Nature Of Entrepreneurial Activity Research Articles

Self-interest as a qualifying sign of crimes in the field of entrepreneurial activity

Entrepreneurship in the general consciousness can be represented as the most ancient and natural institution of society for humanity. Legislative regulation of such a significant social institution was only a matter of time. Rapidly changing historical conditions radically changed both society and the state; legislation, as a superstructure, underwent modernization in accordance with changing realities, which led to the formation of some legal rudiments that migrated from earlier norms of law. This article examines the criminal law norms of Russian law that establish responsibility for committing crimes in the field of business activity, the main or qualified elements of which include such a sign of the subjective side as “selfish interest”. In the context of this study, selfish interest is analyzed as one of the main crime-forming factors of some articles of the Criminal Code, while in other norms of law the attribute in question is only implied in absentia when qualifying unlawful acts committed. The author used both theoretical and empirical methods of cognition when considering existing criminal law norms and their practical use in modern realities. Based on the results of the analysis, the author comes to his own conclusion that the appropriateness of the presence of the above feature in the criminal law in the form in which it currently exists should be questioned. The author provides arguments and evidence of reasons to doubt the generally accepted point of view based on the very nature of entrepreneurial activity and its correlation with self-interest. Based on the collected data presented in this article, the author has identified and discussed possible shortcomings of the current criminal law, expressed in the presence of a designated sign of the subjective side of crimes enshrined in many articles of the criminal code.

Social Capital and Self-Employment Dynamics in China

Opportunity-driven entrepreneurship can stimulate economic growth and foster technology innovation, while subsistence-driven self-employment can have the opposite effect. In China, a country with a typical relational society and a middle-income status, the nature of nonagricultural self-employment remains contentious. Examining the influence of social capital on entrepreneurial activities can provide insight into the nature of entrepreneurial activities in China, although this issue has received relatively little attention in the literature. To address this gap, this study employs multivariate discrete choice modeling on national representative samples from the China Family Panel Studies dataset to assess the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurship dynamics. The results indicate that relational, structural, and cognitive social capital all affect entrepreneurial dynamics, and these effects vary between urban and rural areas. Individuals who are less likely to be members of an organization, who are less conscientious, and who have low levels of trust and gift expenses are more likely to become self-employed. Conversely, people with high trust, strong conscientiousness, and low social status are more likely to exit self-employment. In addition, individuals with lower levels of human capital are more likely to both enter and exit self-employment. These findings suggest that self-employment tends to be subsistence-driven in China, which has implications for policymakers seeking to promote opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activities.

Entrepreneurial decision-making perspectives in transition economies – tendencies towards risky/rational decision-making

This paper assesses the ways in which the characteristics of entrepreneurs from transition economies, and the extent to which they participate in making business decisions, affect their propensity to make rational/risky decisions in a work environment. A multicontextual analysis of entrepreneurial decision-making is provided, facilitating a better understanding and the further advancement of entrepreneurship in the transition countries of Montenegro and Serbia. Logistic regression and a Structural Equation Model (SEM) were used to assess data collected from a stratified random sample of 260 entrepreneurs. The results reveal that the demographic characteristics of entrepreneurs have a significant impact on their propensity to make rational/risky decisions. Elderly entrepreneurs with more years of service are more prone to make rational decisions in comparison to younger entrepreneurs, who lack business experience and thus rely on intuition, leading to risky decision-making. Additionally, the results show that the more involved entrepreneurs are in the decision-making process, the more risky decisions will be made; while more employee inclusion leads to business decisions based on rational thinking. The results also reveal that entrepreneurs in transition economies have formed attitudes towards the nature of entrepreneurial activity. Finally, these results reveal that entrepreneurs who consider levels of economic development, national culture, and intuition to be important when making business decisions are more prone to implement risky decisions. Considering the obtained results, this paper provides guidelines for the future research of this issue in transition countries and other developing economies.

Entrepreneurship during a pandemic.

Commercial and social entrepreneurs are likely to help communities combat public health crises. Research on responses to pandemics has underappreciated the critical role of entrepreneurs. In the context of post-disaster response and recovery, entrepreneurs provide needed goods and services, repair and rebuild disrupted social networks, and can act as focal points for disaster survivors as they develop their plans to rebuild. During a pandemic, entrepreneurs perform similarly important economic and social functions. This article highlights these functions, including (1) providing the goods needed to survive and combat the pandemic, (2) performing the services needed so that people can stay productive and connected during the pandemic, and (3) acting as a source of community support and leadership. It also discusses how entrepreneurs are able to perform these roles despite operating in an environment that constricts the range and nature of entrepreneurial activity. Finally, this article describes a legal regime that will promote entrepreneurship during a pandemic.

