Nature Of Electric Charge Research Articles

New physical parameterizations of monopole solutions in five-dimensional general relativity and the role of negative scalar field energy in vacuum solutions

Novel parameterizations are presented for monopole solutions to the static, spherically-symmetric vacuum field equations of five-dimensional general relativity. First proposed by Kaluza, 5D general relativity unites gravity and classical electromagnetism with a scalar field. These monopoles correspond to bodies carrying mass, electric charge, and scalar charge. The new parameterizations provide physical insight into the nature of electric charge and scalar field energy. The Reissner-Nordström limit is compared with alternate physical interpretations of the solution parameters. The new parameterizations explore the role of scalar field energy and the relation of electric charge to scalar charge. The Kaluza vacuum equations imply the scalar field energy density is the negative of the electric field energy density for all known solutions, so the total electric and scalar field energy of the monopole is zero. The vanishing of the total electric and scalar field energy density for vacuum solutions seems to imply the scalar field can be understood as a negative-energy foundation on which the electric field is built.

Graphene oxide-based polyethersulfone core–shell particles for dye uptake

Graphene oxide (GO), a graphene nanomaterial with great application potential, possesses promising adsorption abilities towards various water contaminants due to the ultra-large surface area and the nature of electric charge on the surface.

The relationship between Initial Electric Field Activity and Precipitation Process In Thunderstorm Cell growth in the Tropics

The results of initial electric field activity and precipitation process in nine thunder storms at Poona are presented and compared with the findings of previous workers. The storms are classified as Type 'A' and Type 'B'storms, In Type 'A'storms the surface field first increases when the size of the precipitation particles reach a definite size showing that the charge separat:on process in clouds is related directly to the precipitation process, The first appearance 0! precipitation beneath. the cloud appears, usually about twenty minutes after the first increase of electric field occurs, The positive electric field then decreases, becomes zero, and reversed to the negative direction as soon as the precipitation starts. In Type 'B' storms, the field reversal suddenly takes place before the onset of rain at the ground. There is a distinct time lag between the field reversal and onset of rainfall at the ground during thunderstorm. This enables us to get an approximate idea of the distance of fall of raindrops, assuming the terminal velocity for the average size of rain drops for a particular rate of rainfall at onset, The approximate temperature of the origin of raindrops can then be calculated with some limitations, Evidence is given in certain isolated thunderstorm cell growth that the development of electric field is associated with the initial radar (10 cm}precipitation echo, The limitations of using radar alone to study the initial stage of precipitation development and the nature of possible physical processes have been emphasise. The nature of electric charge carried by rain together with the calculated temperature of the origin of rain drops helps to decide whether the r:1in is d1l~ to the "Bergeron' process or the 'Coalescence" process.