Nebraska Symposium Research Articles

Implicit motives and basic psychological needs.

The present article starts with discussing similarities and differences between conceptualizations of human needs in self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan [1985], Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior; Deci & Ryan [2000], Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on motivation) and motive disposition theory (MDT; McClelland, Human motivation, 1985). The second section focuses on the two-process model of psychological needs (Sheldon [2011], Psychological Review, 118: 552), which aims to integrate the two approaches, whereas the third section highlights some aspects of both theories that are still decoupled or even contradictory, but nevertheless still have a high potential to be linked. These three aspects are (a) the noncorresponding concepts of implicit power motive (MDT) and basic need for autonomy (SDT); (b) the differentiation of needs into hope and fear components, which is theoretically embedded in MDT, but not in SDT; and (c) MDT researchers' differentiation into an implicit and explicit motivational system, which is not included in SDT. Particularly, the last section highlights the potential for areas in which further integration is possible, which provides a foundation for comprehensive and exciting research on human motivation.

Institutional Trust: An Introduction.

Trust in institutions—also known as institutional trust—is essential to a variety of matters, ranging from the functioning of democracy to assuring the effective operations of the courts to agreeing to cooperate with the police to deciding whether to patronize a business. Although trust in institutions is inextricably intertwined with trust between and among individuals, this volume focuses on trust in institutions, not trust in others per se. In this introductory chapter to the 62nd annual volume of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, we briefly discuss the various contexts in which trust is involved and set the stage for a more detailed and extensive treatment of trust theory and research by eight eminent scholars from the U.S. and beyond. In addition to general background on trust, this chapter provides a brief overview of the eight remaining chapters in the book.KeywordsInstitutional trustInterpersonal trustLegitimacyJusticeMotivationEmotionInterdisciplinary

On both sides of the fence: perceptions of collective narratives and identity strategies among Palestinians in Israel and in the West Bank

This field study aims to explore the effect of the forced separation between Palestinians who are Israeli citizens and Palestinians living in the West Bank on their perceptions of collective narratives (Sagy et al. in Am J Orthopsychiatry 72(1): 26–38, 2002) and their identity strategies (Berry in Nebraska symposium on motivation, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1990; Tajfel in Human groups and social categories, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981). Two questionnaires, based on the theoretical categories and contents revealed in focus groups, were administered to wide ranging samples, comprised of 1,104 Palestinians who are Israeli citizens (622 females), and 948 Palestinians (466 females) living in the West Bank, aged 18 and up. The results indicate differences between the two Palestinian groups: Palestinians living in the West Bank significantly tended to endorse integration and blamed Israel for the separation, but also endorsed separation and social competition with the other Palestinian group, in comparison to the Palestinians living in Israel. The latter exhibited stronger tendencies to preserve their in-group collective narratives compared to the West Bank Palestinians. The older members of both groups perceived the intergroup relations in a more positive way. The results are mainly interpreted according to the social identity theory and the complex situation of living “on both sides of the fence”.

Perceptions of collective narratives and identity strategies: the case of Palestinian Muslims and Christians in Israel

The study suggests a model for understanding inter-group relations which has combined two psycho-social concepts: perceptions of collective narratives (Sagy et al. in Am J Orthopsychiat 72(1):26–38, 2002) and identity strategies (Tajfel in Human groups and social categories, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981; Berry in Cross-cultural perspectives: Nebraska symposium on motivation, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1990). The model examined two minority groups of Israeli citizens: Palestinian Muslims and Christians, with a representative sample of 1,164 Muslims and 805 Christians, all Israeli citizens, aged 18–65. We used questionnaires which were developed and adapted for the unique population in this study. As expected, members of both groups mostly endorsed integration strategy. Stronger willingness for competition and separation, as well as lower acceptance of the “other” collective narratives, were found among Christian participants compared to their Muslim counterparts. The expected pattern of inter-relations between the two psychosocial concepts was found: integration and assimilation strategies were related to higher rates of acceptance of the out-group collective narratives and to lower levels of legitimization of in-group collective narratives. In the same vein, the opposite pattern was found in the relations between strategies of competition and separation and the perceptions of collective narratives. The discussion focuses on the contribution of the theoretical model and the findings of our study to a better understanding of the complicated inter-group relations between Palestinian Muslims and Christians who are citizens of Israel.