Entrepreneurial burnout: a systematic review and research map

Entrepreneurial activity is gaining importance regarding its implications for societal, national, and regional development as well as economic growth. As a professional activity, entrepreneurship is defined by unique job characteristics particularly with regard to the experience of high passion, drive and spirit. Moreover, entrepreneurship is highly demanding in several domains and requires individual coping skills. In such context, the sustainability of entrepreneurial activities requires physical and mental health and well-being of entrepreneurs. Yet, burnout is a rarely discussed topic in entrepreneurial research. Hence, burnout of entrepreneurs has to be examined within the realities of their multidimensional professional context, which is shaped by the nature of entrepreneurial activity, work characteristics as well as entrepreneurs' personality. This literature review systematically examines and critically analyses 23 quantitative and qualitative articles about burnout in the context of entrepreneurship. Integrating the findings, we provide a research map for and thereby hope to stimulate further research to extend our knowledge about the challenging phenomenon of entrepreneurial burnout and its extensive consequences and implications.

Entrepreneurial burnout: a systematic review and research map

Entrepreneurial activity is gaining importance regarding its implications for societal, national, and regional development as well as economic growth. As a professional activity, entrepreneurship is defined by unique job characteristics particularly with regard to the experience of high passion, drive and spirit. Moreover, entrepreneurship is highly demanding in several domains and requires individual coping skills. In such context, the sustainability of entrepreneurial activities requires physical and mental health and well-being of entrepreneurs. Yet, burnout is a rarely discussed topic in entrepreneurial research. Hence, burnout of entrepreneurs has to be examined within the realities of their multidimensional professional context, which is shaped by the nature of entrepreneurial activity, work characteristics as well as entrepreneurs' personality. This literature review systematically examines and critically analyses 23 quantitative and qualitative articles about burnout in the context of entrepreneurship. Integrating the findings, we provide a research map for and thereby hope to stimulate further research to extend our knowledge about the challenging phenomenon of entrepreneurial burnout and its extensive consequences and implications.

Administrative and legal means of ensuring the legality of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of administrative and legal means of ensuring the legality of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine, their functional purpose in the updated conditions of modern development of the economic sphere of the state and the financial level of society’s life. In accordance with the stated scientific goal, the author analyzed the current state of administrative and legal means of state support of entrepreneurship in Ukraine; described the existing accounting and legalizing regimes as types of administrative-legal regime, which concern the official registration of individuals and legal entities, as subjects of economic activity, and the regulation of regulatory requirements for the conduct of entrepreneurial activity. The author’s vision on the content of the concept “legality (legitimacy) of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine” is formulated, based on current trends in the development of relations in the field of entrepreneurship and the objective need for their regulation by administrative and legal norms.The further developed the provision according to which, under the lawfulness (lawfulness) of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine, it is proposed to understand the legalization (granting of legal force) of entrepreneurial activity, carried out by the duly registered economic entities, that is, the actual receipt of the last right to engage in entrepreneurial activity in the procedure established, based on the constitutionally enshrined right of everyone to implement such a kind of economic activity, as well as general principles management, defined in аrt. 6 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine. It has been established that the lawful nature of entrepreneurial activity ensures the protection of the life, health and property of each individual member of society, environmental protection and the environment, and the economic and national security of the state.

Does microfinance impede sustainable entrepreneurial initiatives among women borrowers? Evidence from rural Bangladesh

Across the world, microfinance (MF) has been recognized as an effective instrument for simultaneous reduction of poverty and long-term growth through creation of entrepreneurship. Available research does suggest that MF experiment in most cases was successful to reduce poverty, especially among poor women. However, evidence-based research on impact of MF initiatives on nature of entrepreneurial activities and on the psychological capital or potential of the entrepreneurs remains under-studied. This paper attempts to bridge the gap and seeks to diagnose the entrepreneurial behaviour of MF users in comparison to a comparative set of non-users in the same socio-economic climate in an emerging economy and the haven of MF, Bangladesh. The outcome variables considered are not just participation in income generating process, but specific qualitative attributes of entrepreneurship, including ability to innovative, bricolage, risk taking, marshalling etc. and also some quantitative indicators in the form of frequency of repeated loans and income generated there from that may offer proxy measures of scaled up and sustainable entrepreneurship. Data exploration posits that transformative entrepreneurship, which indicates sustainability of the venture to usher in prosperity, is rare among MF users. Small loan sizes, quick repayment cycles and repeated loans of MF institutions constrict the borrowers to opt for low-risk ventures, with women borrowers facing additional barriers as their gendered role force them to be less risky and follow traditionally accepted business modes, rather than making big headway. Using propensity score matching technique, the paper finds that easy access to credit through MF initiatives could not inculcate the psychological potential to bear risk and bricolage among the borrowers. Self-employment in micro enterprises, without much innovation and risk taking, has been the characteristics of overall income generating process of the model.

