Necessary Conditions For Transfer Research Articles

Characterization of hairy root-phenotype in transgenic Hypericum perforatum L. clones

Hairy root-regenerated clones of Hypericum perforatum L. grown in vitro similarly to those successfully adapted to ex vitro conditions showed phenotype features typical for plants transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes T-DNA. These included reduced apical dominance, increased branching, dwarfing and reduced fertility. Transgenic clones differed in ability to develop root system as a necessary condition for transfer to the soil. One of the profiling characters, capability of hypericin biosynthesis was altered as well. Dark glands as the sites of hypericin accumulation and/or synthesis exhibited significantly higher densities on both, leaves and petals of transgenic clones comparing to controls. In the genome of transgenic clones, rolABC genes were detected. Both clones harboured similar copy number of individual rol genes. However, copy numbers descended from rolA to rolC gene in both clones.

Does analogical transfer involve a term-to-term alignment?

According to dominant models of reasoning by analogy, analogical transfer requires subjects to first define a full one-to-one correspondence between the base and the target problems. Accordingly, these models predict that if there is a cross-mapping between the base and the target (cross-mapping exists when similar or identical elements in the base and the target play different roles), the time spent transferring a property from the base to the target will be greater. The present results are inconsistent with this prediction. Indeed, if the mapping task is more difficult in the cross-mapping condition than in the control condition, the time needed to make the transfer is not affected by the presence of a cross-mapping. Consequently, we conclude that the mapping phase is not a necessary condition for transfer.

Accumulation of magnetic field energy in an active region due to the alpha-effect

The problem of accumulation of magnetic field energy in an active region (AR) as the energy of electric currents in the AR atmosphere is not yet completely clear. Along with the commonly accepted concept of generation of electric current systems in an AR due to large- scale shearing motions at the photospheric level [1,2], another possibility of magnetic field energy accumulation has recently been proposed theoretically [3]. Assuming that the AR magnetic field evolves via a sequence of force- free configurations, Seehafer shows that the energy of small- scale field and velocity fluctuations can be transformed into that of large-scale current systems of an AR (alpha-effect). The necessary condition for the alpha-effect to exist is the presence of the sign- dominant current helicity H c =B · (∇×B) in the volume is considered. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the fulfillment of this condition in various ARs. Based on the measurements of magnetic field vector in 40 active regions of the maximum of the 22nd cycle we calculated the current helicity of the field Bz · (∇×B) z in the photosphere and obtained the following results. In 36 ARs we found a significant imbalance of the current helicity of the field (5 to 75%) such that in 33 ARs the excess of the current helicity was positive in the southern hemisphere and negative in the northern hemisphere. Therefore, in ARs the necessary condition for transfer of the energy of small-scale fluctuations of the field and velocity into the energy of large- scale electric currents in ARs is fulfilled rather frequently.

Analogical transfer: The roles of schema abstraction and awareness

This study investigated two aspects of analogical transfer: first, whether transfer to a target domain can be facilitated by particular kinds of encoding of the base domain, and second, whether conscious reminding of the base domain is necessary for transfer to occur. Two experiments showed that transfer can be facilitated when only a single exemplar from the base domain is used if the exemplar is encoded in such a way that the underlying schema is represented. It was also shown that conscious reminding of the base domain is not a necessary condition for transfer, but when subjects are aware of the underlying schema while solving the target problem, transfer always occurs.

Predictors of transfer out of early French immersion programs

ABSTRACTThis study examined the factors that best predict which elementary schoolchildren will ultimately transfer out of a French immersion program. At the end of one school year, French immersion teachers nominated poor-achieving students who might transfer to an English stream and who may elect not to leave the program. All of the children were immediately tested and parents and teachers were interviewed. The status of the project children was monitored over the next year to determine which children transferred to an English stream. Analysis of the pretransfer data indicated that although cognitive-academic variables may be necessary conditions for transfer, they are not sufficient conditions. Specifically, while the children who transferred experienced academic problems, these were no more severe than those of children who did not transfer. Rather, the transfer children were unique in terms of their poorer attitudes, motivations, and nonacademic behaviors. This pattern of results was found for the teacher, parent, and child data. The analyses suggest that attitudinal and motivational factors are of primary importance to the continuation of second-language study by young learners.