NE Group Research Articles

Bacterial degradation of the herbicide pendimethalin and activity evaluation of its metabolites

Pendimethat in ( I , N ( 1 e t h y l p r o p y l ) 2 , 6 d i n i t r o 3 , 4 x y l i d i n e ) , a preemergent se lec t i ve h e r b i c i d e of d i n i t r oan i l i ne grouP, has been e x t e n s i v e l y used fo r weed cont ro l in cotton, r i ce , soybean , tobacco, e tc . In genera l , most d i n i t r o a n i l i n e h e r b i c i d e s seem to be moderate ly pers is ten t , i . e . , they are degraded to nonp h y t o t o x i c l eve ls w i th in the growing season in warm, moist soi ls (Kearney e t a l . 1976) and undergo severa l t ransformat ion react ions inc lud ing N -dea l ky l a t i on , n i t ro reduc t lon and c y c l i z a t ion when incorpora ted in the so i l (Marquis e t a l . 1979). A l though the m ic rob ia l process of t ransformat ion is cons idered as the major or" sometime the only means by which pes t i c ides are e l iminated from a va r i e t y of ecosystems (A lexander 1972) but l i t t l e is known about the m ic rob ia l t ransformat ion products of pend imetha l in except ing the works of Barua e t a l . (1990) and Yoko e t a l . (1990). The present inves t iga t ion has thus been intended to c a r r y out the m ic rob ia l t ransformat ion of pend i methal in by an important so i l bacter ium A z o t o b a c t e r c h r o o c o c c u m Be i je r i nck in pure cu l ture cond i t ion . At tempts have also been made to es tab l i sh the s t r u c t u r e a c t i v i t y re la t i onsh ip among the d i f f e ren t t ransformat ion products of pend imetha l in for the safety evaluat ion of the envi ronment .

Effects of Long-Term Enalapril Treatment on Persistent Microalbuminuria in Well-Controlled Hypertensive and Normotensive NIDDM Patients

To determine whether long-term treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor has a beneficial effect on the urinary microalbumin excretion and renal function in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients, enalapril (5 mg/day) was administered for 48 months. -Fifty-two patients with NIDDM who had persistent microalbuminuria in the range of 20-300 mg/24 h, serum creatinine < 106.1 microM (1.2 mg/dl), supine systolic blood pressure (BP) < 150 mmHg, supine diastolic BP < 90 mmHg, and HbA1c < 10% were divided into four groups. Twenty-six patients with normotension were divided at random into two groups; one group received enalapril (5 mg/day) (NE group), the other did not receive enalapril (NC group). In the same way, 26 other patients who were already well-controlled with nifedipine (30 mg/day) over a long-term period (4-6 years) were divided at random into two groups; one received enalapril (5 mg/day) (HE group), the other did not receive enalapril (HC group). After 48 months, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was markedly reduced in group NE from 102.4 x/divided by 1.3 to 55.5 x/divided by 1.3 mg/24 h (P < 0.005), whereas no significant change occurred in group NC. In the well-controlled hypertensive groups, a significant reduction in UAE occurred in group HE (P < 0.05), whereas no significant change occurred in group HC. No changes in creatinine clearance, BP, or blood glucose control were seen during the study. Treatment with enalapril for 48 months may have a beneficial effect on the decline of microalbumin excretion in NIDDM patients.

Cognitive intereference and test anxiety of the Japanese private university students

The Thought Occurrence Questionnaire (TOQ) and Reactions to Test (RTT) which were developed by Sarason were administered to 123 college students. Sixty two students were successful candidates of the entrance examination of Doshisha University (E) . The other students (NE) were candidates recommended for admission by high school. They did not take the entrance examination. The TOQ responses of 2 groups were factor analyzed separately, and score of each factor was correlated to the subscales of the RTT. The result of factor analysis of the NE subjects' TOQ was quite similar to that of Sarason et al. (1986), but the E subjects' result showed a different factor structure. For the NE group, Factor 3 of TOQ (Thoughts of escape from the task) and RTT subscores indicated the highest relationships similar to previous studies. As to E group, however, Factor 2 of TOQ (Task relevant worries) and Worry and Task Irrelevant Thinking scales of RTT correlated at the 5% level; other correlations were not siginificant. These results indicate the strong influence of Japanese university entrance examinations on the candidates' cognitive performance.

