Near-infrared Cholangiography Research Articles

Determining the patency of biliary tracts in dogs with gallbladder mucocele using near-infrared cholangiography with indocyanine green.

Cholecystectomy is indicated for gallbladder mucoceles (GBM). Evaluating the patency of the biliary duct and precise biliary tree visualization is crucial for reducing the risk of compromised bile flow after surgery. Therefore, intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is recommended during cholecystectomy to prevent biliary tract injury. Although indocyanine green (ICG) cholangiography has been extensively reported in human medicine, only one study has been conducted in veterinary medicine. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the use of ICG for IOC to identify fluorescent biliary tract images and determine the patency of the common bile duct during cholecystectomy in dogs. This study comprised 27 dogs, consisting of 17 with gallbladder mucoceles (GBM) and 10 controls, specifically including dogs that had undergone elective cholecystectomy for GBM. ICG injection (0.25 mg/kg) was administered intravenously at least 45 minutes before surgery. During the operation, fluorescent images from cholangiography were displayed on the monitor and obtained in black-and-white mode for the comparison of fluorescence intensity (FI). The FI values of the gallbladders (GBs) and common bile duct (CBD) were measured using FI analyzing software (MGViewer V1.1.1, MetapleBio Inc.). The results demonstrated successful CBD patency identification in all cases. Mobile GBM showed partial gallbladder visibility, whereas immobile GBM showed limited visibility. Additionally, insights into the adequate visualization of the remaining extrahepatic biliary tree anatomy were provided, extending beyond the assessment of CBD patency and gallbladder intensity. Our study demonstrates the potential of fluorescent IOC using intravenous injection of ICG for assessing the patency of the cystic duct and common bile duct during cholecystectomy in patients with GBM, eliminating the need for surgical catheterization and flushing of the biliary ducts. Further research is warranted to investigate and validate the broader applicability of ICG cholangiography in veterinary medicine.

Near-infrared cholangiography with intragallbladder indocyanine green injection in minimally invasive cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) remains one of the most commonly performed procedures in adult and paediatric populations. Despite the advances made in intraoperative biliary anatomy recognition, iatrogenic bile duct injuries during LC represent a fatal complication and consist an economic burden for healthcare systems. A series of methods have been proposed to prevent bile duct injury, among them the use of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence. The most commonly reported method of ICG injection is the intravenous administration, while literature is lacking studies investigating the direct intragallbladder ICG injection. This narrative mini-review aims to assess the potential applications, usefulness, and limitations of intragallbladder ICG fluorescence in LC. Authors screened the available international literature to identify the reports of intragallbladder ICG fluorescence imaging in minimally invasive cholecystectomy, as well as special issues regarding its use. Literature search retrieved four prospective cohort studies, three case-control studies, and one case report. In the three case-control studies selected, intragallbladder near-infrared cholangiography (NIRC) was compared with standard LC under white light, with intravenous administration of ICG for NIRC and with standard intraoperative cholangiography (IOC). In total, 133 patients reported in the literature have been administered intragallbladder ICG administration for biliary mapping during LC. Literature includes several reports of intragallbladder ICG administration, but a standardized technique has not been established yet. Published data suggest that NIRC with intragallbladder ICG injection is a promising method to achieve biliary mapping, overwhelming limitations of IOC including intervention and radiation exposure, as well as the high hepatic parenchyma signal and time interval needed in intravenous ICG fluorescence. Evidence-based guidelines on the role of intragallbladder ICG fluorescence in LC require the assessment of further studies and multicenter data collection into large registries.

Detection and management of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy.

Cholecystectomy represents one of the most performed surgical procedures. Bile duct injuries (BDIs) are a dangerous complication of this intervention. With the advent of the laparoscopy, the rate of BDIs showed a growing trend that was partially justified by the learning curve of this technique. A literature search was conducted on Embase, Medline, and Cochrane databases to identify studies published up to October 2022 that analyzed the intraoperative detection and management of BDIs diagnosed during cholecystectomy. According to the literature, approximately 25% of BDIs is diagnosed during the laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In the clinical suspicion of BDI, an intraoperative cholangiography is performed to confirm it. Complimentary technology, such as near-infrared cholangiography, can be also adopted. Intraoperative ultrasound represents a useful tool to furtherly define the biliary and the vascular anatomy. The proper classification of the type of BDI allows to identify the correct treatment. When a good expertise in hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery is available, a direct repair is performed with good outcomes both in case of simple and complex lesions. When the local resources are limited or there is a lack of dedicated surgical experience, patient referral to a reference center shows better outcomes. In particular, complex vasculo-biliary injuries require a highly specialized treatment. The key elements to transfer the patients are a good documentation of the injury, a proper drainage of the abdomen, and an antibiotic therapy. BDI management requires a proper diagnostic process and prompt treatment to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this feared complication occurring during cholecystectomy.

