Natural Traditional Medicine Research Articles

Holistic Approach of Nutrients and Traditional Natural Medicines for Human Health: A Review

Holistic Approach of Nutrients and Traditional Natural Medicines for Human Health: A Review

Integrating Chinese medicine into mainstream cancer therapies: a promising future.

Malignant tumors are complex systemic chronic diseases and one of the major causes of human mortality. Targeted therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy are examples of mainstream allopathic medicine treatments that effective for intermediate and advanced malignant tumors. The ongoing use of conventional allopathic medicine has resulted in adverse responses and drug resistance, which have hampered its efficacy. As an important component of complementary and alternative medicine, Chinese medicine has been found to have antitumor effects and has played an important role in enhancing the therapeutic sensitivity of mainstream allopathic medicine, reducing the incidence of adverse events and improving immune-related functions. The combined application of adjuvant Chinese medicine and mainstream allopathic medicine has begun to gain acceptance and is gradually used in the field of antitumor therapy. Traditional natural medicines and their active ingredients, as well as Chinese patent medicines, have been proven to have excellent therapeutic efficacy and good safety in the treatment of various malignant tumors. This paper focuses on the mechanism of action and research progress of combining the above drugs with mainstream allopathic medicine to increase therapeutic sensitivity, alleviate drug resistance, reduce adverse reactions, and improve the body's immune function. To encourage the clinical development and use of Chinese herb adjuvant therapy as well as to provide ideas and information for creating safer and more effective anticancer medication combinations, the significant functions of Chinese herb therapies as adjuvant therapies for cancer treatment are described in detail.

Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. [Asteraceae] rhizome-derived exosome-like nanoparticles suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in murine microglial cells.

Exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) mediate interspecies intercellular communications and modulate gene expression. In this study, we isolated and purified ELNs from the dried rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. [Asteraceae] (ALR-ELNs), a traditional natural medicine, and investigated their potential as neuroinflammatory therapeutic agents. ALR-ELN samples were isolated and purified using differential centrifugation, and their physical features and microRNA contents were analyzed through transmission electron microscopy and RNA sequencing, respectively. BV-2 microglial murine cells and primary mouse microglial cells were cultured in vitro, and their ability to uptake ALR-ELNs was explored using fluorescence microscopy. The capacity of ALR-ELNs to modulate the anti-inflammatory responses of these cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure was assessed through mRNA and protein expression analyses. Overall, BV-2 cells were found to internalize ALR-ELNs, which comprised three microRNAs (ath-miR166f, ath-miR162a-5p, and ath-miR162b-5p) that could have anti-inflammatory activity. Pretreatment of BV-2 cells with ALR-ELN prevented the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS stimulation by significantly reducing the levels of nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Notably, the mRNA levels of Il1b, Il6, iNos, ccl2, and cxcl10 in BV-2 cells, which increased upon LPS exposure, were significantly reduced following ALR-ELN treatment. Moreover, the mRNA levels of heme oxygenase 1, Irf7, ccl12, and Irg1 also increased significantly following ALR-ELN treatment. In addition, pretreatment of primary mouse microglial cells with ALR-ELN prevented the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS stimulation by significantly reducing the levels of nitric oxide. Our findings indicate that ALR-ELNs exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on murine microglial cells. Further validation may prove ALR-ELNs as a promising neuroinflammatory therapeutic agent.

Traditional Tibetan medicine: therapeutic potential in lung diseases.

Lung diseases have become a major threat to human health worldwide. Despite advances in treatment and intervention in recent years, effective drugs are still lacking for many lung diseases. As a traditional natural medicine, Tibetan medicine has had a long history of medicinal use in ethnic minority areas, and from ancient times to the present, it has a good effect on the treatment of lung diseases and has attracted more and more attention. In this review, a total of 586 Tibetan medicines were compiled through literature research of 25 classical works on Tibetan medicine, drug standards, and some Chinese and English databases. Among them, 33 Tibetan medicines have been studied to show their effectiveness in treating lung diseases. To investigate the uses of these Tibetan medicines in greater depth, we have reviewed the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the four commonly used Tibetan medicines for lung diseases (rhodiola, gentian, sea buckthorn, liexiang dujuan) and the five most frequently used Tibetan medicines (safflower, licorice, sandalwood, costus, myrobalan). It is expected to provide some reference for the development of new drugs of lung diseases in the future.

