Nearby Vortices Research Articles

Wave effects on the hydroelastic response of a surface-piercing hydrofoil. Part 1. Fully wetted and ventilated flows

This work describes the effects of waves on the hydroelastic response of a hydrofoil in fully wetted and ventilated flows. In the absence of vaporous cavitation (described in Part 2 of this paper series), shallow long-period non-breaking waves delayed ventilation inception because velocity fluctuations prevent the formation of a stably separated region of flow at the foil's leading edge. Aerated von Kármán vortex shedding occurred from the blunt trailing edge, producing vortex-induced vibration of the hydrofoil at a near-constant Strouhal number. Regular waves led to near sinusoidal oscillations of the load and deformations at the wave encounter frequency, while the mean response and the dynamic response at other frequency peaks corresponding to hydrodynamic and structural modes remained mostly unaffected. Significant dynamic load amplification was observed at a submerged aspect ratio of 2 for cases with low angles of attack because of coalescence between the second and third wetted structural modes; at high angles of attack, the amplitude of the load fluctuations and flow-induced vibrations reduced because energy was diverted away from the coalescence frequencies to the nearby vortex shedding frequency. In both calm water and wave conditions, transition from fully wetted to fully ventilated flow resulted in sudden and significant reduction in the load coefficients, as well as foil deflections. An impulse-like signature was observed in the time-frequency spectra during these transitions. In many of the cases, transition to fully ventilated flow also led to substantially reduced amplitudes in the load and deformation fluctuations.

Heat and mass transfer analysis of constitutive model with autocatalytic chemical reaction within the Jeffery–Hamel flow perspective

This article examines the heat and mass transfer capabilities of a constitutive model in a thermally evolving steady laminar Jeffery–Hamel flow through a convergent-plate channel, including streamwise conduction with step changes in uniform wall temperature. A Jeffery–Hamel problem with a simple shear flow is used to undertake a comparative computational analysis of the thermal behavior of a viscoelastic fluid subjected to autocatalytic processes. The flow is tracked in a purely radial orientation with the deployment of coupled stresses in momentum conservation. The computational solutions for the flow, temperature and concentration distribution, and heat and mass transfer coefficient of a viscoelastic fluid obeying the complex Oldroyd-B constitutive equation in laminar converging channel flows are established. The analysis of the impacts of the thermal radiation, the heat source, and the chemical reaction as an autocatalytic process is included in the model, which is valid for fully developed thermal and hydrodynamic flow conditions with a constant heat and mass flux imposed at the wall. In the diverging part of the channel, where vortex compression is the predominant flow topology, there exist patches of local flow compression. On the flow field, the modified relaxation and retardation parameters show an opposing behavior. An Oldroyd-B fluid exhibits higher interactions with nearby vortices in the divergent channel, allowing a complex flow structure. The viscoelastic characteristics are anticipated to change the homogeneous–heterogeneous reaction transport processes, offering tremendous potential for applications in associated sectors. The deceleration flow in the diverging channel and the acceleration flow in the converging channel augment the average Nusselt numbers.

Wall temperature effects on the hypersonic boundary-layer transition over an inclined, blunt cone

Wall temperature is a crucial factor for the transition of hypersonic boundary layers. This paper investigates the wall temperature effects on the hypersonic boundary-layer transition over an inclined blunt cone with two wall temperatures by direct numerical simulations and instability analysis. The breakdown processes of leeward streamwise vortices and crossflow vortices are both studied. Inner modes with lower phase velocities and outer modes with higher phase velocities are responsible for the breakdown of leeward streamwise vortices, respectively, in cooled- and heated-wall cases. A higher wall temperature will promote the boundary layer transition in the vicinity of the leeward centerline due to the collision of nearby crossflow vortices with the leeward mushroom structure, instead of by destabilizing inner and outer modes. In the crossflow-dominated region, the transition is triggered by the interaction between second modes and crossflow vortices for the cooled-wall case. Increasing the wall temperature will promote the transition in this region even though second modes are suppressed.

