstances and ensure successful heritage site design, development, and management in Nigeria, there is an urgent need for revision of the country’s tourism policy objectives and adequate enforcement measures implemented to adapt to changing circumstances and priorities.

Human-Wildlife Interactions and Community Livelihoods

In developing nations, particularly in Africa, interactions between humans and animals (HWIs) are widespread as local populations heavily rely on natural resources such as forests, which serve as habitats for flora and fauna. This paper draws from a study which investigated human-wildlife interactions (HWIs) in four villages—Mvuha, Mbwade, Milengwelengwe, and Kisaki Gomero— surrounding the Selous Game Reserve (SGR). A mixed methods approach was adopted to aid data capturing from 312 households and 11 key informants. Spatial analysis was employed to depict land use and land cover changes around the SGR over time due to human influence. The results indicated that HWIs were influenced by changes in water and pasture availability caused by two elements of weather: temperature and rainfall. People in WMA-designated villages complained about the lack of employment and unfair distribution of benefits, whereby the main concern of non-WMA-designated villages was on the need for policy review, with emphasis on the holistic conservation approach. Nonetheless, bush lands have increased in recent decades at the expense of woodland due to the proliferation of human interference. The paper concludes that the intersection of community livelihoods and wildlife ecology was the most common HWI pattern observed. However, typical forms of interaction were often hostile and instigated human-wildlife conflicts.

Towards malaria control in Nigeria: implications of the malaria parasite rate and spleen rate among children living in a rural community in southwest Nigeria.

The World Health Organization prioritizes malaria surveillance for accurate tracking of progress of intervention programmes. The malaria parasite rate (PR) and spleen rate (SR) are economical surveillance tools. There has been a global decline in the burden of malaria over the last decade, but most African countries, like Nigeria, have a slow rate of decline. There is a need for adequate malaria surveillance to guide malaria control strategies and policymaking. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 363 children ages 1-15y in rural southwest Nigeria. The participants' PR was determined by microscopy and the SR was determined by palpation and ultrasonography. The associations between PR and SR and other covariates were assessed. The PR was 26.7% and the SR was 12.9%. There was no significant association between PR or SR across age groups, but low social class was significantly associated with PR (55 [33.5%], p=0.004) and SR (29 [17.3%], p=0.013). The odds of having splenomegaly doubled with malaria parasitaemia (odds ratio 2.03 [95% confidence interval 1.06 to 3.88). The PR and SR suggest that the study area is meso-endemic. The PR in the study area was almost equal across age groups; our findings suggest there may be a need for policy review to plan malaria intervention programmes and include older children, not just children <5y of age. Routine malaria surveillance using simple tools such as the PR and SR are necessary for reviewing malaria control programmes in the community.

Ghana National Community Health Planning and Services (CHPS) policy; gaps between policy and implementation, the need for policy review to address specific gaps

The study examines gaps in primary health policy designed to enable Ghana to achieve universal access to health. The policy has existed for over 15 years with remarkable achievements, but data shows gaps between the procedure and what is going on. The researchers use a qualitative technique to explore the gap by focusing on persons directly involved in policy implementation as participants. Three main japs were identified, insufficient collaboration between community health officers and community leaders, favoritism in promoting CHOs, and inadequate provision of medical consumables and tools to CHPS-compounds as stated by the policy. The study concluded with the call for a review of the procedures and examining of the outlined gaps

Malnutrition in Acutely Unwell Hospitalized Elderly - "The Skeletons Are Still Rattling in the Hospital Closet".

Malnutrition is common in hospitalized patients with prevalence rates of up to 30% in Australian hospitals with adverse consequences for both the patients and health care services. Despite formulation of nutritional screening protocols, not all hospitalized patients get nutritional screening. Real life screening rates of hospitalized elderly patients are unknown. The present study explored nutrition screening rate in acutely unwell elderly patients admitted in a large tertiary hospital and how these patients fared depending upon their nutrition status. A prospective cross-sectional study involving 205 general medical patients ≥60years recruited between November 2014 and November 2015. The number of patients who missed nutrition screening were noted and all patients underwent nutritional assessment by a qualified dietitian using PG-SGA and quality of life was measured using EQ-5D 5L. A survival curve was plotted and multivariate cox proportional hazard model was used to adjust for confounders. Only 99 (49.7%) patients underwent nutritional screening. One hundred and six (53.5%) patients were confirmed as malnourished by PG-SGA. Malnourished patients had significantly longer length of hospital stay and had worse quality of life. Mortality was significantly higher in malnourished patients at one year (23 (21.7%) vs 4 (4.3%); p<0.001) and cox proportional hazard model suggests that malnutrition significantly affects survival even after adjustment for confounders like age, sex, Charlson index and polypharmacy. This study confirms that nutrition screening is still suboptimal in elderly hospitalized patients with adverse consequences and suggests need for review of policies to improve screening practices.