The time required for the presence of bulls to alter the interval from parturition to resumption of ovarian activity and reproductive performance in first-calf suckled beef cows

This experiment was designed to determine 1) if exposure of firstcalf suckled beef cows to mature bulls in the first 30 days, after 30 days, or continuously post partum reduces the postpartum anestrous period and 2) if exposure to bulls alters the first service pregnancy rate. Postpartum first-calf suckled crossbred (Angus × Hereford; Hereford × Angus) cows were randomly assigned to be 1) exposed continuously to mature, epididectomized bulls (BE; n = 18); 2) exposed to bulls for the first 30 days post partum (BE/NE; n = 17); 3) exposed to bulls after the first 30 days post partum (NE/BE; n = 16); or not exposed to bulls (NE; n = 18). Blood samples were collected weekly to be assayed for progesterone to determine resumption of ovarian cyclic activity. All the cows were bred for 21 days by AI while under their respective treatment regimens and were then exposed to fertile bulls for an additional 35 days. The postpartum interval to resumption of ovarian cyclic activity did not differ (P>0.10) among the 3 (BE, BE/NE, and NE/BE) treatment groups, but it was 15.4 d shorter (P<0.05) than for cows in the NE group. The overall pregnancy rates did not differ (P>0.10) among the treatment groups. The AI pregnancy rates for the BE/NE and NE/BE treatment groups were higher (P<0.05) than for the NE group. The AI pregnancy rates for the BE and NE treatment groups did not differ (P>0.10). The results showed that all three treatments (BE, BE/NE and NE/BE) similarly decrease the postpartum interval and that exposure to bulls may improve the reproductive performance of first-calf suckled beef cows.

The Clock Test: A Sensitive Measure To Differentiate Normal Elderly from Those with Alzheimer Disease

To examine the clinical utility of the Clock Test for identifying dementia. Group comparisons. A hospital-based out-patient diagnostic clinic. Volunteer sample of elderly individuals (normal elderly, NE, n = 62) and a referred sample of probable Alzheimer Disease (AD, n = 58) patients meeting NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. The Clock Test is composed of three components: Clock Drawing, Clock Setting, and Clock Reading. A detailed scoring system for qualitative as well as quantitative evaluation of Clock Drawing errors was used. Five time settings, varying in level of complexity, were used to evaluate Clock Setting and Clock Reading. The groups differed significantly on Clock Drawing, Clock Setting, and Clock Reading (P less than 0.001). On Clock Drawing, the AD group made significantly more errors of omission and misplacement of numbers than the NE group (P less than 0.001). Using cut-off scores derived to maximize separation between the groups to define deficits in performance, the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of AD of Clock Drawing, Clock Setting, and Clock Reading were 92% and 86%, 87% and 97%, 92% and 85%, respectively. Using a criterion of deficits on two or more of the three components, sensitivity and specificity increased to 94% and 93%, respectively. Deficits on clock drawing in AD may be reflective of a generalized disturbance in the conceptualization of time rather than constructional apraxia, per se. The functionally relevant components of Clock Setting and Clock Reading combined with Clock Drawing make the Clock Test particularly useful as a screening and research tool for AD.

Nuclear Maturation of Domestic Cat Ovarian Oocytes in Vitro1

Using the domestic cat as a model for salvaging genetic material from rare Felidae, we collected oocytes from ovarian tissue and placed them in 1 of 3 treatments to observe time-related, meiotic changes of in vitro oocyte maturation. Oocytes obtained from ovaries collected at ovario-hysterectomy were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (mKRB) + 4% BSA and 5 micrograms/ml FSH (+FSH, n = 499); 2) mKRB + 4% BSA (-FSH, n = 502); or 3) mKRB + 5% natural estrus cat serum (NE, n = 873). They were placed in the respective media in a 5% CO2 humidified environment at 38 degrees C. Beginning at 16 h, oocytes were removed at 4-h intervals through 48 h, and the meiotic status was evaluated by means of cytogenetic analysis. On the basis of chromosomal analysis, each cell was placed into one of the following categories: metaphase II (MII); metaphase I (MI); pre-MI (germinal vesicle [GV], GV breakdown, or diakinesis); degenerate or unidentifiable. The percentage of oocytes with degenerate chromatin increased over time in all culture treatments, but was always greatest (p less than 0.05) in the NE group. In the +FSH and -FSH treatments, the proportion of oocytes with nuclear material reaching MII increased with time in culture to 32 h and was equal to or greater than the proportion of oocytes with pre-MI + MI chromatin at this time interval (-FSH, 55%; +FSH, 38%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of 17β-estradiol on the preovulatory surge of LH in the bovine female