Health Disparities in Youth and Families: Research and Applications. Gustavo Carlo, Lisa J. Crockett, and Miguel A. Carranza (Eds.). New York: Springer, 2011, 173 pages. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7091-6, $129.00 hardcover

Health Disparities in Youth and Families: Research and Applications. Gustavo Carlo, Lisa J. Crockett, and Miguel A. Carranza (Eds.). New York: Springer, 2011, 173 pages. ISBN: 978-1-4419-7091-6, $129.00 hardcover. Health Disparities in Youth and Families: Research and Applications is volume 57 of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation monograph series. This annual publication contains the proceedings of this symposium, which was coordinated by the volume's editors, Gustavo Carlo, Lisa J. Crockett, and Miguel A. Carranza. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation series is edited by Barbara A. Hope and is supported by the University of Nebraska Foundation through a Department of Psychology endowment. However, the series and this volume are interdisciplinary in nature and aim to present a range of scholarship around a focused topic. This volume spotlights health disparities among youths and families from diverse fields and perspectives. book is well organized. It starts with an introductory chapter by the editors, who frame the topic as a whole and the six chapters that follow. inclusion of distinct and specific aspects of health disparities is well balanced, and the authors reflect expertise in their fields of research. Carlo, Crockett, and Carranza set the stage for what follows in their first chapter, Understanding Ethnic/Racial Health Disparities in Youth and Families in the US, by providing the reader with a common thread linking the chapters: motivation, as the series title suggests. However, the bridge connecting motivation and health disparities is somewhat lacking. In their first paragraph, the editors assert that theories of motivation play a central role in understanding health outcomes and disparities and promise that this will become evident in the chapters that follow. Although they revisit this link later in a chapter-by-chapter overview, readers would benefit from the enunciation of a more detailed rationale at the start. editors' introduction successfully presents relevant trends in data and factors associated with health disparities through a review of topical research, which will be particularly helpful to those less familiar with the subject matter and related literature. This first chapter concludes by suggesting that useful models for addressing health disparities are best realized through interdisciplinary and broad-based approaches, which are exemplified in the chapters that follow. second chapter is written by Ana Mari Cauce, Rick Cruz, Marissa Corona, and Rand Conger and is titled The Face of the Future: Risk and Resilience in Minority Youth. authors quickly grab the reader's attention by using the racially diverse background of President Obama to demonstrate the current, projected, and equally diverse racial make-up of the United States. This chapter poses the following question: Is the majority-minority future something to look forward to, or something to worry about and fear? (p. 13). Before clarifying the context of their question, the authors present demographic information that lays the foundation for their overall aim. Specifically, they note that those under 18 years of age who are members of racial/ ethnic minority groups are, in essence, not minorities by numbers. Census data reveal that among this age group, non-Caucasians often constitute more than half of the population. This is the case in many geographic areas currently and is projected to become more common across the United States by 2020. fear that the authors refer to is never clearly explained; however, it appears to reflect the idea that society is poorly prepared to understand or meet the needs of minority youths. authors address this challenge by exploring areas of current and potential risk and resilience, with an emphasis on adolescence and a contextual focus on neighborhood, school, and family. Throughout the chapter, President Obama's life experiences are used to illustrate the possible processes of risk and resilience and how they may occur within the life of an individual youth and within his or her family. …

Learning in Doing – Skills Acquisition in [Post-] Modernised Military Communities of Practice

Learning in Doing – Skills Acquisition in [Post-] Modernised Military Communities of Practice

Cultural Identity and Acculturation Preferences Among South Asian Adolescents in Britain: An Exploratory Study