The Impact of Financial and Product Market Innovation on the Nature of Entrepreneurship: A Historical Perspective

It is well recognized that the nature of entrepreneurial activity varies by context and historical epoch. But are there systematic underlying factors that cause such significant differences in the entrepreneurial opportunity set? This paper presents a conceptualization of entrepreneurship based on the interaction of product market innovation and financial innovation. In line with traditional entrepreneurship theory, it argues that product market innovations create new entrepreneurial opportunities, adding that innovations within the financial system are also a source of entrepreneurial opportunity, potentially as creative, but which do not necessarily align themselves with developments in product markets. Through time, their state of parallel development, or misalignment, sets the context of entrepreneurial activity.Entrepreneurship is conceptualized in terms of opportunity recognition (whether discovered or created) and mobilization of resources to exploit those opportunities arising from product or financial innovation, and the process of managing any misalignment that evolves between them. These interactions give rise to four cases based on possible permutations of radical innovation. Conceptualized thus, entrepreneurship is necessarily a historical phenomenon, in terms of context and process. The paper considers selected historical cases that illustrate these permutations.

Economic Crisis and the Nature of Entrepreneurial and Management Activities

Abstract The essential research intention in this work is oriented toward considering the nature of entrepreneurial activities regarding to the volume of representation, according to some stages of the entrepreneurial process for defined groups of countries, different development degree in crisis conditions. The analysis of research data has drawn some conclusions, which have largely confirmed hypotheses. Obtained results, after the application of adequate statistical procedures, emphasize the existence of negative correlation, degree of economic development and the rate of economic growth. They are partly explained by the place and causes of analysed crisis circumstances, the degree of integrity of financial and economic systems, as well as the heterogeneous economic structure, as the main resistance to negative economic trends. The defined groups of countries of different development degrees show different differences in all the degrees of the entrepreneurial process. There is a positive correlation between the volume of entrepreneurial activities and the rate of economic growth, but on behalf of the countries of the lower development degree. Crisis conditions in the least developed countries generate an additional pressure on entrepreneurial activities; while the relatively stable environment of highly developed countries enables some individuals to find business possibilities outside the entrepreneurial sector.

Institutional outlook of the entrepreneurial climate in Ghana

Purpose– Previous scholarly studies on institutions tend to create a sombre picture of institutions by ignoring to examine the antecedents of formal and informal institutions. The purpose of this paper is to overcome this limitation by proposing a conceptual framework of the antecedents of formal and informal institutions of entrepreneurial climate in a less developed market setting.Design/methodology/approach– This study builds on a comprehensive survey of the literature on institutions by using a synthesis thematic methodology to identified key scholarly studies which have been published in previous theoretical and empirical studies and proposes a conceptual framework of the role of formal and informal institutions in defining entrepreneurial climate in a developing economy’s context.Findings– The findings of the paper suggest that political factors and economic factors define formal institutions whilst socio-cultural factors define informal institutions. These factors rooted in political, economic and socio-cultural factors have a major influence on the rate and nature of entrepreneurial activity in a developing country setting.Practical implications– This paper contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship and intuitional theory by focusing on the antecedents of formal and informal institutional factors that shape entrepreneurial climate in Ghana.Originality/value– To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first review that explores the nature of entrepreneurial climate and proposes a conceptual framework of the role of formal and informal institutions in defining entrepreneurial climate in Ghana.

