Necessity Part Research Articles

Together, but Alone: A Thematic Analysis of the Athletes’ and Their Partners’ Experience of Physical Separation in Romantic Relationships

Athletes and their romantic partners may experience physical separation as a result of the frequent athletes’ training camps. Little is known about how such couples experience this separation. To fill this gap, the current interview-based research examined how three pairs of Polish athletes aged 22-30 (M = 23.50, SD = 25.17) experience separation in their relationships. The thematic analysis identified four themes: 1) Perception of separation as an element of the relationship; 2) Emotions during separation; 3) Maintaining contact during separation; and 4) Coping with separation. The findings revealed that athletes and their partners perceived separation as a stage, opportunity, necessity, and natural part of their relationships. Emotions related to separation ranged from negative through mixed to positive. Partners maintained regular contact, which provided closeness and continuity in their relationships despite the distance. Finally, partners coped with separation by accepting its necessity, enhanced by the awareness of the realities of sport life. They also coped with separation through mutual support, self-realization, distraction and being among other people and seeking support from them. This study suggests that physical separation in romantic relationships may be an essential and multifaceted part of the participants’ experiences in the romantic functioning and sports careers.

Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in orthopaedic inpatient: a hospital based cross-sectional study

Background: Identification of a psychiatric problem should be a necessity part of treatment planning in orthopedic practice, and prompt referral for diagnosis and treatment should be made for better outcome. There have been very few studies in Nepal that has assessed the presence of psychiatric disorders in injured inpatients. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with injury admitted to the orthopedic ward of CMC teaching hospital. Methods: The study was carried out among 150 randomly selected patients of age group 18-60 years from the orthopedic ward suffering from any orthopedic injury. The study design is a hospital based cross sectional descriptive study. Diagnosis of psychiatric Disorders were made using ICD10 criteria. Data entry and analysis was done using the SPSS software version 21.0. Results: The prevalence of psychiatric disorder in patients with orthopedic injury was found to be 32% with depressive disorders being the most common diagnosis (12.1%) followed by anxiety disorder (8%) and somatoform disorder(6%). Psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with age, age group and gender. Psychiatric disorders were the most commonly found in those with patients with road traffic accident (52.1%) and those with lower limb injury (47.9%). Conclusions: Since, there is presence of psychopathology in orthopedic injured patients, early referral by the orthopedic surgeons to the psychiatric department is necessary for early evaluation and treatment.

Study of motivation and engagement for chemical laboratory safety training with VR serious game

Safety training is a necessity and inherent part of any safety management system in high-risk industries, such as chemical industry. Often, training programs use conventional methods, such as classroom or video lectures. However, with these methods, trainees are passive and can quickly lose their attention, thus making the safety training ineffective. Alternatively, a virtual reality (VR) serious game can be used as a hands-on training tool to motivate and engage trainees. Relevant situations are simulated in a virtual environment where trainees can learn safety concepts and awareness without causing real harm to themselves or others. The current study investigates person-centred variables: motivation and engagement. We measured how safety motivation and engagement changed with employees of a chemical company when playing the VR LaboSafe Game after a traditional video lecture. Results show that employees have a high autonomous motivation to follow safety training, particularly in terms of identified regulation. Playing the VR serious game significantly increased intrinsic motivation and engagement of the trainees. They believe that they are more active, can keep their attention better and enjoy the experience of relevant situations in a virtual environment. However, complicated usability and the unfamiliarity to VR can affect their autonomous motivation for safety training. Older employees (above 50) have more difficulties with using VR headsets than younger employees (under 30). Data suggest to combine conventional methods with VR as complementary tool and provide more frequent and smaller sessions, gradually introducing VR technology to beginners.

On interpolation of reflexive variable Lebesgue spaces on which the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator is bounded

Abstract We show that the necessity part of the main result of [L. Diening, O. Karlovych and E. Shargorodsky, On interpolation of reflexive variable Lebesgue spaces on which the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator is bounded, Georgian Math. J. 29 2022, 3, 347–352] can be derived easily from its predecessor [2, Theorem 4.1] and its sufficiency part.