Bioactivity of Vernonia arborea Leaves from Bentian Tribe as Natural Antioxidant and Antibacterial Based on Local Knowledge

The utilization of natural organic materials as raw materials for standardized medicine, including the use of organic materials in medicine manufacture are currently being encouraged by the Government. Based on the information from Bentian Tribe people, Vernonia arborea leaf or Kutu Bu’ut leaf has the potential to be developed as natural medicine derived from plants. This study explored the potential of V.arborea leaf for its phytochemicals screening by Harborne, Kokate and Senthilmurugan method, antioxidant analysis was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial analysis was examined using agar well diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Propionibacterium acnes. The results showed that the V.arborea leaf contained alkaloid on n-hexan extract and coumarin on ethyl acetate extract. Ethanol extract from V.arborea leaf contained alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and carbohydrate. Antioxidant activity showed that the highest inhibition by 83% at 50 ppm consentration of ethanol solvent. Antibacterial activity of E. coli and P.acnes showed that the highest inhibition zone by 12 mm and 11 mm at 400 µg/well of ethanol extract. Based on the results, the V.arborea leaf contains natural bioactivity and has potential to be further developed as a natural traditional medicine.

Alternative Treatments for the Cure of Dogs Infested by Demodex canis Leydig, 1859 (Arachnida: Acarina)

Demodicosis is a very common cutaneous parasitic disease that afflicts dogs, usually inflammatory, does not produce contagion and is related to the excessive proliferation of mites of different species of the genus Demodex, which are commensal hosts, in small quantities, in the skin of canids. The objective of the research work was to propose a series of alternative treatments for the cure of demodicosis in dogs, using traditional natural medicine. The diagnosis was made by direct observation of D. canis in multiple skin scrapings, trichogram, acetate tape test, skin biopsy among others. In addition, data collection and processing methods were used. A total of 25 dogs infested by D. caninus, with generalized demodicosis (12 males and 8 females) aged between 6 months and 12 years were studied. The SPSS statistical program was used for data processing. As a result of the application of alternative treatments, with the use of traditional natural medicine, it was found that 100% of the specimens of Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758, were cured in different periods, taking into consideration the severity of the lesions and their breed. It is considered that the use of alternative treatments can substitute the use of industrial pharmaceuticals.

The application prospects of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis linneo) in rheumatoid arthritis.

Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L) (SI) is a traditional natural medicine from tropical rainforests of Amazon region in South America. As a raw material for edible oil, it has various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemia, and blood pressure lowering, which have attracted increasing attentions of pharmacists. This has prompted researchers to explore its pharmacological effects for potential applications in certain diseases. Among these, the study of its anti-inflammatory effects has become a particularly interesting topic, especially in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a systemic autoimmune disease, and often accompanied by chronic inflammatory reactions. Despite significant progress in its treatment, there is still an urgent need to find effective anti-RA drugs in regard to safety. This review summarizes the potential therapeutic effects of SI on RA by modulating gut microbiota, targeting inflammatory cells and pathways, and mimicking biologic antibody drugs, predicting the application prospects of SI in RA, and providing references for research aimed at using SI to treat RA.

Separation and Biological Activities of the Main Compounds from the Bark of Myrica rubra Siebold & Zucc

Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc bark is a traditional natural medicine used by the people of the Dong minority in western Hunan in China. In this study, the main compounds in Myrica rubra bark including epigallocatechin gallate, myricetrin, myricetin, taraxerol, myricanol, and 11-O-acetylmyricanol were separated using both silica gel column chromatography and high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC). Notably, it is the first report of discovering 11-O-acetylmyricanol from Myrica rubra bark. The results of the bioactivity studies suggested that epigallocatechin gallate showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while myricetin exhibited the highest reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability in zebrafish embryos. Intriguingly, myricanol exhibited strong apoptosis-inducing activity on HepG2 cells, and further studies revealed that myricanol was capable of promoting the cleavage of caspase 3, 8, and 9, then resulting in the apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The findings of the present study have important implications for the separation of the main compounds in Myrica rubra and will provide credence to the ethnomedicinal application of the isolated compounds against cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Identifikasi Jenis Tumbuhan Obat di Kecamatan Tanah Pinem Kabupaten Dairi

