Naval Arctic Research Laboratory Research Articles

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from legacy spills at an Alaskan Arctic site underlain by permafrost

Widespread polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination resulting from petroleum spills at military and industrial sites along the Arctic Ocean Coast is a major issue in the Alaskan Arctic. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consist of one or more fused aromatic rings and comprise a major portion of petroleum products like fuels. PAHs are commonly found in a variety of geomedia and are considered environmentally persistent, toxic, and carcinogenic. In the present study, the subsurface distribution of PAHs was investigated at a former U.S. Department of the Navy site in northern Alaska using laser-induced fluorescence coupled with ultraviolet optical screening tool (LIF-UVOST). The former Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL) study site has historical presence just outside the city of Utqiaġvik, Alaska (formerly Barrow) and has a long history of petroleum spills since the early 1950s primarily at the Airstrip and Powerhouse sites. To determine the extent of PAH accumulation in the subsurface a total of 143 vertical soil profiles were characterized using LIF-UVOST during September 2015 (87 at the Airstrip site and 56 at the Powerhouse site). We also compared the intensities of different wavelengths (350 versus 500 nm) to estimate spill source and we found a substantial accumulation of PAHs in the surface and subsurface at both sites and vertical distribution of PAHs was primarily heterogeneous, varying as a function of probing locations and soil depth. Both sites were found to have no correlation between depth of the maximum fluorescence signal and depth of the probing refusal depth (top of permafrost). Using LIF-UVOST for the direct chemical sensing of PAHs proved to be a useful tool and revealed unique signature PAH fluorescence responses when comparing 350 and 500 nm intensities between the Airstrip and Powerhouse sites, likely attributable to the original source of the spill. Results from this project can be directly used for other potential studies, including planning remediation strategies and investigating local bodies of water for PAH transport.

A Difficult Time with the Permit Process

In the 1970s, new forms of public scrutiny were applied to the research methods of field biologists in the United States, particularly those studying endangered species and marine mammals. This paper shows how such scrutiny affected researchers' choice of research methods through an analysis of a key moment in a decade-long controversy over the conservation of bowhead whales. In 1978, researchers at the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory received funding from the Bureau of Land Management to radio-tag bowhead whales. Although this promising but still largely untested technique might have answered one of the central scientific questions in the controversy, it ultimately went unused. Technical considerations played a role in the decision not to use the technique, but the most important factor was scientists' concerns about potential backlash from Iñupiat whalers and animal protectionists. The same forces that had made marine mammalogists more influential than ever and that had put into their hands the resources necessary to develop more effective research techniques also placed serious constraints on where, when, and how they could do their research.

Maxwell E. Britton (1912-2004)

Maxwell E. Britton, a well-known and highly respected Arctic research scientist and administrator, died at his home in Arlington, Virginia on March 16, 2004. He was 92. Recognized for his dedication to Arctic research, he pioneered innovative ways of pursuing research under the extreme conditions of the far North. Further, was one of the first scientists to specialize in Arctic ecology. Max was born on January 26, 1912 in Hymera, Indiana .... After attending public schools in Hymera, he went to Indiana State College where he received his AB degree in 1934. ... He then attended Ohio State University, where he was awarded an MS degree in 1937. His doctorate ... was earned at Northwestern University in 1941. Three years earlier, Max had been given an instructorship, which began an association with the faculty at Northwestern University that lasted until 1955. ... His last year as a Northwestern faculty member was spent on research leave at Stanford University. While at Stanford, Max was offered a position with the Office of Naval Research (ONR), a position he at first declined but later accepted, with the idea of remaining only two years. ... Once Max became engrossed in the Arctic program at ONR, he decided to continue in that position and remained there until 1971. Britton's duties included monitoring the Navy contract with the Arctic Institute of North America (AINA). ... He became affiliated with AINA after he retired from ONR. Then in 1974, Max joined the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). ... He retired from the USGS in 1983 to his home in Arlington, Virginia. ... Max had an early start as a research scientist. During his freshman year in botany at Indiana State College, he excelled to the point that Dr. Ben Smith, his instructor, offered him a job as a laboratory assistant. ... Dr. Smith recommended that Max, continue his research at Ohio State University with Dr. L.H. Tiffany and Dr. E.N. Transeau, both prominent phycologists during the 1930s. ... Dr. Tiffany, who moved to Northwestern University as the Chair of the Botany Department, asked Max to accompany him for work on a doctorate, which he did. Max's experience as a teaching assistant during his first year at Northwestern led to appointment as an Instructor in 1938. ... Whereas most academics placed their research on hold during military service in World War II, Max was the exception. ... Upon returning to Northwestern University after the war, with a promotion to Associate Professor, Max began to enlarge his horizons. His curiosity about the developing field of ecology, led to the laying out of a new program for research into the ecology of the Arctic tundra. ... As Scientific Officer of the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL), Max was enthusiastic in his support of all kinds of basic research, both within and outside his own field of expertise. ... NARL was operated as a national facility open to all federally funded scientists and engineers. He promoted a wide gamut of research, but did not ignore the demographics of the local people. He felt that their contribution and knowledge of the local environment were of primary importance in accomplishing the goals of the laboratory. ... In recognition of his many contributions to both Arctic science and continued research, the investigators at the ARL informally named the area of the tundra where Dr. pursued his research as Britton Manor. ... Max was an extremely talented writer and a master of the English language as is well reflected in his published scientific papers. His abilities at and dedication to administrative duties are well demonstrated ....