The study reported in this article is part of a wider research project on the adaptation of South Asians in Britain. It examines and compares the acculturation attitudes and cultural identity of Indian and Pakistani second‐generation adolescents Indian (Punjabi Sikh and Gujarati Hindu) and Pakistani (Muslim) in Britain. The research project integrates a social psychological approach to ethnic identity, Berry’s (Cross‐cultural Perspectives. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1990) acculturation strategy and stress models, and Phinney’s (Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 1989:34) model of ethnic identification. There were 240 adolescents, aged 13–18 years, with an even split between the genders. Results from this study suggested that the majority of Indian youth adopted integration strategies as opposed to Pakistani Muslims who adopted a separation strategy. Cultural identity is a term used to include both ethnic and national identities. Ethnic identity scores were high for Indian and Pakistani adolescents. National identity was more important for Indian adolescents but ethnic identity was more important than national identity for all groups. Perceived discrimination was related to acculturation strategies.

The evolution of comparative cognition: Is the snark still a boojum?

In "The Snark is a Boojum", Beach [Beach, F.A., 1950. The snark was a boojum. American Psychologist. 5, 115-124] famously asserted that animal psychology embraced too few species and too few problems to deserve the name comparative. Later in the 20th century, others [e.g. Kamil, A.C., 1988. A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence. In: Leger, D.W. (Ed.), Comparative Perspectives in Modern Psychology. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol. 35. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, pp. 230-257; Shettleworth, S.J., 1993. Where is the comparison in comparative cognition? Alternative research programs. Psychological Science. 4, 179-184] expressed similar concerns about the new subfield of comparative cognition, suggesting that a more biological approach to choice of species and problems was needed to balance a dominant anthropocentrism. The last 10-15 years have seen many new developments, and a recent survey like Beach's reveals a very different picture. Not only are many more species being studied, contributions by researchers from different backgrounds are increasing, and research on comparative cognition is better connected with developmental psychology, behavioral neuroscience, primatology, behavioral ecology, and other fields. Contemporary research addresses three major aspects of cognition about equally: basic processes, physical cognition, and social cognition. This article describes a selected research program from each area, chosen to exemplify current trends and challenges for the field.

Nicotine, tobacco use, and the 55th Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

Tobacco use is a worldwide health problem. As so well stated by Mackay and Ericksen (2002), “No other consumer product is as dangerous, or kills as many people. Tobacco kills more than AIDS, legal drugs, illegal drugs, road accidents, murder, and suicide combined” (p. 36). Imagine the lives saved, and the amount of pain, emotional suffering, and fiscal burden alleviated, if we could devise approaches that helped current tobacco users quit and remain abstinent, and prevented new smokers from emerging. Although these idealistic goals are worth pursuing, improving cessation rates by only a small fraction, or making small gains in preventing people from experimenting with tobacco, would nevertheless translate into significant improvement in the health and well-being of countless thousands worldwide as well as financial savings to employers, government institutions, and the heath care system. Even such small, incremental steps require a concerted and coordinated effort by basic scientists, clinical researchers and practitioners, and policy makers to discover the basis of tobacco dependence and apply that knowledge to the implementation of prevention policies and smoking cessation aids. This year's Nebraska Symposium on Motivation was devoted to research on the drug that is widely believed to form the basis of tobacco use and dependence, nicotine. For over 50 years, The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation has provided a forum for discussing the concept of motivation and its application to understanding behavior (Benjamin & Jones, 1979; Bevins & Bardo, 2004). Although researchers and theorists who have participated in The Symposium over the years have disagreed about the meaning and potential usefulness of this construct (e.g., Birch, 1961; Gallistel, 1975; Schneirla, 1959), one conclusion that emerges from this scientific dialog is that at least some of the processes captured within the definition of this construct likely mediate key aspects of behavior. In the area of drug addiction and dependence, there appears to be an increasing use of motivation and related constructs (e.g., incentive processes, cravings, drug seeking, etc.) when discussing drug use and dependence. For the 50th Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Bevins and Bardo (2004) did a search on Medline that spanned from 1998 to 2002. That search used the term “motivation” with the word “alcohol”, “nicotine”, “amphetamine”, “heroin”, and “cocaine”. In this five-year period that search found 729 hits. We repeated this simple search for 2003 to July 2007 and found 1,247 hits. Notably, we went back and re-conducted the 1998 to 2002 search for just “motivation” and “nicotine” and found 141 hits in this 5 year window. In the subsequent 5 year window (up to July 2007) this number increased to 263—a near doubling. An increase was also seen for the co-occurrence of “motivation” and “smoking” (426 to 682) and for “motivation” and “tobacco” (170 to 343). This pattern indicates a need to critically discuss motivation as an explanatory construct, while empirically defining the processes underlying this construct in a manner that avoids tautologies. For The 55th Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, we gathered leading scientific experts on nicotine dependence and tobacco use on the University of Nebraska-Lincoln campus. The diversity of their expertise (see list of contributors) reflects our bias that effective strategies for decreasing tobacco use and preventing initiation will require a translational approach in which genetic, neurobiological, individual, and cultural factors motivating tobacco use and nicotine dependence are considered. At The Symposium, the exchange of empirical and theoretical ideas and the discussion of these ideas were richer and more extensive than we could have imagined. We thank the contributors and all those who attended The Symposium for this. Further, we hope that the collection of chapters in The 55th Volume of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation will continue to stimulate this exchange of ideas and discussion among its readers. Only through open communication and the scientific testing of ideas that emerge from this conversation will we be able to eventually eliminate the number one preventable cause of premature death—tobacco use and nicotine dependence.

