Necessary Condition For Production Research Articles

Favorable Conditions for Heavy Element Nucleosynthesis in Rotating Protomagnetar Winds

The neutrino-driven wind cooling phase of proto-neutron stars (PNSs) follows successful supernovae. Wind models without magnetic fields or rotation fail to achieve the necessary conditions for production of the third r-process peak, but robustly produce a weak r-process in neutron-rich winds. Using 2D magnetohydrodynamic simulations with magnetar-strength magnetic fields and rotation, we show that the PNS rotation rate significantly affects the thermodynamic conditions of the wind. We show that high-entropy material is quasiperiodically ejected from the closed zone of the PNS magnetosphere with the required thermodynamic conditions to produce heavy elements. We show that maximum entropy S of the material ejected depends systematically on the magnetar spin period P ⋆ and scales as S∝P⋆−5/6 for sufficiently rapid rotation. We present results from simulations at a constant neutrino luminosity representative of ∼1–2 s after the onset of cooling for P ⋆ ranging from 5–200 ms and a few simulations with evolving neutrino luminosity where we follow the evolution of the magnetar wind until 10–14 s after the onset of cooling. We estimate at magnetar polar magnetic field strength B 0 = 3 × 1015 G and 1015 G that neutron-rich magnetar winds can, respectively, produce at least ∼1–5 × 10−5 M ⊙ and ∼1–4 × 10−7 M ⊙ of material with the required parameters for synthesis of the third r-process peak, within 1–2 s and 10 s, respectively, in that order after the onset of cooling. We show that proton-rich magnetar winds can have favorable conditions for production of p-nuclei, even at a modest B 0 = 5 × 1014 G.

Formation features and economic forecast of the production potential growth of the agro-food organizations

The article considers the main approaches to the composition, structural elements, features and assessment of the production potential of organizations in the agro-food sector. The application of an integrated approach to assessing the production potential of organizations in the agro-food sector according to the scheme: resources-maximum opportunities-result-evaluation-forecast has been substantiated. Based on these positions, fixed and working capital, labor resources can be combined into the concept of "production potential of organizations in the agro-food sector". If there are sufficient resources, their rational structure, the organization of the agro-food sector has the necessary conditions for production and commercial activities, the achievement of planned goals and development parameters, and the generation of economic benefits. The assessment of the level of the production potential of the agro-food sector is based on the use of the following approaches: dialectical, which allows us to consider the production potential as a complex, multilateral, contradictory phenomenon, taking into account its development and constant movement; systemic, which allows to explore the production potential as an integral complex of interrelated elements, to establish the method, nature of the relationship between them, as well as the internal relationship of categories; synergistic, considering the production potential as a self-developing system, which makes it possible to justify its growth as a result of combining individual elements into a single system, that is, by obtaining a systemic effect.

Features of the Process of Obtaining Steel 08H14N5M2DL in the Open Induction Furnace IST-0.16

One of steel 08H14N5M2DL scopes in the industry is an aircraft industry, to be exact, production of racks of the chassis for airplanes and helicopters which test cyclic types of loadings (take-off/landing). Despite the margin of safety which is put at the design of the aircraft, an important role plays, both quality of the material and its ability to save the mechanical properties during all assigned resource for the aircraft. Therefore the development of necessary conditions of production of steel under which the highest mechanical properties and also the ability to save them on the maximum period will be received becomes relevant and today. Work purpose: Identification and prevention of the most significant negative factors having an impact on mechanical properties of steel 08H14N5M2DL in the course of its receiving. In the work, 257 melting of steel of VNL-3 brand in the open IST-0.16 induction furnace with lining from a ground, magnesite brick is investigated. Methods of research are control of the content of austenite and existence of δ - ferrite in structure there were by measurement of values of a magnetic flux density cold and hot tests on the IFSS-1 device and also calculations of the number of products of wear, the solubility of nitrogen in steel VNL-3 and saturation nitrogen. It is revealed that negative impact on mechanical properties of VNL steel – 3 is rendered by nonmetallic inclusions, the maintenance of δ-ferrite and nitrogen. It is established that for stabilization of mechanical properties of steel, aging temperature after tempering in 500 °C allows to support and save steady indicators of mechanical properties. The fact that δ the ferrite exception of solid steel will allow reducing the oxygen content in it not less, than for 0.019% is confirmed owing to what iron crystallizes in γ-phase, passing δ-modification. The presented results confirm prospects of the developed approach in receiving the high-quality steel intended for use in the aviation industry.