Assessment of Sleep Quality, Depression and Anxiety in Relation to Internet Use among College Students

Internet is a necessity and irreplaceable part of our daily lives. It became a modern-day tool for education, research, communication, shopping, entertainment and many more. In spite of the widely perceived merits of the internet, there are negative impacts too, especially the over or misuse and the related physical and psychological problems like anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances and many more. The study aims to assess the sleep quality, depression and anxiety in relation to internet use among the college students. A total of 117 college students were selected by using convenient sampling technique. After selection of the sample Young’s internet addiction scale, Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale and Depression Anxiety Stress scale was used. Research findings revealed that there was a significant association between sleep quality and length of internet use, level of depression and age, semester of the participant and consultation for excessive internet use, level of anxiety and years of internet use and also shows a significant positive correlation between internet use and depression and anxiety. The current study will help the health professionals and also the parents to understand about the factors associated with internet addiction.

Rules of Medical Necessity

Health insurance contracts have long excluded coverage for care that is “experimental” or not “medically necessary.” Historically, insurance policies defined these key terms of coverage using broad standards. For example, “medically necessary” care might be defined as care that is “generally accepted in the medical community.” This contractual structure provided insurers with significant flexibility when making coverage determinations, even though denying coverage could pad their bottom line. For this reason, lawmakers developed various tools to prevent insurers from exploiting their discretion to determine when care was “medically necessary” or “experimental.” These safeguards allowed insureds to challenge coverage denials internally within the insurance company, externally to an independent medical expert, and before courts via a contract law or ERISA cause of action. Additionally, state and federal mandates required insurers to cover specific medically necessary treatments and services. This Article documents a dramatic shift in health insurers’ contracts and practices from a standard-based approach to determining the medical and scientific appropriateness of health care towards a rule-based approach for making these determinations. It shows how health insurers have increasingly made incredibly detailed and specific rules of medical necessity part of their formal contractual obligations to policyholders. The Article then argues that health insurers’ shift from standards to rules for defining medically and scientifically appropriate health care undermines the effectiveness of traditional legal tools designed to constrain the risk of health insurer over-reaching. The Article concludes by exploring reforms that might effectively address the increasing rulification of medical necessity.

Stable Improvement Cycles in a Controlled School Choice

We consider a stable improvement problem in a controlled school choice model which covers those of several previous studies. First, we consider the case where the priority for each school is a weak order. We derive a sufficient condition for a stable matching to be constrained efficient. It is also a necessary condition, and utilizing this property, we provide a class of algorithms each of which, once a stable matching is obtained, derives a constrained efficient matching that Pareto dominates the initial matching. We further allow that the inter-type priorities are not weak but just partial orders. Although the sufficient part holds, the necessity part does not, and there remains a case where our algorithms cannot derive any constrained efficient matching.

A Note on Parallel Distinguishability of two Quantum Operations

In this work, the authors consider a homogeneous system of linear equations of the form $A_\alpha^{\otimes N} \mathbf{x} = 0$ arising from the distinguishability of two quantum operations by $N$ uses in parallel, where the coefficient matrix $A_\alpha$ depends on a real parameter $\alpha$. It was conjectured by Duan et al. that the system has a non-trivial nonnegative solution if and only if $\alpha$ lies in a certain interval $R_N$ depending on $N$. The authors affirm the necessity part of the conjecture and establish the sufficiency of the conjecture for $N\leq 10$ by presenting explicit non-trivial nonnegative solutions for the linear system.

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Frequency-Based Kelly Optimal Portfolio

In this paper, we consider a discrete-time portfolio with $m \geq 2$ assets optimization problem which includes the rebalancing~frequency as an additional parameter in the maximization. The so-called Kelly Criterion is used as the performance metric; i.e., maximizing the expected logarithmic growth of a trader's account, and the portfolio obtained is called the frequency-based Kelly optimal portfolio. The focal point of this paper is to extend upon the results of our previous work to obtain various optimality characterizations on the portfolio. To be more specific, using Kelly's criterion in our frequency-based formulation, we first prove necessary and sufficient conditions for the frequency-based Kelly optimal portfolio. With the aid of these conditions, we then show several new optimality characterizations such as expected ratio optimality and asymptotic relative optimality, and a result which we call the Extended Dominant Asset Theorem. That is, we prove that the $i$th asset is dominant in the portfolio if and only if the Kelly optimal portfolio consists of that asset only. The word "extended" on the theorem comes from the fact that it was only a sufficiency result that was proved in our previous work. Hence, in this paper, we improve it to involve a proof of the necessity part. In addition, the trader's survivability issue (no bankruptcy consideration) is also studied in detail in our frequency-based trading framework. Finally, to bridge the theory and practice, we propose a simple trading algorithm using the notion called dominant asset condition to decide when should one triggers a trade. The corresponding trading performance using historical price data is reported as supporting evidence.