The Legislative Framework of the Management of the Protected Areas in Greece. The Case of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos

ABSTRACT MYLONOPOULOS, D., MOIRA. P and PARTHENIS, S., 2011. The Legislative Framework of the Management of the Protected Area in Greece; the Case of the National Marine Park of Zakynthos. In: Micallef, A. (ed.), MCRR3–2010 Conference Proceedings, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 61, pp. 173– 182. Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy, ISSN 0749-0208. The protection of areas presenting a particular natural beauty goes back to antiquity. There are references 2,000 years ago about some areas in India where any form of commercial exploitation was prohibited so that natural resources were protected. There was a similar form of protection for hunting sites in Europe. In Greece the first protected area was the National Woodland Park of Mount Olympus, the ‘home of the gods’, in 1938. As the number of the protected areas started increasing significantly the need for policy review with regard to the legal protection and the management of these areas emerged. Although Greece is an insular country with an expanded...

“Get Ready for Migration: Clean-Up Your Collection”—What Does That Mean?

ABSTRACT This article discusses some of the premigration tasks at Minnesota State Mankato in preparation for migration to a new integrated library system, ALEPH. The authors describe the review of circulation policies to make sure that only relevant, current data and practices were carried over. There is emphasis on the need for ongoing review of policies and procedures to keep current even when migration is not looming ahead. The article ends with a general assessment of the victories and difficulties of the migration from the point-of-view of those involved in Access Services.

Employment relations in Zambia

PurposeThe paper aims to explore the impact of economic transformation on employment relations and the effect on the role and behaviour of unions and employers' organizations in Zambia.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a review of existing studies on economic and political developments, backed by published and unpublished primary sources, as well as structured interviews with leaders of the tripartite partners.FindingsThe transformation of policy from centrally planned to market economy has by design or default undermined the role of trade unions and the employers' associations. This has in turn resulted in weakening the employment relationship.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has implications for understanding how economic liberalization affects labour market institutions and processes. Many of the findings are of relevance to policy reforms elsewhere in Africa. Therefore, the findings have important implications for work on labour market governance in other African countries.Practical implicationsThis paper has implications for the tripartite partners in the employment relationship. It presents the critical need for policy review, and particularly strategic reorientation of the organizing strategies of trade unions and employers' associations, and the need to institute meaningful and effective consultative mechanism on social and economic policy making.Originality/valueA substantial part of the information provided in this paper is unpublished, and brings to the fore unanticipated consequences of policy reforms on employment relations. In turn the paper identifies action areas in seeking to reverse the effects of unfavourable economic reform measures on employment relations.

Universal Basic Education in Nigeria: Adult Literacy Practice and Policy Reform Needs

Innovative policies and practices in mainstreaming adult education on the basis of UNESCO's model of Education for All (EFA) among member states take different forms. In Nigeria, EFA has been conceptualised as the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme. UBE has dominated some of the major political options that governments have had to make in Africa, and Nigeria has sought to incorporate adult literacy within this programme. This development is a marked departure from the usual manner of proceeding in the past, and we seek in this paper to explore past adult literacy policy, practices and reviews and the present policy thrusts culminating in the UBE initiative. Such an exploration has become even more necessary because it is being alleged that the adult literacy component of the UBE initiative is diminished by the emphasis placed on the primary education component. The expected outcomes in the UBE programme have not been fully realised, and this implies that the need for policy review aimed at informing literacy policy formulation and implementation practices in Nigeria as well as other developing countries confronting the problem of mass illiteracy is long overdue.

Malaysian Seafarers: The Need for Policy Review

In 2001, a study on Malaysian seafarers was conducted by the Maritime Institute of Malaysia (MIMA). It was discovered that Malaysia relies on the services of foreign seafarers to fulfil about 44% of the manning requirements for its ships. Various reasons were cited for this situation. Among others, the lack of adequate numbers of Malaysian choosing seafaring as a profession. The issue is revisited in 2004, to determine the current profile of seafarers serving Malaysian ships and to identify issues and challenges. This paper presents the findings and provides recommendations on steps to be taken to remedy this situation.

Aerobic pathogenic bacteria in post-operative wounds at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital.

The emergence of bacterial antimicrobial resistance associated with acquired infections has made the choice of empirical therapy more difficult and expensive, hence the need for continuous research to determine their sensitivity patterns. To identify the common aerobic pathogenic bacteria in post-operative wounds at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) and determine their sensitivity patterns to routine antibiotics used. Cross-sectional study. Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) Surgical, Obstetrics and Gynaecology wards. Sixty three patients chosen by convenient sampling between May and June 2001 were included in the study. A total of eighty four isolates were obtained from these patients. Isolation of pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity determination was conducted in the Department of Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Moi University. The bacteria were cultured on blood agar, MacConkey and Nutrient agar followed by identification using biochemical tests (catalase urease, coagulase, triple sugar iron). Disc diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar was used for sensitivity testing. Staphylococcus aureus species were the most common pathogenic bacteria isolated from the post-operative wounds. Other organisms included Proteus, Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli. There was a multi-drug resistance pattern observed, with minocyline being the most effective drug against S. aureus. There is need for review of policies on prescription practice on the use of existing therapeutics choice to limit the spread of resistance. This will ensure reduced patient stay and cost incurred.