Turbulent/non-turbulent interface for laminar boundary flow over a wall-mounted fence

The turbulent/non-turbulent interface plays an important role in the exchange of mass, momentum, and energy between turbulent and nonturbulent flows. However, the role played by the interface in the separation and reattachment flow remains poorly understood. This study, thus, investigates the geometrical and dynamic properties of the interface in the separation and reattachment flow induced by a wall-mounted fence by using particle image velocimetry in a water tunnel. The flow undergoes laminar separation, reattachment, and the recovery of the boundary layer. Finally, the fully developed turbulent boundary layer is established. The geometrical and dynamic properties of the interface vary consistently with the vortex structure. The geometrical properties change most quickly above the reattachment point, where the dynamic properties are maximal. Before the reattachment point, the shear motion of the fluid contributes significantly to the interface properties. As a result, the interface thickness does not scale with the size of the nearby vortex until reattachment. Additionally, quasiperiodic shedding vortices significantly affect the interface properties. Remarkable bulges and troughs of the interface form corresponding to the spatial arrangement of the shedding vortices. In addition, the conditional averaged dynamic quantities peak along the interface coordinate as the turbulence intensity is enhanced by the shedding vortex. This study provides a new perspective of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface, improves our understanding of turbulent diffusion in the separation and reattachment flow, and clarifies how the separated flow and shedding vortices affect the interface properties.

Influence of the flow field and vortex structure of patient-specific abdominal aortic aneurysm with intraluminal thrombus on the arterial wall

ABSTRACT In this study, numerical simulations and experiments were conducted on patient-specific normal abdominal aorta and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with intraluminal thrombus (ILT) models, which were reconstructed from computed tomography angiography (CTA) images published online. A scale-adaptive simulation (SAS) of the abdominal aortic aneurysm with a posterior eccentric thrombus was performed and the reliability of the numerical simulation was verified by 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) experimental results. The distribution of wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT) of the normal abdominal aorta and AAA were compared and discussed systematically according to the numerical simulation results under rest and exercise conditions. Numerical results indicated that ILT deposition positions were accompanied by low WSS, high OSI, and high RRT regions and were characterized by small vortex groups, which was due to the fragmentation of large vortex structures. The distribution law of the AAA wall parameters has an obvious correlation with the nearby vortex structure formation, development, fragmentation and dissipation. It was also found that high TAWSS, low OSI, and low RRT regions present in the middle and lower aneurysm walls under exercise condition reduce the risk of ILT formation and development.

Creep effects on the Campbell response in type-II superconductors

Applying the strong pinning formalism to the mixed state of a type II superconductor, we study the effect of thermal fluctuations (or creep) on the penetration of an ac magnetic field as quantified by the so-called Campbell length $\lambda_\textrm{C}$. Within strong pinning theory, vortices get pinned by individual defects, with the jumps in the pinning energy ($\Delta e_\mathrm{pin}$) and force ($\Delta f_\mathrm{pin}$) between bistable pinned and free states quantifying the pinning process. We find that the evolution of the Campbell length $\lambda_{\rm C}(t)$ as a function of time $t$ is the result of two competing effects, the change in the force jumps $\Delta f_\mathrm{pin}(t)$ and a change in the trapping area $S_\mathrm{trap}(t)$ of vortices; the latter describes the area around the defect where a nearby vortex gets and remains trapped. Contrary to naive expectation, we find that during the decay of the critical state in a zero-field cooled (ZFC) experiment, the Campbell length $\lambda_{\rm C}(t)$ is usually nonmonotonic, first decreasing with time $t$ and then increasing for long waiting times. Field cooled (FC) experiments exhibit hysteretic effects in $\lambda_\textrm{C}$; relaxation then turns out to be predominantly monotonic, but its magnitude and direction depends on the specific phase of the cooling--heating cycle. Furthermore, when approaching equilibrium, the Campbell length relaxes to a finite value, different from the persistent current which vanishes at long waiting times $t$, e.g., above the irreversibility line. Finally, measuring the Campbell length $\lambda_\textrm{C}(t)$ for different states, zero-field cooled, field cooled, and relaxed, as a function of different waiting times $t$ and temperatures $T,$ allows to spectroscopyse the pinning potential of the defects.

From Point Vortices to Vortex Patches in Self-Similar Expanding Configurations

The main result is that given a self-similarly expanding configuration of 3 point vortices that start sufficiently far out, we can instead take compactly supported vorticity functions, and the resulting solution to 2D incompressible Euler will evolve like a nearby point vortex configuration for all time, with the size of the patches growing at most as \(t^{1/4+\epsilon }\) and the distance between them growing as \(\sqrt{t}\).

Higher-dimensional Euler fluids and Hasimoto transform: counterexamples and generalizations

The binormal (or vortex filament) equation provides the localized induction approximation of the 3D incompressible Euler equation. We present explicit solutions of the binormal equation in higher-dimensions that collapse in finite time. The local nature of this phenomenon suggests a possibility of the singularity appearance in nearby vortex blob solutions of the Euler equation in 5D and higher. Furthermore, the Hasimoto transform takes the binormal equation to the NLS and barotropic fluid equations. We show that in higher dimensions the existence of such a transform would imply the conservation of the Willmore energy in skew-mean-curvature flows and present counterexamples for vortex membranes based on products of spheres. These (counter)examples imply that there is no straightforward generalization to higher dimensions of the 1D Hasimoto transform. We derive its replacement, the evolution equations for the mean curvature and torsion form for membranes, thus generalizing the barotropic fluid and Da Rios equations.