Specifically, the use of medicinal plants for natural medicine is carried out by the people of Tanah Pinem District, Dairi Regency. There are still some people who use plants as natural traditional medicine, but the people around Tanah Pinem District are currently switching to more modern medicine because it is more efficient. The aim of the research is to identify the types of medicinal plants found in Tanah Pinem District and analyze how much public knowledge there is about the types of medicinal plants used. This research is classified as exploratory descriptive research. In this research, the informants used were 10 people each from 3 villages. 1 resource person is a midwife as caretaker, while the other 29 resource persons are village residents aged ± 40 - 60 years. Data was collected through surveys and direct interviews. The data is then analyzed and then presented through tables and diagrams. The research results showed that people in Tanah Pinem District had sufficient understanding of medicinal plants. The results of the survey carried out found 32 species of medicinal plants used for traditional medicine by the community in Tanah Pinem District, Dairi Regency.

Rectal ozone therapy in the treatment of pain syndrome due to Lumbar Disc Herniation

Lumbar disc herniation is the most frequent cause of radicular pain and reason for consultation in our setting. Rectal ozone treatment has proven to be effective because it acts on cell metabolism, producing substances capable of relieving pain through different mechanisms, since they improve the intracellular redox state. A descriptive, longitudinal, prospective study was carried out in patients with pain syndrome due to lumbar disc herniation who attended the Department of Traditional Natural Medicine of the Carlos J. Finlay Military Hospital from January 2021 to December 2022 to evaluate the effectiveness of rectal ozone therapy. The sample was 100 patients who met the inclusion criteria, they were divided into two groups. The first one received 15 sessions of ozone rectally and the second treatment with analgesics and anti-inflammatories. The male sex predominated, as well as the ages between 50 and 59 years. The group that was administered ozone had a better response and 80 % of the cases presented improvement while in the group with pharmacological treatment only 52 % had relief of symptoms, in most of the patients pain relief was verified from the sixth treatment session. There was a significant improvement in the quality of life of the patients undergoing ozone treatment and adverse reactions were minimal, although more frequent in patients with drug treatment, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of ozone therapy.

Ethanol extract of propolis regulates type 2 diabetes in mice via metabolism and gut microbiota.

Propolis is a traditional natural medicine with various activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-tumour, gastroenteritis treatment and prevention, anti-microbial and parasitic, as well as glucose regulation and anti-diabetes, and is expected to be an anti-diabetic candidate with few side effects, but the mechanism of action of propolis on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the effect of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on the regulation of blood glucose in T2DM mice. We studied the possible mechanism of EEP on T2DM using an animal model of T2DM induced by a combination of a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The experiment was divided into four groups, namely, the normal group (HC), model group (T2DM), EEP and metformin group (MET). Biochemical indexes and cytokines were measured, and the differences of metabolites in the serum were compared by 1H-NMR. In addition, the diversity of intestinal flora in feces was studied by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. The results showed that following treatment with EEP and MET, the weight-loss trend of mice was alleviated, and the fasting blood glucose, insulin secretion level, insulin resistance index, C peptide level and oral glucose tolerance level decreased, whereas the insulin sensitivity index increased, thereby EEP effectively alleviated the occurrence of T2DM and insulin resistance. Compared with the T2DM group, the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) decreased significantly in EEP and MET groups, whereas the concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) increased significantly. Metabolomics results revealed that EEP and MET regulate carbohydrate metabolism and restore amino acid and lipid metabolism. Correlation analysis of intestinal flora in mouse feces showed that compared with the HC group, harmful bacteria such as Bilophila, Eubacterium_ventriosum_group, Mucispirillum and Desulfovibrio were found in the T2DM group, whereas the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus was significantly reduced. Parabacteroides, Akkermansia, Leuconostoc, and Alloprevotella were abundantly present in the EEP group; however, the MET group showed an increase in the genus Parasutterella, which could regulate energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The results showed that EEP and MET reduce fasting blood glucose in T2DM mice, followed by alleviating insulin resistance, improving the inflammatory reaction of mice, regulating the metabolism of mice, and affecting the steady state of gut microbiota. However, the overall therapeutic effect of EEP is better than that of MET.