On the Angular Derivative of Comb Domains

The angular derivative problem is to provide geometric conditions on the boundary of a simply connected domain $$\Omega $$ near $$\zeta \in \partial \Omega $$ which are equivalent to the existence of a non-zero angular derivative at $$\zeta $$ for the conformal map of $$\Omega $$ onto the half plane. Rodin and Warschawski (Math Z 153:1–17, 1977), proposed a conjecture regarding the existence of an angular derivative at $$+\,\infty $$ for a certain class of comb domains. The purpose of this paper is to show how a theorem of Burdzy (Math Z 192:89–107, 1986) can be used to give an affirmative answer to the necessity part of the Rodin–Warschawski conjecture on comb domains.

On stabilizability of fluid multi-server polling systems with setups

A time-invariant fluid model of a polling system is considered. It consists of finitely many servers and buffers with unlimited sizes. The buffers receive inflows of work from the outside, work leaves the system after processing by a server. Every server works only with buffers from an associated zone of service, which may overlap for various servers, is able to serve at most one buffer at a time and so has to switch, from time to time, among buffers, the switch-over times are nonzero. We present a criterion for existence of a scheduling and service protocol that makes the system stable in the sense that the total amount of work in the buffers remains bounded as time progresses. The necessity part of this result is concerned with the widest class of protocols, including dynamic ones that are centralized and have access to the full information about the events in the system. Meanwhile, we show that every stabilizable system can be stabilized in a fully decentralized fashion via a simple static protocol, e.g., by a protocol that is based on independent round robin scheduling of the servers and for every server, employs only time measurement.

On the invariance equation for two-variable weighted nonsymmetric Bajraktarević means

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the invariance of the arithmetic mean with respect to two weighted Bajraktarevi\'c means, i.e., to solve the functional equation $$ \bigg(\frac{f}{g}\bigg)^{\!\!-1}\!\!\bigg(\frac{tf(x)+sf(y)}{tg(x)+sg(y)}\bigg) +\bigg(\frac{h}{k}\bigg)^{\!\!-1}\!\!\bigg(\frac{sh(x)+th(y)}{sk(x)+tk(y)}\bigg)=x+y \qquad(x,y\in I), $$ where $f,g,h,k:I\to\mathbb{R}$ are unknown continuous functions such that $g,k$ are nowhere zero on $I$, the ratio functions $f/g$, $h/k$ are strictly monotone on $I$, and $t,s\in\mathbb{R}_+$ are constants different from each other. By the main result of this paper, the solutions of the above invariance equation can be expressed either in terms of hyperbolic functions or in terms of trigonometric functions and an additional weight function. For the necessity part of this result, we will assume that $f,g,h,k:I\to\mathbb{R}$ are four times continuously differentiable.

Forbidden Pairs of Disconnected Graphs Implying Hamiltonicity

Let H be a given graph. A graph G is said to be H-free if G contains no induced copies of H. For a class of graphs, the graph G is -free if G is H-free for every . Bedrossian characterized all the pairs of connected subgraphs such that every 2-connected -free graph is hamiltonian. Faudree and Gould extended Bedrossian's result by proving the necessity part of the result based on infinite families of non-hamiltonian graphs. In this article, we characterize all pairs of (not necessarily connected) graphs such that there exists an integer n0 such that every 2-connected -free graph of order at least n0 is hamiltonian.

Asymptotic limits of operators similar to normal operators

Sz.-Nagy’s famous theorem states that a bounded operator T T which acts on a complex Hilbert space H \mathcal {H} is similar to a unitary operator if and only if T T is invertible and both T T and T − 1 T^{-1} are power bounded. There is an equivalent reformulation of that result which considers the self-adjoint iterates of T T and uses a Banach limit L L . In this paper first we present a generalization of the necessity part in Sz.-Nagy’s result concerning operators that are similar to normal operators. In the second part we provide a characterization of all possible strong operator topology limits of the self-adjoint iterates of those contractions which are similar to unitary operators and act on a separable infinite-dimensional Hilbert space. This strengthens Sz.-Nagy’s theorem for contractions.