Topological orders competing for the Dirac surface state in FeSeTe surfaces

FeSeTe has recently emerged as a leading candidate material for the two-dimensional topological superconductivity (TSC). Two reasons for the excitement are the high $T_c$ of the system and the fact that the Majorana zero modes (MZMs) inside the vortex cores live on the exposed surface rather than at the interface of a heterostructure as in the proximitized topological insulators. However, the recent scanning tunneling spectroscopy data have shown that, contrary to the theoretical expectation, the MZM does not exist inside every vortex core. Hence there are ``full'' vortices with MZMs and ``empty'' vortices without MZMs. Moreover the fraction of ``empty'' vortices increase with an increase in the magnetic field. We propose the possibility of two distinct gapped states competing for the topological surface states in FeSeTe: the TSC and half quantum anomalous Hall (hQAH). The latter is promoted by magnetic field through the alignment of magnetic impurities such as Fe interstitials. When hQAH takes over the topological surface state, the surface will become transparent to scanning tunneling microscopy and the nature of the vortex in such region will appear identical to what is expected of the vortices in the bulk, i.e., empty. Unmistakable signature of the proposed mechanism for empty vortices will be the existance of chiral Majorana modes(CMM) at the domain wall between a hQAH region and a TSC region. Such CMM should be observable by observing local density of states along a line connecting an empty vortex to a nearby full vortex.

Aerodynamic periodicity of transient aerodynamic forces of flexible plunging airfoils

For flapping micro-air vehicles, periodical aerodynamics in every plunging period is always desired in the design of aircraft controlling system. During the periodic plunges of rigid airfoil, either periodical or non-periodical aerodynamic forces can be generated. Real airfoils are usually flexible so that the effect of flexibility on unsteady characteristics of aerodynamic periodicity should be considered. In this study, a fluid structure interaction analysis is employed to systematically investigate the aerodynamic periodicity of a periodically plunging flexible airfoil. The influences of several dimensionless kinematic and structural parameters on aerodynamic periodicity are investigated. The results show that the aerodynamic periodicity of plunging flexible airfoil qualitatively resembles that of rigid airfoil as the mechanisms contributing to aerodynamic periodicity are kept for airfoil with various flexibilities. However, aerodynamic periodicity at small plunging amplitude and high Reynolds number can be improved as airfoil becomes medium flexible but worsened as airfoil is very flexible. The reason is that the deformation of the airfoil changes the strength and structure of the nearby vortices, thereby leading to weak vortex–vortex and vortex–airfoil interactions. The extent of improvement in aerodynamic periodicity is also found significantly influenced by incoming velocity.

Propagation of gravity waves and its effects on pseudomomentum flux in a sudden stratospheric warming event

Abstract. Effects of realistic propagation of gravity waves (GWs) on distribution of GW pseudomomentum fluxes are explored using a global ray-tracing model for the 2009 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event. Four-dimensional (4D; x–z and t) and two-dimensional (2D; z and t) results are compared for various parameterized pseudomomentum fluxes. In ray-tracing equations, refraction due to horizontal wind shear and curvature effects are found important and comparable to one another in magnitude. In the 4D, westward pseudomomentum fluxes are enhanced in the upper troposphere and northern stratosphere due to refraction and curvature effects around fluctuating jet flows. In the northern polar upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere, eastward pseudomomentum fluxes are increased in the 4D. GWs are found to propagate more to the upper atmosphere in the 4D, since horizontal propagation and change in wave numbers due to refraction and curvature effects can make it more possible that GWs elude critical level filtering and saturation in the lower atmosphere. GW focusing effects occur around jet cores, and ray-tube effects appear where the polar stratospheric jets vary substantially in space and time. Enhancement of the structure of zonal wave number 2 in pseudomomentum fluxes in the middle stratosphere begins from the early stage of the SSW evolution. An increase in pseudomomentum fluxes in the upper atmosphere is present even after the onset in the 4D. Significantly enhanced pseudomomentum fluxes, when the polar vortex is disturbed, are related to GWs with small intrinsic group velocity (wave capture), and they would change nonlocally nearby large-scale vortex structures without substantially changing local mean flows.