The hypothesis tested was that increasing concentration of 17β-estradiol (E 2) subsequent to luteolysis stimulates the preovulatory surge of LH and that a decline in E 2 after the initial rise is not necessary to trigger the preovulatory surge of LH in the bovine female. Beef cows were synchronized to Day 16 of the estrous cycle. At Hour 0, all cows were ovariectomized and received one of four E 2 treatments: 1) luteal phase E 2 (LE; n=5), 2) increasing then decreasing E 2 (DE; n=5), 3) increasing and subsequent maintenance of high E 2 (IE; n=4), and 4) no E 2 (NE; n=3). Cows in the LE group received one E 2 implant at Hour 0 which provided low concentrations of E 2. Cows in the DE group received one E 2 implant at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 hours; implants were subsequently removed at 8-hour intervals, thus mimicking the preovulatory rise and fall of E 2. Cows in the IE group were treated with the same regimen of E 2 implants as cows of the DE group, except that no E 2 implants were removed. Blood samples were collected at Hour 0 and at hourly intervals from Hour 2 through 80, for serum LH and E 2 quantification. The number of cows responding with a surge of LH was 0/3, 0/5, 4/5 and 3/4 for the NE, LE, DE and IE treatments, respectively. The proportion of cows responding with an LH surge was different (P<0.01) when data for cows in the NE and LE groups were pooled and compared with the pooled data of cows in the DE and IE groups. The mean time of the LH surge was not different (P>0.80) for cows responding with an LH surge (DE and IE treatments). Thus, increased levels of E 2 greater than luteal phase concentrations are needed to initiate preovulatory surges of LH, and it appears that concentrations of E 2 need to reach a certain level but do not need to decrease after this initial rise to stimulate a surge release of LH.

A comparative study of the effects of neonatal androgenization and estrogenization on prolactin secretion in adult female rats

Effects of neonatal androgenization (NA) and estrogenization (NE) were compared especially in terms of the prolactin (PRL) secretion in female rats. Twenty-four h after birth, a total of seven groups of newborn female rats were treated as follows. Three NA groups received a single s.c. injection of 10, 100 or 1000 μg of testosterone, respectively. Similarly, three NE groups received 1, 10 or 100 μg of estradiol-17β, respectively. The remaining one group was injected with oil vehicle only, and served as controls. At 8 weeks of age, animals were killed by rapid decapitation. PRL, estradiol and progesterone were measured in the plasma. Anterior pituitary (AP) was weighed, and AP PRL content was measured. NA and NE, at the highest doses, resulted in a similar degree of hyperprolactinemia and hyperestrogenemia showing an effect ratio of about 1 : 10. This ratio was, however, not true with the lower doses. Furthermore, there was no dose-dependency in the effect of NE on the plasma PRL and estradiol levels. In turn, plasma progesterone levels were dose-dependently decreased by both NA and NE. AP PRL content, expressed per AP, was significantly higher than control values in only NA (1000 μg) and NE (100 μg) groups. AP weight was increased by NA (1000 μg) but not by any NE treatment. These results indicate that NA and NE do not always exert similar effects on the PRL secretion or on several other related parameters. Therefore, aromatization of testosterone to estradiol does not appear to be the sole mechanism mediating the neuroendocrine consequences of NA.