FOUR-SECTOR MODEL ECONOMY

The article studies the theory of three-sector economy developed by American Economists A. Fisher and K. Clark. This theory was formulated on the basis of their works published in the mid 20th century. Later it was used as a foundation for the theory of public-economic structures. The present article puts forward a concept of the economic system of the future, i. e. economy of knowledge or economy of information society. The new economic system is being developed now but its certain components can be seen and work today. Production factor of new economy is knowledge, while traditional factors of production are labour and capital as necessary conditions of production. Economy of knowledge can be characterized by processes of economic development but not processes of growth. The forth sector of national economy (quadrum-sector) includes such types of activity as education and science, i. e. those types of activity, which form new knowledge, transform it and proliferate. On the basis of economicmathematic model of general balance by Arrow-Debre the author developed a mathematic model of economy of knowledge, which is presented as space of goods production and consumption.

Controlling of Differential Resistance of <i>p–n</i>-Junctions of Bipolar Transistor in Active Mode by Method of Impedance Spectroscopy

Controlling of parameters of manufactured transistors and interoperational controlling during their production are necessary conditions for production of competitive products of electronic industry. Traditionally for controlling of bipolar transistors the direct current measurements and registration of capacity-voltage characteristics are used. Carrying out measurements on alternating current in a wide interval of frequencies (20 Hz–30 MHz) will allow to obtain additional information on parameters of bipolar transistors. The purpose of the work is to show the possibilities of the method of impedance spectroscopy for controlling of differential resistance of p–n-junctions of the bipolar p–n–p-transistor in active mode.The KT814G p–n–p-transistor manufactured by JSC “INTEGRAL” was studied by the method of impedance spectroscopy. The values of differential electrical resistance and capacitance for base–emitter and base–collector p–n-junctions are defi at direct currents in base from 0.8 to 46 µA.The results of the work can be applied to elaboration of techniques of fi checking of discrete bipolar semiconductor devices.

Allocation base of general production costs as optimization of prime costs

Qualified management aimed at optimizing financial results is the key factor in today's society. Effective management decisions depend on the necessary information about the costs of production process in all its aspects – their structure, types, accounting policies of reflecting costs. General production costs, the so-called indirect costs that are not directly related to the production process, but provide its functioning in terms of supporting structural divisions and create the necessary conditions of production, play a significant role in calculating prime costs of goods (works, services).However, the accurate estimate of prime costs of goods (works, services) should be determined with the value of indirect costs (in other words, general production costs), and properly determined with the base of their allocation. The choice of allocation base of general production costs is the significant moment, depending on the nature of business, which must guarantee fair distribution regarding to the largest share of direct expenses in the total structure of production costs.The study finds the essence of general production costs based on the analysis of key definitions of leading Ukrainian economists. The optimal allocation approach of general production costs is to calculate these costs as direct production costs within each subsidiary division (department) separately without selecting a base as the main one to the their total amount.

SEM and AFM Studies of Two-Phase Magnetic Alkali Borosilicate Glasses.

The morphology and composition of four types of two-phase alkali borosilicate glasses with magnetic atoms prepared by inductive melting have been studied. The results of scanning electron microscopy point to uniform distribution of Na, Si, and O atoms in these samples while magnetic iron atoms form ball-shaped agglomerates. The magnetic properties of these agglomerates have been confirmed by magnetic force microscopy. Atomic force microscopy had shown that in these samples two different morphological structures, drop-like and dendrite net, are formed. The formation of dendrite-like structure is a necessary condition for production of porous magnetic glasses. The obtained results allow us to optimize the melting and heat treatment processes leading to production of porous alkali borosilicate glasses with magnetic properties. The first results for nanocomposite materials on the basis of magnetic glasses containing the embedded ferroelectrics KH2PO4 demonstrate the effect of applied magnetic field on the ferroelectric phase transition.