Fluorescent cholangiography with direct injection of indocyanine green (ICG) into the gallbladder: a safety method to outline biliary anatomy.

Near infrared cholangiography (NIRC) with indocyanine green (ICG) directly injected into the gallbladder is a novel technique to outline biliary anatomy. The purpose of this article is to analyze the usefulness and feasibility of NIRC as a safety method during laparoscopic cholecystectomies. A case-controlled study comparing 20 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomies with NIRC with direct injection of ICG into the gallbladder to 20 consecutive standard cholecystectomies. Operative time, length of stay, complications, conversion rates, and biliary injury were analyzed. Both groups were comparable in epidemiological characteristics. In the ICG group fluorescent visualization of the junction of the Hartmann pouch and the whole cystic duct was achieved in 16 (80%) patients. Median surgical time was 65 (50-76) and 55 (45-71)min for the ICG and the control group, respectively (p = 0.113). There were no postoperative complications and no biliary duct injuries in any of the groups, and a patient from both groups underwent conversion to open surgery. NIRC with direct injection of ICG into the gallbladder is a feasible method that is not time-consuming; it does not require a different learning curve from standard laparoscopic cholecystectomies and has no major complications described so far.

A patient with cystic duct remnant calculus treated by laparoscopic surgery combined with near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography

BackgroundThe recurrence of symptoms present before cholecystectomy may be caused by a cystic duct remnant. The resolution of cystic duct remnant syndrome may require surgical resection, but identification of the duct remnant during laparoscopic surgery may be difficult because of adhesions following the previous procedure. Open surgery, which is more invasive than laparoscopic surgery, is frequently chosen to avoid bile duct injury.Case presentationThe patient was a 24-year-old woman with previous laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic cholecystitis and repeated attacks of biliary colic. The postoperative course was uneventful, but computed tomography revealed a remnant cystic duct calculus. Ten months after surgery, the patient returned to our department for right hypochondriac pain. Laparoscopic remnant cystic duct resection was performed with intraoperative near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence cholangiography to visualize the common bile duct and remnant cystic duct. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on day 3 after surgery. At the 6-month follow-up, she had no recurrence of pain.ConclusionLaparoscopic surgery with NIR cholangiography is a safe and effective alternative for the removal of a cystic duct remnant calculus after cholecystectomy.

Near-Infrared Cholangiography Can Facilitate a Laparoscopic Choledocholithotomy Even After Upper Abdominal Surgery

Introduction: Surgery for common bile duct (CBD) stones is challenging while unclear hepatic hilum anatomy especial experience of previous laparotomy. A minimally-invasive approach choledocholithotomy can be difficult and converted for the unclear biliary anatomy. Near-infrared (NIR) cholangiography by systemic administration of Indocyanine Green (ICG) can enhance the visualization of the biliary tree anatomy but is limited by the high intensity of background fluorescence signal coming from the liver. NIR fluorescence cholecysto-cholangiography by direct biliary tree administration of the ICG can enhance the biliary tree without background noise signal. We created the NIR cholangiography via different route according to patient situation : systemic circulation or biliary tree injection to see the feasibility of those application Method: Ten patients who suffered from obstructive jaundice due to CBD stone and 5 patients received percutaneous biliary tree drainage as first treatment and 2 patients received endoscopic biliary tree drainage. Those patients received laparoscopic choledocholithotomy as definite treatment after acute infection phase. 5 patients received biliary tree ICG injection via drain tube and 5 patients by systemic injection. Visualization and fluorescence patterns around CBD was recorded Result: In our series, one patient received previous gastrectomy and 4 patients had previous biliary tree surgery. 2 Patients received PTGBD and 3 patient received PTCD for biliary decompression. The near infra-red cholangiography of ten patients can show the clear margin of CBD. No intra or postoperative complications noted. Median time to CBD localization after ICG injection was 5.2 sec for biliary tree injection and 35 minutes for systemic injection. One patient converted to open method due to big stone impaction in distal CBD. No mortality and mobidity were found. Conclusion: Fluorescence cholangiography with ICG injection could provide visualization of CBD even inflammatory or post operative adhesion status, and direct injection method provide more real-time and noise-free image than systemic injection.