EFFECTS OF BULL EXPOSURE ON POSTPARTUM INTERVAL AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN BEEF COWS

One hundred and thirteen spring calving beef cows were utilized to study the effect of bull exposure during the early postpartum period on return to estrus and fertility. In the spring of 1985 and 1986, cows were randomly exposed to epididymectomized bulls (BE) 3–7 d after calving until beginning of the breeding season (n = 37, 1985; n = 20, 1986) or not exposed to bulls (NE) (n = 35, 1985; n = 21, 1986). Cows were observed for estrus twice daily beginning approximately 4 wk after the start of calving until synchronization. Estrous cycles of all cows were synchronized with Syncro-Mate B® (SMB) and cows inseminated 48 h after implant removal without regard to estrus. Calves were removed for 48 h following implant removal. Each year a group of cows was randomly selected from the BE group (n = 8, 1985; n = 7, 1986) and NE group (n = 8, 1985; n = 7, 1986) and cannulated at estrus after SMB implant removal. Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 2 h and every 2 h for 46 h for determination of LH concentrations. Bull-exposed cows returned to estrus 16 d earlier (P &lt; 0.01) than NE cows in 1985. In 1986, no difference was observed between BE and NE cows for days from calving to first estrus. The percentage of cows exhibiting estrus prior to synchronization was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for BE cows than NE cows in 1985 (78 vs. 17%) and in 1986 (75 vs. 24%). Peak LH levels did not differ between treatment but were different between years. Time to the LH peak following SMB implant removal and calf removal did not differ between treatment and year. Conception rates were not influenced by bull exposure or year. Days from calving to conception were also not influenced by bull exposure. Key words: Bull exposure, cows, postpartum interval, reproduction

Preservation of cardiac metabolic capacity after acute catecholamine injury

High concentrations of adrenergic agonists are known to cause significant structural damage to the heart, accompanied by depressed cardiac performance. These studies were undertaken to further elucidate mechanisms that contribute to this process. Rabbits were infused with either norepinephrine (NE, 3 micrograms.min-1.kg-1 iv) for 90 min or with an equivalent volume of normal saline (controls). The heart was immediately extracted and studied as an isolated working heart preparation perfused with erythrocyte-enhanced buffer. Stroke work, coronary flow, and O2 metabolism were determined, and substrate oxidation was measured by [14C]glucose or palmitate. Stroke work performed by hearts exposed to NE was only 31% of controls (2.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 8.4 +/- 0.9 g.cm-1.g-1). This was matched by reductions in coronary flow and O2 metabolism. Glucose oxidation was reduced from 54.6 +/- 3.9 to 16.0 +/- 5.3 nmol.min-1.g-1, and palmitate oxidation from 49.8 +/- 5.3 to 21.0 +/- 4.1 nmol.min-1.g-1 in the NE group. However, ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen, and triacylglycerol concentrations were identical with the control group. O2 delivery per unit substrate oxidation was not lower in the NE group, and O2 extraction did not differ significantly. These findings indicate that the markedly lower contractile performance of the hearts exposed to NE cannot be attributed to a deficiency of metabolic capacity or limitation of O2 or substrate availability because of vasospasm. In view of the brief time (90 min), it is unlikely that leukocyte accumulation was a major factor. The observations are consistent with NE-derived oxidant injury, possibly causing disordered excitation-contraction coupling.

The effects of lormetazepam on contractile force of the gastrocnemius muscle and on memory of healthy young volunteers

AbstractOne group of 10 young subjects were tested twice; in one test session 2 mg lormetazepam, in the other session placebo was administered, in random order. One subject dropped out. In one test session contractile force measurements were made six times; one measurement took place before treatment and the other measurements after treatment with the study medication. Each measurement of contractile force consisted of pushing weights of 0 to 10 kg and exerting maximal force. The corresponding electromyogram (EMG) of the gastrocnemius muscle was recorded. For the forces of 0 to 10 kg the regression was established of EMG on contractile force. Treatment effects on memory were investigated by means of a selection of tests, covering short‐term and long‐term memory, in terms of recall and recognition. Analyses of covariance were performed on the regression coefficients of EMG/ contractile force and on the data of maximally exerted force, the pre‐treatment scores serving as covariate. These analyses did not result in any difference for the two treatment conditions, leading to the conclusion that the administration of lormetazepam did not have any direct action on the contractile systems of human muscle. The t‐tests performed on the memory data resulted in a significant impairment of performance on the long‐term memory tasks, whereas short‐term memory was not impaired. It is concluded that, in accordance with previous research, the administration of lormetazepam results in an impairment in the acquisition of new information in long‐term memory, but also in impaired retention.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ALPHA-BLOCKER AND INOTROPIC AGENTS USED SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING HYPOTHERMIA