Autophagy activation by Terminalia chebula Retz. reduce Aβ generation by shifting APP processing toward non-amyloidogenic pathway in APPswe transgenic SH-SY5Y cells

BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Deposition of amyloid β plaques (Aβ) is a central hallmark of AD. Accumulating evidence suggest that shifting amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism pathway to non-amyloidogenic ways and inducing autophagy play key roles in AD pathology. In published reports, there is no research on the APP metabolic process of Terminalia chebula Retz. (T. Chebula). PurposeThe study aims to assess the effects of T. Chebula in AD transgenic SH-SY5Y cells to determine its underlying mechanisms on reducing Aβ level by regulating APP metabolic process. MethodsThe effects of T. Chebula water extract (TWE) on APPswe transgenic SH-SY5Y cells were analyzed by cell viability. ELISA used to quantify extracellular Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 generations. Western blot and RT-PCR assays were chosen to detect the expression of proteins and genes. The acridine orange (AO) stain was used to label autophagic-vesicles. ResultsTreatment with TWE significantly suppressed the Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 generations of APPswe transgenic cells. TWE inhibited amyloidogenic pathway by reducing BACE1 expression, and promote non-amyloidogenic pathway by inducing ADAM10 level of APP metabolism. Additionally, TWE induced autophagy in APPswe transgenic cells involved in APP metabolism to shift the balance to non-amyloidogenic pathway. ConclusionIn summary, our finding first time expounded that TWE can inhibit the generation of Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 in APPswe transgenic SH-SY5Y cells, which were regulated APP metabolism tends to non-amyloid metabolism pathway and mediated by autophagy. The results presented a novel finding for AD treatment of traditional natural medicines.

IMMUNOMODULATORY NATURAL PRODUCT: REVIEW

Immunomodulation is also known as immune system modulation that is preceding changes the immune response result helps the tissue damage and immoderate response that is obtained by natural and unnatural (human-made) from. The review on an immunomodulatory natural products that is attention on anti-infective treatments for various numbers of justifications. Various traditional natural medicines are used for the immune response directly or indirectly impact antigen through adaptive defense mechanism of the host cell. And there currently various medicinal plants used for anti-effective such as Aloe Vera mill, Panax ginseng, Andrographispaniculata, and Clausenaexcavate that are gives immunomodulatory and anti-infective. Response and these responses have been modulated by using in their past and further developed by research change their modulation effects and many natural phytoconstituents used for immune system modulation and seen their activity on the various disease and effects and action and modulation.

Naturally Sourced CDK Inhibitors and Current Trends in Structure-Based Synthetic Anticancer Drug Design by Crystallography.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) are the chief regulators in cell proliferation; the kinase activities are largely regulated by their interactions with CDK Inhibitors (CKIs) and Cyclins. The association of different CDKs with CDKIs and Cyclins at the cell-cycle checkpoints of different stages of mitotic cell cycle function act more likely as the molecular switches that regulate different transcriptional events required for progression through the cell cycle. A fine balance in response to extracellular and intracellular signals is highly maintained in the orchestrated function of CDKs along with Cyclins and CDKIs for normal cell proliferation. This fine-tuning in mitotic cell cycle progression sometimes gets lost due to dysregulation of CDKs. The aberrant functioning of the CDKIs is therefore studied for its contributions as a vital hallmark of cancers. It has attracted our focus to maneuver cancer therapy. Hence, several synthetic CDKIs and their crystallography-based drug design have been explained to understand their mode of action with CDKs. Since most of the synthetic drugs function by inhibiting the CDK4/6 kinases by competitively binding to their ATP binding cleft, these synthetic drugs are reported to attack the normal, healthy growing cells adjacent to the cancer cells leading to the decrease in the life span of the cancer patients. The quest for traditional natural medicines may have a great impact on the treatment of cancer. Therefore, in the present studies, a search for naturally sourced CDK inhibitors has been briefly focused. Additionally, some synthetic crystallography-based drug design has been explained to elucidate different avenues to develop better anticancer chemotherapeutics, converting natural scaffolds into inhibitors of the CDK mediated abnormal signal transduction with lesser side effects.