IN MEMORIAM: FRANK ALOIS PITELKA, 1916–2003

Frank Alois Pitelka, a member of the AOU since 1937, an Elective Member since 1944, and a Fellow since 1948, died of prostate cancer on 10 October 2003. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, on 27 March 1916. He earned his B.S. at the University of Illinois (1939) and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley (1946), where he remained for his entire academic career. He retired in 1985 but continued to come regularly to the campus until 1999, when failing health forced him to join his daughter in southern California. Frank's ornithological career began in the 1930s while growing up in suburban Chicago. Although he dismissed his upbringing as distinctly non-academic, early on he joined the Chicago Ornithological Society, where he was taken under the wing of several local birders, including Nellie Johnson Baroody, in whose honor he would later endow an AOU student presentation award. During his college years, Frank published eight ornithological notes and a detailed account of the breeding biology of the Black-throated Green Warbler. After graduation, Frank spent the summer of 1939 at the University of Washington's Oceanographic Laboratories in Friday Harbor, and then moved south to the University of California at Berkeley for graduate work under Alden Miller in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ). A venerable MVZ tradition during that era involved staff and students making extensive field collecting trips throughout western North America and Mexico. Frank eagerly joined several of those expeditions, and for his Ph.D. investigated variation and speciation in Aphelocoma jays. Although he presumably chose that genus because of its taxonomic interest, Frank's field observations of the jays kindled an interest in the evolution of social behavior that was to form the first of two major focuses of his research career. Frank's second major research focus was population regulation. That interest developed soon after he was hired as an Instructor in Zoology and Assistant Curator of Birds in the MVZ. Gradually, his attention shifted from taxonomy to ecology, spurred along by an invitation to work at the recently established Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL) in Barrow, Alaska. Thus began an annual migration between Berkeley and Barrow that Frank undertook for 30 years as he and his students studied the population cycles of lemmings and their avian predators. Later, they investigated the behavior and ecology of other Arctic-breeding birds, particularly calidridine sandpipers. A proud and unabashed naturalist, Frank belonged to that earlier generation of field biologists for whom collecting specimens, obtaining distributional data, studying life histories, and observing behavior were of paramount importance. He was especially in his element in the stark natural beauty of northern Alaska, where he enthusiastically trundled across the tundra to collect vagrants and observe the social and reproductive behavior of the avifauna. As described memorably by David W. Norton (in Fifty Years Below Zero: Tributes and Meditations for the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory's First Half-century at Barrow, Alaska, University Alaska Press, 2001), Frank became one of the station's most colorful summer residents. Frank's bibliography comprises more than 150 publications. His professional awards include the William Brewster Memorial Medal (1980) from the AOU, the Mercer (1953) and Eminent Ecologist (1992) awards from the Ecological