A taxonomy for scenes

Tomkins [Tomkins, S. (1979). Script theory: Differential magnification of affects. In: C. Keasey (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 26 (pp. 201–236). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; Tomkins, S. (1987). Script theory. In: J. Aronoff, A. Rabin, & R. Zucker (Eds.), The Emergence of Personality (pp. 147–216). New York: Springer] proposed that personality is built from the experience of scenes, which minimally consist of an emotion and an event evoking that emotion. This study sought to identify a taxonomy of emotion-eliciting events. Examples of specific events eliciting love, joy, sadness, anger, and fear were collected from 200 participants, another 120 participants independently sorted these examples for similarity, and a hierarchical cluster analysis was run on these similarity sorts. The resulting tree diagram displayed categories of events at varying levels of abstraction. Individual differences were found in the types of events offered for each of the five emotions.

Predicting attitudes and physical activity in an “at-risk” minority youth sample: A test of self-determination theory

Objectives The present work sought to extend past research by (i) testing a model of motivational processes based on the tenets of self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan [1991. A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation. Vol. 38. Perceptives on motivation (pp. 237–288). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press]) in an “at-risk” minority youth sample, (ii) exploring the relationship between motivation and physical activity behavior and attitudes, and (iii) assessing autonomy-support for physical activity from two social agents. Design A field cross-sectional design, including an assessment of physical activity over 4 days using pedometers. Methods Complete data were obtained from 237 predominantly low socioeconomic Hispanic 5th–8th grade students ( M age=12.11 years; SD=1.21) from an elementary school located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Four days of physical activity data, height and weight measurements, and responses to a multi-section inventory were collected. A model of hypothesized relationships among the study variables was examined using structural equation modeling. Results The proposed model demonstrated a very good fit to the data [Satorra-Bentler χ 2 (24)=46.88, p<.01; CFI=.94; IFI=.95; SRMR=.052]. Supporting the study hypotheses, the model showed that students who perceived autonomy-support toward physical activity to be promoted by their teachers and their parents experienced greater levels of need satisfaction variables (viz., autonomy, competence, and relatedness). In turn, the satisfaction of these psychological needs positively predicted autonomous motivation towards physical activity. Autonomous motivation positively predicted greater levels of (i) physical activity and (ii) positive attitudes towards physical activity. Body Mass Index (BMI) was found to be a negative predictor of physical activity. Conclusions Collectively, the results of the present work provide support for SDT and the application of the framework to enhance our understanding of motivational processes as they relate to physical activity within “at-risk” minority youth.