Forms of thought: a study in philosophical logic

Preface 1. Introduction Part I. Reference and Predication: 2. Individuation, reference, and sortal terms 3. Dispositional versus occurrent predication 4. Predication and categories Part II. Identity: 5. What is a criterion of identity? 6. Identity conditions and their grounds Part III. Modality: 7. Identity, vagueness, and modality 8. Necessity, essence, and possible worlds Part IV. Conditionality: 9. The truth about counterfactuals 10. Conditionals and conditional probability Bibliography Index.

An improvement of the Arzela–Ascoli theorem

For the classical Arzela–Ascoli theorem and its typical modern formulation, we have improved the sufficiency part by weakening the compactness of the domain space, and the necessity part is improved by strengthening the necessity part of the classical version.

Identification and evaluation of the ALM process in bank

Challenges that are placed in front of banks have put changes towards business conditions, in terms, of increasing and reducing available funds, have forced its management toward changing its business philosophy as well as the establishment of a new concept, which could respond to those challenges. For this reason, during the 80's a concept of simultaneous management of assets and liabilities has been developed, which is also known, in terms of banking terminology, under the shortcut ALM (Assets and Liabilities Management). A Bank, whose goals are success and competitiveness on the market, has to accept the development of the ALM approach as necessity or inevitable part of business. In accordance with it, the success of the bank, in many cases will depend on the implementing quality of the ALM process. In order to evaluate the success of that activity, the bank, however, have to be familiar with the essence of the ALM concept, along with the basic criteria on which this evaluation is done. The goal of this paper is to present the essence of this concept and the criteria's, which are the starting point during its evaluation. .

Graph braid groups and right-angled Artin groups

We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a graph to have a right-angled Artin group as its braid group for braid index ≥ 5 \ge 5 . In order to have the necessity part, graphs are organized into small classes so that one of the homological or cohomological characteristics of right-angled Artin groups can be applied. Finally we show that a given graph is planar iff the first homology of its 2-braid group is torsion-free, and we leave the corresponding statement for n n -braid groups as a conjecture along with a few other conjectures about graphs whose braid groups of index ≤ 4 \le 4 are right-angled Artin groups.

Strong convergence for weighted sums of negatively associated arrays

Let “Xni” be an array of rowwise negatively associated random variables and \( T_{nk} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^k {i^\alpha X_{ni} } \) for α ≥ −1, \( S_{nk} = \sum\limits_{\left| i \right| \leqslant k} {\varphi \left( {\tfrac{i} {{n^\eta }}} \right)\tfrac{1} {{n^\eta }}X_{ni} } \) for η ∈ (0, 1], where ϕ is some function. The author studies necessary and sufficient conditions of $$ \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {A_n P\left( {\mathop {max}\limits_{1 \leqslant k \leqslant n} \left| {T_{nk} } \right| > \varepsilon B_n } \right) \varepsilon D_n } \right) < \infty } } $$ for all ɛ > 0, where An, Bn, Cn and Dn are some positive constants, mn ∈ ℕ with mn/nη → ∞. The results of Lanzinger and Stadtmuller in 2003 are extended from the i.i.d. case to the case of the negatively associated, not necessarily identically distributed random variables. Also, the result of Pruss in 2003 on independent variables reduces to a special case of the present paper; furthermore, the necessity part of his result is complemented.

A note on the duality mapping of a locally uniformly convex Banach space

Let X be a real locally uniformly convex Banach space with normalized duality mapping J : X → 2 X ∗ . The purpose of this note is to show that for every R > 0 and every x 0 ∈ X there exists a function ϕ = ϕ ( R , x 0 ) : R + → R + , which is nondecreasing and such that ϕ ( r ) > 0 for r > 0 , ϕ ( 0 ) = 0 and 〈 x ∗ − x 0 ∗ , x − x 0 〉 ≥ ϕ ( ‖ x − x 0 ‖ ) ‖ x − x 0 ‖ , for all x ∈ B R ( x 0 ) ¯ , x ∗ ∈ J x , x 0 ∗ ∈ J x 0 . Simply, it is shown that the necessity part of the proof of the original analogous necessary and sufficient condition of Prüß, for real uniformly convex Banach spaces, goes over equally well in the present setting. This is a natural setting for the study of many existence problems in accretive and monotone operator theories.