Science Lectures in the Arctic's "Science City": Barrow, Alaska

... Beginning in spring 2002, the Science division of the Utqiagvik Iñupiat Corporation (UIC), Barrow's local village corporation, took over the renovated original powerhouse building at the Northern Arctic Research Laboratory, formerly the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL). The newly named UIC Science Center, about three miles north of Barrow, has become the venue for a number of programs. One is the Barrow Schoolyard lecture series, funded under the Long-term Ecological Research (LTER) program of the National Science Foundation, which includes a science-education outreach component. Toolik Station, an LTER base on Alaska's North Slope, did not have a community associated with it. Under the urging of Dr. Jerry Brown, Barrow was appointed as the location for the Schoolyard Project. The program teams scientists with local teachers for public presentations of the researchers' projects or areas of interest, and is administered by the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium (BASC). ... A main objective of the Schoolyard Project talks is to make them attractive to students. The Schoolyard funds have also been used to sponsor an ongoing series of tundra experiments involving small greenhouses and fertilizers, similar to those being run at Toolik Lake. ... While it is too soon to measure results, clearly the injection of high-quality science into the community will have a positive effect on science education in the local schools. The hope of NSF and the local scientists is to make science accessible and useful to the community and to stimulate young people to consider a career in science.

Louis Otto Quam (1906-2001)

Louis O. Quam, highly respected geologist/geographer, academician, and government science administrator, died on 25 July 2001 at age 95. He was best known in the United States and Canada, but widely recognized in several other countries for his many contributions to the advancement of the field of geography, for his influence on expenditure of significant government resources to fund geographic and other research, and for his broad administrative support of research in both the Arctic and the Antarctic. ... He attended public schools in Boulder, Colorado, graduating from high school in 1925, and later attended the University of Colorado there, earning Bachelor of Arts (1931) and Master of Science (1932) degrees in geology. Numerous recognitions acclaimed his achievements in earth sciences and science administration .... he decided to complete his formal education at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. There, holding the Libby Fellowship, he completed requirements for his doctorate in Physical Geography (1938). Next, he returned to the University of Colorado as Assistant Professor of Geography (1938-42). At this point, his promising career was interrupted by a period of service in the United States Navy (1943-46). Honorably discharged from the Navy with the rank of Lieutenant Commander, Quam quickly returned to university life as Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville (1947-50). ... Several events in the immediate post-war years would dominate Louis' career. These included the founding of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) (1946) and the establishment of its Arctic Research Laboratory (later renamed Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL) at Barrow, Alaska (1947) and then, the most dominating of all, the founding of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) (1950). ... Quam accepted appointment to the ONR as Head, Geography Branch, Earth Sciences Division in 1950 .... In the ONR, Quam was drawn into membership of many committees and panels of other organizations that were related in diverse ways to his fields of responsibility. ... Shortly after his arrival at ONR, the Environmental Sciences Branch, Biological Sciences Division, elected to give up support of its Arctic research program, including NARL in Alaska. ONR management had to determine quickly whether to let the program lapse or to find another administrative entity within the organization willing to take it over. ... The Chief of Naval Research agreed to transfer the program, along with the pertinent budget, and Louis took over (1951). For four years, he was the sole manager of the Arctic Program .... These functions were, of course, additional to his other duties as Head of the Branch. ... Dr. Quam would have been pleased to know that some specific instances of his distinguished accomplishments are recorded here, not to be forgotten. ... In the opinion of the author, Quam's greatest single policy decision on behalf of Arctic research was his action to operate NARL as a Navy-funded laboratory, and also to recognize it as a national asset that should be made available for the use of others besides the ONR contractors or subcontractors (e.g., AINA [Arctic Institute of North America] under the terms of the ONR contract) for whom it existed. ... By 1967, Quam had enjoyed major successes in the field of Arctic research. At age 61, he was capable of further challenges, and a notable challenge was at hand: the NSF offered him the prestigious position of Chief Scientist of its Office of Antarctic Programs. ... Louis accepted the offer and served two years in the Chief Scientist position (1967-69). At this point, the office was renamed in recognition of its total responsibilities, becoming the Office of Polar Programs. Louis was designated Acting Head of the office, a position he held for two years (1969-71); he then served as Chief Scientist for two more years, until his retirement in 1972. ... He was a good and decent man, whether at home or in the office, and he will be affectionately remembered and missed by all who knew him.