In open heart surgery uneventful outcomes are aided by hypothermia during the extracorporeal circulation. The hemodynamic effects of catecholamines and α-blockers were investigated in canine models.Twenty-one mongrel dogs were divided into a normothermic group (n = 5) and a hypothermic group (n= 16). Phenoxybenzamine (POB ; 1mg/Kg), norepinephrine (NE ; 1μg/kg/min), and Dopamine (DOA ; 10μg/kg/min) were administered to each group.In the normothermic group, (1) NE, after POB administration, significantly increased cardiac output (C.O) and myocardial blood flow (M.B.F). (2) DOA, following POB administration, significantly increased heart rate (H.R) and M.B.F, but decreased mean arterial pressure (m-AP) and total peripheral resistance (T.P.R).In the hypothermic group, 16 dogs were further divided into three subgroups, POB alone (n = 5), POB + NE (n = 5) and POB + DOA (n = 6). They underwent surface cooling and rewarming. These subgroups were compared with each other at cooling to 25°C, 2022°C, and rewarming to 25°C and 32°C. (1) The PUB + NE group had C.O, stroke volume, M. B.F and M.B.F/C.O ratios significantly higher at each temperature than that of other groups. (2) In the POB + DOA group only the M.B.F was higher than in the POB only group with cooling at 25°C and rewarming at 32°C. (3) In all parameters at 32°C compared with those of pre-cooling in each group, The POB + NE group recovered well to the pre-cooling states.Based on these results, it was concluded that inotropic agents (especially NE), after POB administration, improved C.O, S.V, M.B.F during hypothermia and rewarming.

A ten-year follow-up study of alveolar bone loss influenced by two dissimilar Class II amalgam restorations.

Twenty paired approximal amalgam restorations (E) extended and unextended (NE) placed in twelve patients were followed up for 10 years. Measurements of the distance between the alveolar crest and (a) the apical margin of the filling (E and NE) or (b) the cementoenamel junction of the untreated control surface (C) were performed 1, 4 and 10 years following restoration placement. The bone loss associated with NE filling did not differ significantly from that of the control group and amounted to 0.4 mm in 10 years. The 10-year cumulative bone loss adjacent to the extended restoration (E) was 1.07 mm. Bone loss associated with the E restoration was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than that of the NE and control groups at every period measured. During the first 4 years the yearly bone loss of the E group was 0.14 mm and then decreased to 0.08 mm during the last 6 years.

Effects of copulation on timing of the LH surge following synchronization of estrus in the bovine

Forty-four crossbred postpubertal bovine females were used to study how mating with a bull affected estradiol-17β (E 2) secretion and timing of the preovulatory LH surge. Estrous cycles were synchronized with two injections of prostaglandin-F 2α (PGF 2α) 11 d apart. Females were either isolated from males (NE) or exposed to epididectomized bulls (BE) after the second PGF 2α injection. Females exposed to bulls were allowed to mate once and then were separated from the bull. Blood samples were collected at 2-h intervals from the second PGF 2α injection until 12-h post injection to monitor progesterone (P 4) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and at hourly intervals from 12 h to 60 h post-injection to monitor LH secretion and timing of the preovulatory LH surge. Samples were also collected at 4-h intervals until 60 h post-injection to monitor estrogen (E 2) secretion. LH surges were detected in 16 and 14 of 22 females from the BE and NE groups, respectively, during the 60-h period after PGF 2α injection Mean P 4 concentrations and time of P 4 decline to <1 ng/ml were not different between the two treatment groups (P>0.30). Mean E 2 concentration during the 60-h sampling period was different (P<0.003) between BE and NE groups, and a significant treatment effect (P<0.002) occurred 48 h, 52 h and 60 h after the second PGF 2α injection. However, mean LH concentration before the LH surge, duration of the LH surge and peak LH concentration during the surge were not different between the BE and NE groups (P>0.40). Mean time for the second PGF 2α injection to the beginning of the LH surge was 51.6 ± 1.5 h (X ± S E) for the females not exposed to bulls and 48.5 ± 1.4 h for females exposed to bulls (P>0.14). In this study, the presence of and/or mating by a bull did not affect LH secretion or timing of the preovulatory LH surge after PGF 2α administration.

Neuropsychological dysfunctions in unipolar nonpsychotic major depressions

Twenty-two patients with unipolar, non-psychotic major depression were evaluated with a neuropsychological test battery. The endogenous patients performed more poorly than the non-endogenous on the test battery as a whole. When compared to performance norms obtained from non-depressed controls, both E and NE groups showed performance impairments on the majority of subtests in the battery. The test battery employed in the present study may be clinically useful in assessing neuropsychological alterations in patients with mild to moderately-severe depression.