Connecting the time evolution of the turbulence interface to coherent structures

The surface area of turbulent/non-turbulent interfaces (TNTIs) is continuously produced and destroyed via stretching and curvature/propagation effects. Here, the mechanisms responsible for TNTI area growth and destruction are investigated in a turbulent flow with and without stable stratification through the time evolution equation of the TNTI area. We show that both terms have broad distributions and may locally contribute to either production or destruction. On average, however, the area growth is driven by stretching, which is approximately balanced by destruction by the curvature/propagation term. To investigate the contribution of different length scales to these processes, we apply spatial filtering to the data. In doing so, we find that the averages of the stretching and the curvature/propagation terms balance out across spatial scales of TNTI wrinkles and this scale-by-scale balance is consistent with an observed scale invariance of the nearby coherent vortices. Through a conditional analysis, we demonstrate that the TNTI area production (destruction) localizes at the front (lee) edge of the vortical structures in the interface proximity. Finally, we show that while basic mechanisms remain the same, increasing stratification reduces the rates at which TNTI surface area is produced as well as destroyed. We provide evidence that this reduction is largely connected to a change in the multiscale geometry of the interface, which tends to flatten in the wall-normal direction at all active length scales of the TNTI.

Detecting vortices within unsteady flows when using single-shot PIV

This paper address problems that arise when investigating vortices within an unsteady flow when a true picture of the velocity field can only be obtained from single-shot PIV surveys (SS-PIV). The implications of noise within data are considered when it is not legitimate to minimise this by averaging the results from repeated tests. An improvement to be applied when there are nearby vortices to the non-localised vortex detection scheme proposed by Graftieaux et al. (Meas Sci Technol 12:1422–1429, 2001) is presented. This specifically acknowledges the gradients in the background shear due to velocities induced by these neighbours. The errors that arise in estimating the vortex strength and core radius when the laser plane is not perpendicular to the vortex axis are also discussed. The averaging of SS-PIV data from survey planes that are closely separated either in time or space is proposed as a way to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for SS-PIV surveys. Sample results for the flow associated with the front wing–wheel combination of a F1 car are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the techniques proposed. In this example the wing is located just ahead of the wheel which has a very unsteady wake. Thus, the vortices shed from the wing are perturbed in a random fashion as they interact with this wake, necessitating the use of SS-PIV. The results demonstrate that the techniques proposed here are capable of identifying the vortices and can determine their properties adequately.

Observation of Caroli-de Gennes-Matricon Vortex States in YBa_{2}Cu_{3}O_{7-δ}.

The copper oxides present the highest superconducting temperature and properties at odds with other compounds, suggestive of a fundamentally different superconductivity. In particular, the Abrikosov vortices fail to exhibit localized states expected and observed in all clean superconductors. We have explored the possibility that the elusive vortex-core signatures are actually present but weak. Combining local tunneling measurements with large-scale theoretical modeling, we positively identify the vortex states in YBa_{2}Cu_{3}O_{7-δ}. We explain their spectrum and the observed variations thereof from one vortex to the next by considering the effects of nearby vortices and disorder in the vortex lattice. We argue that the superconductivity of copper oxides is conventional, but the spectroscopic signature does not look so because the superconducting carriers are a minority.

Lagrangian structures and mixing in the wake of a streamwise oscillating cylinder

Lagrangian analysis is capable of revealing the underlying structure and complex phenomena in unsteady flows. We present particle-image velocimetry measurements of the wake of a cylinder undergoing streamwise vortex-induced vibrations and calculate the Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponents (FTLE) in backward- and forward-time. The FTLE fields are compared to the phase-averaged vorticity fields for the four different wake modes observed while the cylinder experiences streamwise vortex-induced vibrations. The backward-time FTLE fields characterise the formation of vortices, with the roll up of spiral-shaped ridges coinciding with the roll up of the shear layers to form the vortices. Ridges in the forward-time fields tend to lie perpendicular to the flow direction and separate nearby vortices. The shedding of vortices coincides with a “peel off” process in the forward-time FTLE fields, in which a ridge connected to the cylinder splits into two strips, one of which moves downstream. Particular attention is given to the “wake breathing” process, in which the streamwise motion of the cylinder causes both shear layers to roll up simultaneously and two vortices of opposite sign to be shed into the wake. In this case, the ridges in forward-time FTLE fields are shown to define “vortex cells,” in which the new vortices form, and the FTLE fields allow the wake to be decomposed into three distinct regions. Finally, the mixing associated with each wake mode is examined, and it is shown that cross-wake mixing is significantly enhanced when the vibration amplitude is large and the vortices are shed alternately. However, while the symmetric shedding induces large amplitude vibrations, no increase in mixing is observed relative to the von Kármán vortex street observed behind near-stationary bodies.