Candida Albicans and Streptococcus Mutans Biofilms Suppression by Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Ruta Angustifolia

Ruta angustifolia is one of the species of Ruta genus that is widely used in Asia as traditional natural medicine, but scientific research related to this plant is still limited. Several studies have stated that this plant has an antimicrobial effect, but no studies have discussed the antibiofilm effect of bioactive compounds isolated from R. angustifolia. This study is the first to address this issue. This study aims to see whether the bioactive compounds isolated from R. angustifolia can inhibit the formation of biofilms on oral microbes that play the most important role in the construction of dental caries, namely Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds is achieved through Thin Layer Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance, respectively. Crystal Violet (CV) method is used to see the total biomass of biofilm, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method is used for the viability test. The morphological visualization of C. albicans has also been carried out using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Three compounds that have been isolated are kokusaginine, chalepin, and lindelofine. The CV and MTT data were compared with the control data using an analysis of variance test followed by the Tukey honestly significant difference test, while the morphological data is qualitatively analyzed. From the results of the biofilm test, it was concluded that the three compounds could significantly inhibit the formation of biofilms produced by C. albicans and S. mutans in mixed species cultures.

Tanshinone IIA: New Perspective on the Anti-Tumor Mechanism of A Traditional Natural Medicine.

The search for natural and efficacious antineoplastic drugs, with minimal toxicity and side effects, is an important part of antitumor drug research and development. Tanshinone IIA is the most evaluated lipophilic active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Tanshinone IIA is a path-breaking traditional drug applied in cardiovascular treatment. It has also been found that tanshinone IIA plays an important role in the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems, as well as in other tumor diseases. Tanshinone IIA significantly inhibits the proliferation of several types of tumors, blocks the cell cycle, induces apoptosis and autophagic death, in addition to inhibiting cell migration and invasion. Among these, the regulation of tumor-cell apoptosis signaling pathways is the key breakthrough point in several modes of antitumor therapy. The PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway and the JNK pathway are the key pathways for tanshinone IIA to induce tumor cell apoptosis. In addition to glycolysis, reactive oxygen species and signal transduction all play an active role with the participation of tanshinone IIA. Endogenous apoptosis is considered the main mechanism of tumor apoptosis induced by tanshinone IIA. Multiple pathways and targets play a role in the process of endogenous apoptosis. Tanshinone IIA can protect chemotherapy drugs, which is mainly reflected in the protection of the side effects of chemotherapy drugs, such as neurotoxicity and inhibition of the hematopoietic system. Tanshinone IIA also has a certain regulatory effect on tumor angiogenesis, which is mainly manifested in the control of hypoxia. Our findings indicated that tanshinone IIA is an effective treatment agent in the cardiovascular field and plays a significant role in antitumor therapeutics. This paper reviews the pharmacological potential and inhibitory effect of tanshinone IIA on cancer. It is greatly anticipated that tanshinone IIA will be employed as an adjuvant in the treatment of various cancers.

The combination of two natural medicines, Chuanxiong and Asarum: A review of the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities

Traditional Chinese medicine has been clinically used in China for many years, with experimental studies and clinical trials having demonstrated that it is safe and valid. Among many traditional natural medicines, Chuanxiong and Asarum have been proven to be effective in the treatment of relieving pain. Actually, as well as analgesic, they have common attributes, such as anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular benefits, and anticancer activities, with volatile oils being their major components. Furthermore, Chuanxiong and Asarum have been combined as drug pairs in the same prescription for thousands of years, with examples being Chuanxiong Chatiao San and Chuanxiongxixintang. More interestingly, their combination has better therapeutic effects on diseases than a single drug. After the combination of Chuanxiong and Asarum forms a blend, a series of changes take place in their chemical components, such as the contents of the main active ingredients, ferulic acid and ligustilide, increased significantly after this progress. At the same time, the pharmacological effects of the combination appearing to be more powerful, such as synergistic analgesic. This review focuses on the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Chuanxiong, Asarum, and Chuanxiong Asarum compositions.