Forced torsional properties of PMR composites with varying nadic ester concentrations and processing histories

AbstractPMR polyimide resin was prepared from 4,4′‐methylenedianiline (MDA), the dimethyl ester of 3,3′,4,4′‐ benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid (BTDE) and the monomethyl ester of 5‐norbornene‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid (NE). The NE group serves as a chain terminator and crosslinking site. PMR/Celion 6000 composites were fabricated from resins having varying NE concentrations using two molding processes, and the laminates characterized in forced torsion. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 360–390°C were observed in the crosslinked resins, as compared with the literature value of 284°C reported for the uncrosslinked systemTg did not decrease with decreasing NE concentrations over the range from 2.0 to 1.25 moles. Stoichiometry, within the range studied, showed little influence on shear properties; however, a 25% variation in matrix shear modulus with processing was observed. The G12 values determined in forced torsion were in excellent agreement with those reported from tensile tests of ±45° laminates. A branching and possible secondary crosslink mechanism is proposed based on dynamic mechanical behavior and infrared spectra of the composites.

The effects of an exercise training upon subsequently induced cardiac enlargement.

AbstractOne group of rats was trained in a 10-week exercise program and a comparable group left in their cages. The animals of both groups were then subjected to abdominal aortic constriction and injection with [3H]thymidine 3 days later. After one more day the hearts were removed and perfused with degradative enzymes. Following separation of cell types, greater levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation were found in muscle and nonmuscle cells of trained rats.

Effects of chronic neuroleptic therapy on human PRL secretion and testicular function.

Correlation between secretion of testicular steroids and plasma prolactin (PRL) levels, before and during bromocriptin treatment, was studied in 20 psychiatric patients under neuroleptic therapy for two years or longer. Eleven of them were under additional treatment with antiparkinson drugs (AP group). Plasma PRL, testosterone (T), 5 alpha dihydrotestostérone (DHT), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), 17 alpha OH-progestérone (17 alpha OHP), and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (D-S) were measured by specific RIA both at basal level and in response to testicular stimulation by hCG. Mean basal PRL levels were normal in the patients under neuroleptic treatment along (Ne group), and slightly elevated in the AP group. In the Ne group, an unexpected, significant increase occurred in mean plasma PRL during the hCG stimulation, before bromocriptine treatment. Mean basal steroid levels were normal in both groups. The testicular responses to hCG, as reflected by the T, E2, 17 alpha OHP, and DHT mean plasma levels, were within the normal ranges in the AP group; in the Ne group, however, T and DHT displayed a subnormal mean increase, while E2 and 17 alpha OHP responses were within the normal range. These results suggest that some modifications of the enzymatic activity for testicular steroidogenesis could be induced in the patients under neuroleptic treatment alone. Moreover, a significant reverse correlation was found between PRL and T basal in both group; this correlation disappeared during the bromocriptine treatment.

Effect of voluntary exercise and dietary protein levels on serum lipoprotein distributions and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity of mice.

The effect of voluntary exercise on serum lipoprotein distributions, lecitin:cholesterol acryltransferase (LCAT) activity and serum electrophoretic patterns of mice fed different levels of dietary protein were investigated. Serum cholesterol of all exercise groups (E) showed a lower value than that of the non-exercise groups (NE). Ratios of cholesteryl ester to serum total cholesterol tended to be higher in the exercise groups than in non-exercise groups. High density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol/serum total cholesterol ratios and HDL-cholesterol/low density lipoprotein(LDL)-cholesterol ratios were increased by voluntary exercise. With regard to low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, there were significant differences between 20% E and 20% NE groups, 4% NE groups, respectively. It was found that HDL fractions in serum lipoprotein patterns of exercise groups differed from those of non-exercise groups. This seemed to be prominent in low protein diet groups. LCAT acitivity showed decreasing values as dietary protein levels decreased and its activity was raised by voluntary exercise in all groups.

Visual and Aural Short-Term Memory Capacity Deficits in Mathematics Disabled Students1

AbstractOne group of mathematics proficient and two groups of mathematics disabled sixth graders were examined for short-term memory capacity differences in the recall of serial lists of digits or nonrhyming consonants presented either visually or aurally. A Mathematical Group by Input Modality analysis of covariance, with intelligence as the covariate, revealed that the mathematics proficient students performed significantly better than either of the mathematics disabled groups in ordered recall of items presented in either modality, with more information recalled when presented aurally. The mathematics disabled students recalled more information with the visual presentation. The results were related to the inefficient use of memory encoding strategies during information processing by students in each of the mathematics disabled groups.