Fifty More Years Below Zero: Tributes and Meditations for the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory's First Half Century, edited by David W. Norton

Fifty More Years Below Zero: Tributes and Meditations for the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory's First Half Century, edited by David W. Norton

Native Contributions To Arctic Science At Barrow, Alaska

In August 1997, the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL) in Barrow, Alaska celebrated its 50th anniversary. The Lab, originally called the Arctic Research Laboratory (ARL) but renamed in 1967, is renowned for its accomplishments and contributions to the scientific understanding of the Arctic. Amidst the glory, however, there is little mention of the Inupiat (North Alaskan Eskimo) role in this scientific program. Local residents' knowledge of the arctic environment contributed to the success of both individual scientists and the facility overall. ... Therefore, I will discuss in general Inupiat assistance to arctic science from the 1940s to the present, and describe a few specific cases. ... Native participation in science at Barrow was made possible by key events, including the United States Navy's oil exploration program, interest in scientific research, and establishment of the Arctic Research Laboratory. ...

Spectral albedos of sea ice and incident solar irradiance in the southern Beaufort Sea

Spectral albedos and incident spectral irradiances have been measured over the wavelength range 400 to 2400 nm on the sea ice near the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory (NARL) at Pt. Barrow, Alaska. The observation interval extended from mid‐May, when the ice was still relatively cold, until mid‐June, when summer melting was fully established. The temporal dependence of albedo for the available surface types was obtained over this time interval showing a general decrease from snow and snow‐covered ice to blue ice and melt ponds. Data were also obtained for glacier ice on the Athabasca glacier, for melting lake ice, and for certain other nonice surfaces in the vicinity of NARL. Snow and ice albedos are characteristically highest at visible wavelengths, decreasing strongly in the infrared because of the increase in absorption by ice and water. Local maxima in the spectra correspond to minima in the ice and water absorption. Variations in albedo are due primarily to differences in the vapor bubble density, crystal structure, and free water content of the upper layers of the ice. Incident spectral shortwave radiation was measured as a function of cloudiness, and the optical thickness of arctic clouds is significantly less than the thickest clouds at lower latitudes. The decrease of the infrared component relatiave to the visible portion of the irradiance with increasing cloud cover is determined. This can give rise to an increase in wavelength‐integrated albedos of as much as 15%. Using the present data, a graphical method is outlined by which visible near‐infrared satellite imagery can be used to distinguish among melt ponds, open leads, and other spring and summer sea ice surface types.

Arctic and Alpine Mycology: The First International Symposium on Arcto-Alpine Mycology [FISAM or ISAM-I]. Proceedings of the Symposium Organized by the Office of Naval Research and its Naval Arctic Research Laboratory and Held at the NARL in Barrow, Alaska, August 16-23, 1980. Gary A. Laursen , Joseph F. Ammirati

<i>Arctic and Alpine Mycology: The First International Symposium on Arcto-Alpine Mycology [FISAM or ISAM-I]. Proceedings of the Symposium Organized by the Office of Naval Research and its Naval Arctic Research Laboratory and Held at the NARL in Barrow, Alaska, August 16-23, 1980</i>. Gary A. Laursen , Joseph F. Ammirati

The Fram I expedition

Geophysical and oceanographical exploration of the Arctic Ocean has progressed largely with the aid of drifting research stations established on pack ice. The earliest drift expedition was carried out between 1893 and 1896 by the Norwegian scientist and explorer, Fridtjof Nansen, who allowed his especially constructed vessel, Fram, to freeze into the ice to be carried by winds and currents. During this time Nansen and his men conducted a remarkable and wide‐ranging program of scientific studies.Over the past three decades, a number of manned scientific research stations have been established by the United States on arctic sea ice in the Amerasia Basin of the Arctic Ocean. These stations were supported by aircraft which w e r e based at the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory in Barrow, Alaska. Increasingly, however, scientific interest has grown in the Eurasia Basin of the Arctic Ocean, which is not readily accessible by air from Alaska. The Eurasia Basin contains the Arctic Midoceanic Ridge, which extends in a straight line for 2000 km between the Greenland‐Spits bergen Passage and the Laptev Shelf. The Eurasia Basin is also the region within w h i c h the waters of the Atlantic Ocean mix with those of the Arctic. A number of geophysical, oceanographic, and climatic questions center around these two features of the Eurasia Basin.