The central pc-scale region in blazars: insights from multi-band observations

AbstractThe empirical relations in the black hole-accretion disk-relativistic jet system and physical processes behind these relations are still poorly understood, partly because they operate close to the black hole within the central light year. Very long baseline array (VLBA) provides unparalleled resolution at 15 GHz with which to observe the jet components at sub-milliarcsecond scales, corresponding to sub-pc-scales for local blazars. We discuss the jet inner structure of blazars, location and radiation mechanisms operating in the innermost parsec-scale region of blazars, and evidence for jet-excited broad-line region (BLR) ouflowing downstream the jet. Outflowing BLR can provide necessary conditions for production of high energy emission along the jet between the base of the jet and the BLR and far beyond the BLR as evidenced by recent observations. Flat spectrum quasars and low synchrotron peaked sources are the most likely objects to host the outfllowing BLR. From the γ-ray absorption arguments, we propose that the jet-excited region of the outflowing BLR in quasars is small and/or gas filling factor is low, and that the orientation and opening angle of the outflowing BLR can lead to relevant γ-ray absorption features observed in quasars.

Conventional Expressions as a Pragmalinguistic Resource: Recognition and Production of Conventional Expressions in L2 Pragmatics

This study investigates the source of second language (L2) learners’ low use of conventional expressions—one part of pragmalinguistic competence—by investigating the relationship between recognition and production of conventional expressions in L2 pragmatics. Two tasks—an aural recognition task and an oral production task—were completed by 122 learners of English as a second language with mixed‐language backgrounds and 49 native speakers of English divided among peers and teachers. The aural recognition task presented 60 expressions to which participants responded with one of three levels of self‐assessed familiarity, operationalized as an estimate of how often they hear a given expression (I often/sometimes/never hear this). The computer‐delivered production task included 32 scenarios to which participants responded orally. Results show that recognition of conventional expressions is a necessary condition for production but not sufficient. Lower use of conventional expressions by learners may have multiple sources: lack of familiarity with some expressions; overuse of familiar expressions, which subsequently reduces the opportunity to use more targetlike expressions; level of development; and sociopragmatic knowledge.

Total Factor Productivity

Total factor productivity (TFP) is a central concept in the mainstream analysis of economic growth. Using aggregate production functions, economists estimate the shares of economic growth explained by increases in capital, labor, and (in some applications) natural resource inputs. The residual of unexplained growth is then ascribed to “disembodied” technological advance or TFP. This article develops a radical ecological-economic critique of TFP analysis. The critique uses Marxist theory to synthesize relevant nonmainstream perspectives including ecological economics (especially Georgescu-Roegen's critique of the aggregate production function and Daly's rejection of the mainstream “circular flow” vision of the economy), neo-Schumpetarian criticisms of disembodied technological change, and the “identification” critique which shows that TFP estimates merely capture the accounting identity between income and value added. From a Marxist perspective, TFP theory's false dematerialization of production technology reflects capitalism's alienation of workers and communities from necessary conditions of production.