Traditional Medicine - A Possible Stop Codon for COVID-19

: A novel coronavirus (2019-nCov) has wreak havoc across the globe, especially in the USA, Italy, Spain, France, Iran, UK, and China. The coronavirus infection has caused a pandemic (COVID-19), which is an acute infectious pneumonia of the 21st Century. 2019-nCov, being novel in nature has brought the world to a standstill and forced a global health emergency, which is attributed to the unavailability of viable antiviral drug, and the only options left are supportive care and non-specific treatment to improve the symptomatic conditions of patients. But still, it is not a permanent solution and there is a need to find an effective antiviral drug. The earlier reported SARS-CoV and recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 have similar homology in terms of epidemiology, genomics and pathogenesis, and it has been observed that the SARS-CoV was contained by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Thus, this review summarizes the information on natural traditional medicine, including Indian Ayurvedic Medicine and TCM having antiviral potential which have been used to control earlier pandemics, and their candidacy for the new drug development to control the COVID-19. In the wake of the current unprecedented situation, it is imperative to find effective and novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents by exploring traditional medicine which would be highly precise in action with minimal side effects.

A five-dimensional data collection strategy for multicomponent discovery and characterization in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Gastrodia Rhizoma as a case study

Establishing the identity of bioactive compounds to control the quality of Traditional Chinese Medicines is made more challenging by the complexity of the metabolite matrix, the existence of isomers, and the range of compound concentration and polarity observed between individual samples of the same plant in a multicomponent preparation. In addition, LC-MS analysis has limited capability for the separation and analysis of potentially important trace compounds and isomers, which hinders the comprehensive metabolite characterization of functional foods and Traditional Natural Medicine. To facilitate and improve the chemical composition characterization and enhance metabolite discernment, a comprehensive strategy was developed which integrates ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS) with offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and conventional reversed phase (RP) C18 chromatography. Through application of the HILIC × RP offline 2D-LC approach, trace compounds were enriched and separated promoting a more efficient and detailed analysis of the matrix complexity. Comprehensive non-targeted multidimensional data (Rt1D, Rt2D, MS, CCS and MS/MS) and data-independent-acquisition (DIA) mass data of the metabolites in complex food and drug samples were obtained in the IMS-DIA-MS/MS mode on a Waters-SYNAPT G2-Si mass spectrometer with an ESI source. Through the application of high-efficiency neutral loss (NLs) and diagnostic product ions (DPIs) filter strategies, information from DIA mass data permitted the rapid detection and identification of compounds. The identification coverage of metabolites with low-quality MS/MS data was also improved. In the absence of analytical standards, Collision Cross Section (CCS) prediction and matching strategies based on theoretical chemical structures provided a method to distingish isomers. To demonstrate the efficacy of the technique this comprehensive strategy was applied to the compound characterization of Gastrodia Rhizoma (GR). Characterization of 272 compounds was achieved, including 146 unreported compounds. The results affirm that this comprehensive five-dimensional data collection strategy has the capacity to support the in-depth study of the high level of chemical diversity in Traditional Chinese Medicines.

Toad venom: A comprehensive review of chemical constituents, anticancer activities, and mechanisms.

Toad venom, a traditional natural medicine, has been used for hundreds of years in China for treating different diseases. Many studies have been performed to elucidate the cardiotonic and analgesic activities of toad venom. Until the last decade, an increasing number of studies have documented that toad venom is a source of lead compound(s) for the development of potential cancer treatment drugs. Research has shown that toad venom contains 96 types of bufadienolide monomers and 23 types of indole alkaloids, such as bufalin, cinobufagin, arenobufagin, and resibufogenin, which exhibit a wide range of anticancer activities in vitro and, in particular, in vivo for a range of cancers. The main antitumor mechanisms are likely to be apoptosis or/and autophagy induction, cell cycle arrest, cell metastasis suppression, reversal of drug resistance, or growth inhibition of cancer cells. This review summarizes the chemical constituents of toad venom, analyzing their anticancer activities and molecular mechanisms for cancer treatments. We also outline the importance of further studies regarding the material basis and anticancer mechanisms of toad venom.