Demographic Features of a Lapland Longspur Population near Barrow, Alaska

-Breeding density, clutch size, hatching and fledging success, and survival of adult Lapland Longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus) were monitored over a 7-year period near the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, Barrow, Alaska. Nesting begins as soon as the tundra starts to clear of snow and appears to be timed so that the young of the year reach independence before the end of adult insect emergence. Arthropod prey become abruptly scarce after the period of insect emergence and thus probability of success for late broods is low. Time of nesting is also discussed in relation to factors of predation and timing of molt. At least 42.9% of males and 45.4% of females survived the next season after 1 year of age. Maximum longevity observed for both sexes is 6 years. Mean clutch size for all years investigated was 5.06 eggs per clutch. Clutch size showed both yearly and seasonal variation. The data indicate that timing of nesting is the chief factor in the observed clutch size differences, further modified by habitat quality, second nesting attempts, and probably age of female. Over a 4-year period the longspur breeding population on a 17-ha study plot declined from 15 to 2 breeding females. Life-table analysis indicates that low fledgling success for 3 consecutive years apparently was the main cause of this decline. Overall mean egg success was 44.0%, but close to 60% in 4 years considered more normal. The low egg success was due to 3 consecutive years of high predation, which may have been related to the disrupted lemming cycle of the Barrow region.-Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Present address of senior author: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20811. Accepted 9 December 1975. THE increase in fieldwork in the Arctic in the 1950's and 1960's has made it possible to examine various aspects of the demography of passerine birds there (Ricklefs 1969, 1973; Hussell 1972). Even so, information on density, clutch size, and hatching success of arctic birds is generally scarce, and only a few recent studies (e.g.Williamson 1968, Williamson and Emison 1971, Hussell 1972) had been carried out for more than one season. The demographic data presented here represent part of an investigation dealing with the role of the Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus) in the arctic coastal tundra ecosystem of northern Alaska. Data on clutch size, hatching and fledging success, and survival of adults, which span a seven-year period (1967-1973), are analyzed by life-table techniques. During the course of the study longspur breeding density decreased drastically at Barrow. The life-table analysis helps explain the observed decline. Some data pertinent to various aspects of this paper are also drawn from work on the Lapland Longspur by F. A. Pitelka during the period 1951-1969. Other parts of this study, dealing with diet, activity patterns, molt, and bioenergetics will be published elsewhere. Background information on coastal tundra as a habitat is available in Britton (1957) and Wiggins and Thomas (1962). The total ecological setting is compactly summarized by Bunnell et al. (1975).