The influence of immobilization of Pseudomonas sp. 2 on optical detection of polychlorinated biphenyls

The cells Pseudomonas sp. 2 were immobilized on porous glass surface (S), encapsulated into alginate beads (A), encapsulated into alginate beads coated with a silica layer (AC) and entrapped into silica gel (C). The silica layer thickness of 2.5 μm was prepared from prepolymerized tetramethoxysilane by dipping of the alginate beads. The production of stable yellow intermediates of biodegradation of PCBs, congeners with three chlorine atoms, was used for the detection of commercial mixture of PCBs, Delor 103. In the initial stage of biodegradation of Delor 103, the highest and the most rapid increase of concentration of yellow color was observed in the case of biodegradation with AC but the selectivity of the detection method was decreased by the simultaneous production of orange compounds. The necessary conditions for production of orange intermediates were concentration of biphenyl or PCBs with biphenyl 5 g/l together with 2–6 vol.% of methanol. Trihydroxyphenyl pyridine, phenyl pyridine, dimethylhydrazide of benzoic acid, pyridine carboxylic acid and trimethylindane were identified in the lyophilized solution of the orange compounds. The metabolic pathways of the creation of orange compounds are unknown and for that reason, utilization of these metabolites for optical detection of PCBs needs further research.

Effects of adrenalectomy on the presence of a maturation-delaying pheromone in the urine of female mice

A sequence of three experiments investigated whether adrenalectomy affects a pheromone from grouped female mice which delays puberty in young females. The first two experiments demonstrated that the presence of the adrenal glands is a necessary condition for production and/or excretion of the puberty-delaying pheromone in excreted and bladder urine. The third experiment showed that a blocking effect associated with the urethras of singly caged female mice which inhibits the activity of the maturation-delaying pheromone is not affected by adrenalectomy.

Intracranial pressure changes during experimental sleep in cats and primates (author's transl)

Plateau waves were produced experimentally during evoked sleep in cats and primates with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. At the acute stage of hydrocephalus with moderate intracranial hypertention, Krebs-Ringer's solution containing excess calcium was perfused within the posterior region of the hypothalamus to induce sleep. Behavioral and physiological signs such as sleep were evoked within 5 to 30 min. following the start of perfusion, and lasted as long as 3 to 5 hours. When calcium ions had not sufficiently altered the arousal level of animals, sleep was induced by intravenous administration of a precursor of serotonin. In cats and primates with ICP raised above 15 mmHg, the ICP during induced sleep was exaggerated and developed plateau waves which had amplitudes of over 90 mmHg and durations of within 5 min. These plateau waves were highly reproducible. A relatively right situation of the intracranial space was a necessary condition for production of the plateau waves. The functional change in the hypothalamus involved in the sleep mechanism plays as an important role in formation of the plateau waves.

The function and processing of auditory information in the courtship behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster

The function and processing of auditory information in the courtship behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster was investigated using combination of mutant genes which cause stepwise reduction in the size of the arista. Reduction of the effective surface area of the arista lowers female sexual receptivity and the courtship success of males. Since female receptivity is known to be dependent upon accurate perception of the characteristics of male wing vibration, the results confirm that the aristae are essential for adequate auditory perception. The female, as elsewhere suggested, may compare the sound perceived to a neural representation of the parameters of the species code, which is genetically determined, and reject or accept the male depending on the outcome of the comparison. Quantitative analysis of male courtship behaviour suggests that the sound which mutant males produce is distorted as a result of imperfect auditory feedback. It is suggested that veridical feedback of the efferent signal, which may be compared to a neural representation in the same way as in the female, could be a necessary condition for production of an accurate species specific wing vibration code.

Hepatotoxicity of α-naphthylisothiocyanate congeners with particular emphasis on phenylisothiocyanate

A structure-action study of compounds related to the hepatotoxic agent, α-naphthylisothiocyanate indicates that an aryl compound of planar configuration with a substituent radical containing N, C, and S are the probable necessary conditions for production of hyperbilirubinemia. Of sixteen congeners, only one, phenylisothiocyanate, was found to exhibit this action. Phenylisothiocyanate qualitatively and quantitatively affects liver function in mice in the same manner as α-naphthylisothiocyanate, as shown by increases in plasma bilirubin and sulfobromophthalein retention. The effects of a single oral treatment with phenylisothiocyanate persist for about 10 days. This action is similar to that of α-naphthylisothiocyanate. Effects due to phenylisothiocyanate treatment develop more slowly than effects due to α-naphthylisothiocyanate treatment.