Prospective Evaluation of Precision Multimodal Gallbladder Surgery Navigation

We aimed to prospectively evaluate NIR-C, VR-AR, and x-ray intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) during robotic cholecystectomy. Near-infrared cholangiography (NIR-C) provides real-time, radiation-free biliary anatomy enhancement. Three-dimensional virtual reality (VR) biliary anatomy models can be obtained via software manipulation of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, enabling preoperative VR exploration, and intraoperative augmented reality (AR) navigation. Fifty-eight patients were scheduled for cholecystectomy for gallbladder lithiasis. VR surgical planning was performed on virtual models. At anesthesia induction, indocyanine green was injected intravenously. AR navigation was obtained by overlaying the virtual model onto real-time images. Before and after Calot triangle dissection, NIR-C was obtained by turning the camera to NIR mode. Finally, an IOC was performed. The 3 modality performances were evaluated and image quality was assessed with a Likert-scale questionnaire. The three-dimensional VR planning enabled the identification of 12 anatomical variants in 8 patients, of which only 7 were correctly reported by the radiologists (P = 0.037). A dangerous variant identified at VR induced a "fundus first" approach. The cystic-common bile duct junction was visualized before Calot triangle dissection at VR in 100% of cases, at NIR-C in 98.15%, and in 96.15% at IOC.Mean time to obtain relevant images was shorter with NIR-C versus AR (P = 0.008) and versus IOC (P = 0.00000003). Image quality scores were lower with NIR-C versus AR (P = 0.018) and versus IOC (P < 0.0001). This high-tech protocol illustrates the multimodal imaging of biliary anatomy towards precision cholecystectomy. Those visualization techniques could complement to reduce the likelihood of biliary injuries (NCT01881399).

Identification of Anomolous Biliary Anatomy Using Near-Infrared Cholangiography

BackgroundIntraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is especially helpful for the detection of anomalous biliary anatomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Fluorescent cholangiography using an intravenously injected fluorophore and near-infrared (NIR) imaging provides similar anatomical detail to standard radiographic cholangiography without ionizing radiation, puncture of the biliary system, or additional operative time.This video shows a laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed under NIR cholangiographic guidance and highlights its ability to identify anomalous anatomy. MethodsThe attached video shows a laparoscopic cholecystectomy being performed on a 28-year-old female with a history of biliary colic and ultrasonographic evidence of cholelithiasis. This patient agreed to be part of a larger randomized study looking at near-infrared cholangiography and its ability to prevent common bile duct injuries (approved by the ethics review board of our institution and registered with clinicaltrials.gov Identifier# NCT01424215). This study uses the Pinpoint system (Novadaq, Ontario, Canada) for NIR imaging (Fig. 1). The Pinpoint mates a high definition white light laparoscopic view to the NIR cholangiography, providing an uninterrupted, augmented view of the anatomy. 1 cm3 of indocyanine green was injected intravenously prior to the procedure. ResultsAs shown in the video, an anomalous duct was identified during dissection and development of the critical view of safety. Because of the possibility that this represented an aberrant right hepatic duct, the cystic duct was controlled and divided distal to the anomalous duct and the gall bladder excised from the fossa in the usual manner. The patient did well without sequelae at 1 week and 1 month follow-up. ConclusionAnomolous ductal anatomy of the biliary tree has been reported in up to 23 % of cases.1,2 The ability of IOC to elucidate biliary anatomy and thus prevent bile duct injury has led many to espouse routine cholangiography for all laparoscopic cholecystectomies.3,4Near-infrared cholangiography (NIRC) is easy to perform, does not add steps to the operative procedure, and produces a similar anatomic roadmap of the hepatocystic triangle to that of standard IOC. Although the clinical significance of the anomalous duct identified in this video is unknown, this video highlights the excellent detail provided by NIRC. Recommendations regarding the routine use of this new technology await the results of an ongoing randomized control study.