Fossombronia alaskana, a New Hepatic from Arctic Alaska

alaskana Steere & Inoue is described as new from arctic Alaska, where it occurs in widely separated localities, all in the Brooks Range or in its northern foothills, extending from Cape Thompson at the western end eastward to Peters Lake, near the Canadian boundary. Its highly specialized habitat is fine silt extruded as boils, which are bare areas in the tundra produced by frost action, and it clearly belongs to a now well-substantiated circumpolar arctic floristic element; its discovery in other arctic areas, such as northernmost Canada and Siberia, can therefore be anticipated. alaskana stands closest probably to F. foveolata Lindb. in its spore markings, but differs from that and all other described species in the firmly closed, angled, and sometimes horned pseudoperianth, which opens only when the capsule is pushed out by the elongation of the seta; as well as in the spores, which may have 7-9 meshes across the convex face, or parallel lamellae with no meshes. The genus Raddi includes approximately 80 described species (Bonner, 1965), most of which are not well understood except for the species in Europe (Miiller, 1954), North America (Frye & Clark, 1937), and Japan (Inoue, 1973). The vast majority of species of occur in tropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres, but become increasingly and rapidly fewer toward the poles. The previously published northernmost station of this genus in North America appears to be that reported by Persson and Weber (1958), who listed Fossombronia sp. from Mt. McKinley National Park, Alaska. They noted that the specimen, though well developed and unmistakeably belonging to Fossombronia, is sterile. Fortunately, we were able to borrow this collection for study from the Cryptogamic Herbarium of the University of Colorado, through the courtesy of Prof. William A. Weber. This specimen (Viereck 10359A; on gravel of a small open frost boil area, gravel bar, north bank of McKinley River, south of Wonder Lake, 1,800 ft. alt., 63o25' N. Lat., 150o55' W. Long.; 23 August 1958) is labelled Fossombronia foveolata Lindb. c. fr. Det. Weber, 1958. Although we were unable to find sporophytes in the rather sparse material 1 For grants in support of field investigations during nine seasons in arctic Alaska between 1951 and 1973, the senior author thanks the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, and the Arctic Institute of North America; this paper was completed with support of a current grant from the National Science Foundation to the New York Botanical Garden (GB-32004X). Grateful acknowledgement is also made, with special appreciation for unstinted logistic and other support given by them, to the several directors of the Arctic Research Laboratory (now the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory) at Point Barrow, Alaska, notably Ira L. Wiggins, Max Brewer, and John Schindler. 2 New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. 'National Science Museum, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160, Japan. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.197 Sun, 11 Dec 2016 04:34:08 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 64 THE BRYOLOGIST [Volume 77

Notes on the captive wolf (Canis lupus) colony, Barrow, Alaska

The Naval Arctic Research Laboratory wolf colony at Barrow, Alaska, originated from 15 pups taken shortly after birth from dens near Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska. Controlled breeding has resulted in 17 litters. Minimum breeding age for both sexes is 22 months. Maximum observed but not established breeding age for a Barrow colony female is 7 years and for a male is 9 years. An Anchorage, Alaska, zoo female wolf had young at 9 years. Birth dates extend from 19 May to 7 June. Rivalries, especially among females, increase just before the breeding season. Original breeding stock have passed their predominantly dark coloration to offspring.

Bradycardia of the Polar Bear

For several years two male polar bears have been studied by long-life implanted physiological radio capsules at the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory, at Point Barrow. One of the siblings has consistently been larger than the other. A regular measurement has been the resting heart rate; for this we used the lowest heart rate obtained during night-time sleep. Night-time sleep is used because different heart rate levels are obtained during day-time sleep and night-time sleep. The two bears, during the continuous light of the summer, sleep regularly from about 11 PM until 9:00 AM; occasionally short bouts of sleep occur around early afternoon. Sleeping heart rates have been obtained throughout the lifetime of these two individuals. For example, during the summer of 1971, the larger polar bear, Irish (310 kg), had mean resting heart rates of 54 &plusmn;2 SD b/m (N=12); in 1972 at 332 kg his rate was 48 &plusmn;5 SD b/m (N=12); the smaller bear in 1971, at 286 kg, had a lower sleeping heart rate (50 &plusmn;5 SD b/m). ... A technique for demonstrating bradycardia (rapid slowing of heartbeat) in marine mammals was developed by Irving and Scholander, namely instrumenting the animal and training it to place its head under water. We decided to try this technique with the larger of the polar bears (Irish). The bear was separated from its companion, deprived of food and water overnight, and then recorded during three routine situations: 1) during high activity time; 2) during the filling of the water tub (approximately 300 litres) and 3) during feeding time. Heart rates were taken by the stopwatch every 15 seconds. ... Head immersion and diving bradycardia were evident for periods lasting up to 2 minutes; during that time the animal appeared to be searching for food at the bottom of the tub. Although diving bradycardia was evident (rate reduced 10 per cent to 72 b/m), it is apparent that there was much more bradycardia during the period of eating (reduced 20 per cent to 60 b/m). This slow rate during eating was remarkably close to the sleeping heart rate. One might have expected the heart rate to go up during the excitement of feeding. Also, competition for the food was not entirely lacking; the companion polar bear in the adjoining cage was constantly reaching through the bars as it attempted to obtain some of the food. One might have expected this activity to increase the excitement. We have found no other reference to bradycardia during feeding.