Students’ motivational responses toward school physical education and their relationship to general self-esteem and health-related quality of life

Objectives In addition to encouraging a physically active lifestyle, the aims of school physical education (PE) also encompass the promotion and development of self-esteem and perceptions of health. Using self-determination theory [SDT; Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In: R.A. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on motivation (Vol. 38, pp. 237–288). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska] as a conceptual framework, we examined three competing models specifying relations among motivational processes toward PE, students’ general self-esteem, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Design A field correlational prospective design. Method Three hundred British secondary school students ( M age=13.51 years; SD=.76) responded to a multi-section inventory assessing their motivational processes toward school PE. One week later, data pertaining to general self-esteem and HRQoL were obtained. Results Following minor modifications, structural equation analysis showed the three competing models to provide excellent fit to the study data. All models showed (i) perceptions of autonomy support provided by the PE teacher to positively predict autonomy, competence, and relatedness, (ii) competence and autonomy to positively predict autonomous motivation toward PE, and (iii) direct paths from competence to general self-esteem and from relatedness to HRQoL. Model 1 showed autonomous motivation to positively predict general self-esteem, which in turn positively predicted HRQoL. Model 2 supported a positive path from autonomous motivation to HRQoL, with HRQoL positively predicting general self-esteem. Model 3 supported general self-esteem and HRQoL to be distinct, yet related, dependent variables that were positively predicted by autonomous motivation toward PE. Conclusion These findings call for future work to examine the causal associations among motivational processes, self-esteem, and HRQoL. The theoretical contributions of SDT to such work are discussed.

A fine-grained analysis of facial expression processing in high-functioning adults with autism

It is unclear whether individuals with autism are impaired at recognizing basic facial expressions, and whether, if any impairment exists, it applies to expression processing in general, or to certain expressions, in particular. To evaluate these alternatives, we adopted a fine-grained analysis of facial expression processing in autism. Specifically, we used the ‘facial expression megamix’ paradigm [Young, A. W., Rowland, D., Calder, A. J, Etcoff, N. L., Seth, A., & Perrett, D. I. (1997). Facial expression megamix: Tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition Cognition and Emotion, 14, 39–60] in which adults with autism and a typically developing comparison group performed a six alternative forced-choice response to morphs of all possible combinations of the six basic expressions identified by Ekman [Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. K. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: vol. 1971, (pp. 207–283). Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press] (happiness, sadness, disgust, anger, fear and surprise). Clear differences were evident between the two groups, most obviously in the recognition of fear, but also in the recognition of disgust and happiness. A second experiment demonstrated that individuals with autism are able to discriminate between different emotional images and suggests that low-level perceptual difficulties do not underlie the difficulties with emotion recognition.

Perceived stimulus complexity and food preference development

The importance of perceived complexity, a ‘collative property’ as defined by [Berlyne, D. E. (1967). Arousal and reinforcement. In Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 1–110). University of Nebraska Press], to the dynamic development of preference was investigated. Eighty-six female and 82 male subjects rated their liking for and various collative properties of seven very similar orange drinks that differed only in perceived complexity as a result of adding small quantities of other flavours. This was done before and after giving each subject extended experience of one of the drinks, each being used equally often for this purpose. As predicted by the theory of [Dember, W. N., & Earl, R. W. (1957). Analysis of exploratory, manipulatory and curiosity behavior. Psychological Review, 64 (2), 91–96] exposure to a stimulus with a slightly higher complexity than an individual subject’s optimally preferred level of perceived complexity, caused an upwards shift in that level, whereas exposure to a less complex stimulus had no such effect. Changes in the appreciation of the drinks predicted by the theory were also observed.