A visual assessment of hairpin packet structures in a DNS of a turbulent boundary layer

A well-resolved DNS of a zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer at moderately high Reynolds number is analyzed in order to visually assess, in three dimensions, the existence of instantaneous realizations of outer region hairpins and hairpin packets. For this purpose, fifty independent 2D streamwise-wall-normal slices of DNS data at Reθ=4300 are employed to mimic lower-resolution PIV velocity fields using the mimicking procedure of Rahgozar et al. (2013). The two-dimensional structure identification scheme of Adrian et al. (2000) is then applied on this resolution-degraded DNS data in order to discover the signatures of hairpins and hairpin packets. Subsequently, the 2D motions that are identified as signatures of hairpins and hairpin packets are isolated and visualized in three dimensions using the fully resolved DNS data. In agreement with Adrian et al. (2000), the hairpin and hairpin packet signatures are frequently observed in the mimicked planes. However, the 3D character of the 2D signatures is found to be significantly different from the inferred hairpins and hairpin packets. The 2D packet signatures, when viewed in 3D, generally correspond to a series of irregular and complex vortex tubes which are not necessarily different from other nearby vortex tubes in terms of their shape, size and intensity.

Manipulating Josephson junctions in thin-films by nearby vortices

It is shown that a vortex trapped in one of the banks of a planar edge-type Josephson junction in a narrow thin-film superconducting strip can change drastically the dependence of the junction critical current on the applied field, Ic(H). When the vortex is placed at certain discrete positions in the strip middle, the pattern Ic(H) has zero at H=0 instead of the traditional maximum of ‘0-type’ junctions. The number of these positions is equal to the number of vortices trapped at the same location. When the junction–vortex separation exceeds ∼W, the strip width, Ic(H) is no longer sensitive to the vortex presence. The same is true for any separation if the vortex approaches the strip edges.

Early observations and experiments on ring vortices

This paper discusses the observation and study of ring vortices from their first appearances in English literature and Dutch painting in the early 1600s to the publication of Helmholtz’s seminal paper on vortex motion in 1858. In this period ring vortices were observed primarily when produced by tobacco smokers, volcanic exhalations, and bursting bubbles of phosphine. This review shows that eminent scientist such as Michael Faraday and Charles Babbage experimented with ring vortices in the first half of the 1800s. Even more noteworthy, however, are the experiments of Rudolph Meyer on the interaction of two nearby vortices moving in the same direction and the experiments of Ernesto Capocci on the formation of the ring vortex. In 1829 Meyer observed that when the rings move parallel to each other they break up and reconnect to form a single one, and when they move in tandem the front vortex expands and the rear one passes through it. In 1845 Capocci explained the ring formation with a qualitative version of what is now known as the slug-flow model. These three subjects became active areas of research only in the last decades of the twentieth century.

Unpinning triggers for superfluid vortex avalanches

The pinning and collective unpinning of superfluid vortices in a decelerating container is a key element of the canonical model of neutron star glitches and laboratory spin-down experiments with helium II. Here the dynamics of vortex (un-)pinning is explored using numerical Gross-Pitaevskii calculations, with a view to understanding the triggers for catastrophic unpinning events (vortex avalanches) that lead to rotational glitches. We explicitly identify three triggers: rotational shear between the bulk condensate and the pinned vortices, a vortex proximity effect driven by the repulsive vortex-vortex interaction, and sound waves emitted by moving and repinning vortices. So long as dissipation is low, sound waves emitted by a repinning vortex are found to be sufficiently strong to unpin a nearby vortex. For both ballistic and forced vortex motion, the maximum inter-vortex separation required to unpin scales inversely with pinning strength.

Magnetic Fields of Vortices in a Superconducting Thin Film

Abstract The magnetic fields associated with a single superconducting vortex traversing a thin film are calculated. The formulation of Pearl, which has been used for a geometry in which for z 0 one has superconducting material, is extended to the case of a thin film. For the thin film, the flux in the mid-plane is less than a flux quantum unless one uses a very large radius. For instance a 100 nm film with a 130 nm penetration depth (λ) has only 80% of a flux quantum within a radius of 1.5 μm = 11.5 λ. At 10 μm 96% is enclosed. The magnetic field near the surface in both geometries has a significant radial component. The fields for a vortex array are then obtained by summing the fields from nearby vortices. The measurability of the field distributions is discussed.