A Foot in Both Camps: The Impact of Professional Identity on Entrepreneurial Activity

In this paper we suggest that identity salience contributes to identity enactment, which contributes toward the innovative and creative nature of entrepreneurial activity. While in the general population, alternative occupational role identities among entrepreneurs (e.g., welder, painter, window washer, mobile app developer) may be cognitively recognized, the role identities of professional service providers are particularly significant because of the degree of socialization they receive due to institutional prescriptions (Benveniste, 1987; Van Maanen & Schein, 1979). Further, these professional service providers often start their own professional practices in order to practice their profession with autonomy, and the prevalence of their self-employment in sole practitioner or partnership arrangements is much greater than for the average population. This paper contributes to entrepreneurship theory by suggesting that there are groups of entrepreneurs engaged in entrepreneurial activity for which theories s...

From Theory to Action: Energizing Entrepreneurship (E2), Strategies to Aid Distressed Communities Grow Their Own

The Heartland Center for Leadership Development and the Center for Rural Entrepreneurship propose a new approach to helping distressed communities build on their assets to grow their own jobs and businesses. Using lessons gleaned from case studies in rural areas, data collected on the nature of entrepreneurial activity, strategies emerging from the study of entrepreneurial communities, and research on community capacity building, the partners developed a flexible approach for encouraging entrepreneurial activity. The approach helps communities build on business and community assets through focused strategic interventions at the community, business, and organizational levels. This paper reports on preliminary results of how elements of our approach are at work in several communities where leaders engage community members in working toward a prosperous future.

Institutions, Capital Constraints and Entrepreneurial Firm Dynamics: Evidence from Europe

We explore the impact of the institutional environment on the nature of entrepreneurial activity across Europe. Political, legal, and regulatory variables that have been shown to impact capital market development influence entrepreneurial activity in the emerging markets of Europe, but not in the more mature economies of Europe. Greater fairness and greater protection of property rights increase entry rates, reduce exit rates, and lower average firm size. Additionally, these same factors also associated with increased industrial vintage a size-weighted measure of age and reduced skewness in firm-size distributions. The results suggest that capital constraints induced by these institutional factors impact both entry and the ability of firms to transition and grow, particularly in lesser-developed markets.

The Focus of Entrepreneurial Research: Contextual and Process Issues

Low and MacMillan (1988) suggested that research into entrepreneurial behavior should consider contextual issues and identify the processes that explain rather than merely describe the entrepreneurial phenomenon. Recent studies focusing upon entrepreneurial behavior, especially heuristics, and differences between ‘types’ of entrepreneurs are discussed in this review. The literature focusing upon opportunity recognition and information search is examined. Further, the literature relating to the organizational forms selected by entrepreneurs is discussed. Studies examining the relationship between external environmental conditions and the nature of entrepreneurial activity are reviewed. We conclude that additional research attention should be directed towards gaining a greater understanding of the behavior of different types of entrepreneur (i.e., nascent, novice, serial, and portfolio entrepreneurs) and the different organizational forms selected (I.e., corporate venturing, management buy-outs and buy-ins, franchising, and the inheritance of a family firm) by entrepreneurs.

Toward a Reconciliation of the Definitional Issues in the Field of Corporate Entrepreneurship

Although authors generally agree on the nature of entrepreneurial activities within existing firms, differences in the terminology used to describe those activities have created confusion. This article discusses existing definitions in the field of corporate entrepreneurship, reconciles these definitions, and provides criteria for classifying and understanding the activities associated with corporate venturing.

Entrepreneurship in the small hotel sector

Reports the findings from a study of entrepreneurial activity in the small hotel sector in a Scottish town, St Andrews. Applies bodies of theory on the small entrepreneurial firm, developed for other sectors of the economy, to an examination of small firm activity in the hotel sector. The central thesis is that small hotel entrepreneurs will have had to adopt a business‐oriented approach to ensure the success, or at least the survival, of their firms. Findings from a survey of the small hotel sector in St Andrews provide some evidence to support this thesis, and conflict with those of an earlier study of the small hotel sector in the Bournemouth area in the 1980s. Recommends that further research should consider the nature of entrepreneurial activity in the small hotel sector generally. If a significant proportion of the sector overall is representative of the small entrepreneurial firm, this may have positive consequences for local economic prosperity in many areas.

Entrepreneurial Ability, International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment

This paper develops a factor-proportions model of international trade and foreign direct investment using Leibebstein's work on the multi-faceted nature of entrepreneurial activity. S-type manager-abundant countries export research and development-intensive goods, while G-type manager-abundant countries export non-research and development-intensive goods (i.e., standardized commodities). Foreign direct investment is generated as a response to barriers to trade in general. Empirically, it is shown that: manufactures are R & D and labor; and international differences in innovation can be explained in terms of social, cultural, and psychological factors. [440]