Physical Oceanography in the Arctic Ocean: 1968

The support of drifting stations and other scientific work on the pack ice by the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory is basic for the US studies of the central Arctic Ocean. A synoptic picture of temperature/salinity variables is needed, as is information on spatial variations of the currents. During the summer 1967, the satellite navigation system gave fixes of Fletcher's Ice Island T-3, from which water motion at depths of 150, 500 and 1300 m was recorded. Results of analyses are graphically shown and discussed; the technique used to smooth the track, noted. The flow is similar in the three water masses; a long-term period variation in the record probably represents the T-3 motion; there is a marked oscillation of ~semidiurnal period which undoubtedly represents an inertial or semidiurnal tidal oscillation. Tracks of drifting stations during 20 yr define the Beaufort gyre circulation, the center of which, 80 W, 140 W, coincides with that of a mean atmospheric pressure anticyclone. West of 140 W, the dominant W and N drifts are segments in the Transpolar Drift Stream; east of 140 W, where drifts are mainly E to W, they are in the eastern Beaufort gyre. Ice drifts faster in the Transpolar Stream than along the Canadian Islands by about 1/2 nautical mi/day; a marked increase in speed occurs in summer or fall; the atmospheric pressure gradient variations agree qualitatively with the drift speed variations. Three experiments needed to solve the principal remaining problems are explained.

Introduction

... The Symposium was held in recognition of the construction and dedication of a new facility at the Naval Arctic Research laboratory at Barrow, Alaska. The Office of Naval Research undertook to support such a laboratory in 1947. In 1954, responsibility for the management and operation of the laboratory was undertaken by the University of Alaska .... The papers presented at the Symposium and published herein cover a spectrum of arctic research involving the terrestrial, the marine and the atmospheric sciences. I think that in these we see the responsibilities of my office being discharged by providing knowledge and, certainly at the laboratory, by applying that knowledge. We hope we are only on the first step of a major program of construction at Barrow so that we can continue to serve and give additional assistance to investigators who want so badly to do work in that very important region. ... I would like to express warm thanks to our host campus, the University of Alaska. We certainly appreciate the cooperation and support that this wonderful institution has given us over a period of years. ... I would like to thank The Arctic Institute of North America for the continuing interest it has had in working with the Office of Naval Research in the program of arctic environmental research, and more particularly for the excellent arrangements that were made in connection with this Symposium. I think that I can summarize my feelings by saying that it is a real privilege as Chief of Naval Research to participate in a cooperative program of arctic research in an environment that is so important to Alaska and to the nation with its benefits to our society, our economy and our national security.

Progress of Research in Zoology through the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory

Traces the course of zoological, and related anthropological, physiological and health research by various explorers and scientists at Barrow, beginning with the First International Polar Year, 1881-83. The aid of Eskimo knowledge is cited. Bird and human migration through the Brooks Range and on the arctic slope, marine life, and facets of Eskimo adaptation have been studied. The contribution of the NARL to the background for the rapid social and economic development in arctic Alaska is stressed.

The Story of the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory

The Laboratory, established in Aug 1947 by the US Office of Naval Research, itself not yet two years old, was started by seven men led by the first director, L. Irving at Barrow, Alaska at the main supply camp of the Naval Petroleum Reserve No.4, where exploration continued until 1953. The Arctic Institute and later the Univ of Alaska have been closely associated with the ARL. The key people in ONR and successive directors of the Lab are noted, the main interests and directions sketched. Some 1500 persons representing 86 universities in nine countries and many institutions have participated in research at the Laboratory; many US government agencies have used it as a project base.

The Growth of the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory

Address to the closing session of the Dedication Symposium for the new laboratory, restating the Office of Naval Research policy re NARL, and noting current funding of just under $1-1/2 million, a ten-fold increase over the past decade. Specific contributions of the Lab to the Navy are cited: studies of ocean bottom topography, arctic radiation balance and its relation to engineering strength, and permafrost studies relative to rational engineering practices. A wide range of future programs dealing with mass and energy exchange between the Arctic and other oceans, various aspects of sea ice, under-ice acoustic propagation, environmental systems, atmospheric or terrestrial, pollution problems, and the protection of the tundra are suggested. Seven examples are given of current governmental action through councils, committees and commissions focusing on arctic programs.