Feeling, Emotion, Affect

Feeling, Emotion, Affect

What Are You Looking at? Joint Attention and Visual Perspective Taking in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study investigated joint attention and visual perspective taking abilities in young children. Twenty children with autism spectrum disorder in the age range of 3–7 years, and 20 age-matched control children participated in the study. Joint attention was assessed by a spontaneous gaze monitoring task, and two tasks measuring eye contact in ambiguous situations. Visual perspective taking was measured using a Level 1 task [(Flavell, J. H., 1978). Nebraska symposium on motivation, Vol. 25, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln]. The children with autism spectrum disorder were not only found to be impaired in their joint attention abilities, but they also showed problems on the visual perspective taking task. These results suggest that the basic dyadic person-object processes may develop in a slower and perhaps qualitatively different way in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Relative Influences of Affect and Cognition on Behavior: Are Feelings or Beliefs More Related to Blood Donation Intentions?

Relative Influences of Affect and Cognition on Behavior: Are Feelings or Beliefs More Related to Blood Donation Intentions?

Emotions Matter: Making the Case for the Role of Young Children's Emotional Development for Early School Readiness

This Social Policy Report considers the importance of young children’s emotional development for their school readiness, suggesting that social scientists can provide policy makers with concrete ways to conceptualize, measure and target young children’s emotional adjustment in early educational and child care settings. This Report then reviews a recent and persuasive body of rigorous research, to determine whether children’s emotional adjustment can be significantly affected by interventions implemented in the preschool and early school years. Results of this review suggest that family early educational, and clinical interventions offer policy makers a wide array of choices in ways that they can make sound investments in young children’s emotional development and school readiness. This research suggests that, while young children’s emotional and behavioral problems are costly to their chances of school success, these problems are identifiable early, are amenable to change, and can be reduced over time. What kinds of investments should policy makers be advised to make, at what point in young children’s development, and in what settings? While modest investments in low-cost interventions initially may seem appealing, this report suggests that there are few bargains to be had when investing in young children’s emotional adjustment. With this caveat in mind, the findings of this report suggest that policy makers should broaden early elementary educational mandates for school readiness to include children’s emotional and behavioral adjustments as key programmatic goals. Policy makers should consider targeting young children’s emotional adjustment prior to school entry, in diverse settings such as Head Start, child care settings, as well as in the first few years of school. Finally, young children’s emotional adjustment can serve as an important benchmark of programmatic success in other policy arenas focusing on child welfare, family support, and economic self-sufficiency, as well as in education.

Motivation and Delinquency

Motivational concepts pervade the classic theories of delinquency. And yet, there has been little detailed analysis of the relationship between motivation and delinquency. In this 44th volume of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, a group of leading scholars in a broad range of fields make up for that scholarly negligence, giving explicit and systematic attention to the subject. Joan McCord opens the volume by considering fundamental questions about relationships between motivation, explanation, blame, and free will, thereby developing a base from which she poses a theory of motivation for crime. Michael Rutter and colleagues review findings concerning factors ranging from social organization to behavioral genetics; throughout, they grapple with various forms of delinquency, from common misbehavior to persistent personality disorder. Gerald Patterson and Karen Yoeger's chapter on late-onset delinquency extends their influential work and illustrates the application of behaviorist psychology that Patterson has been developing for over twenty years. James Tedeschi examines juvenile delinquency from the perspective of his social interactionist theory of violence; this theory, based on the social psychology of interdependence, construes violence as a coercive attempt at social influence. Finally, Karen Heimer and Ross Matsueda compare the study of delinquency by social psychologists in the fields of psychology and sociology and present their own symbolic interactionist theory of delinquency.

Book ReviewMotivation and Delinquency.Vol. 44 of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Edited by D. Wayne Osgood. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. Pp. xiii+295. $40.00.

Previous article No AccessBook Review Motivation and Delinquency. Vol. 44 of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Edited by D. Wayne Osgood. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. Pp. xiii+295. $40.00.Simon I. SingerSimon I. SingerUniversity at Buffalo‐SUNY Search for more articles by this author University at Buffalo‐SUNYPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 104, Number 3November 1998 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/210133 Views: 7Total views on this site Permission to reprint a book review printed in this section may be obtained only from the author.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.