Natural History Museum Vienna Research Articles

From historical expedition diaries to whole genome sequencing: A case study of the likely extinct Red Sea torpedo ray

AbstractTorpedo rays (Torpedinidae, Torpediniformes) are small to moderately large batoids that produce an electric discharge. They are distributed worldwide in temperate and tropical seas and are, as a result of their bottom‐dwelling behaviour, susceptible to trawl fishing and often end up as victims of bycatch. The distribution ranges of most recognized species seem to be restricted; however, their species‐level systematics is not adequately resolved. In the genus Torpedo, in which many species require revision, there are possibly several undescribed species, while numerous misidentifications add to the complexity of the issue. In the latest lists of living rays, 13 species are accepted in the genus Torpedo, including three of doubtful validity and several recently discovered undescribed species. Among the valid species is the critically endangered, possibly extinct, Torpedo suessii Steindachner, 1898, the Red Sea torpedo, of which only four specimens have been recorded in the literature until now, three of which still exist in the fish collection of the Natural History Museum of Vienna. Museum collections are the most important archive of biodiversity on Earth, and are increasingly being used for various studies, including phylogenetics, population genomics, and biogeography. Nevertheless, molecular analysis of old museum material remains challenging because the genetic material has degraded, is fragmented, and of low quantity. In molecular taxonomy, the necessity of including type specimens as name‐bearing specimens is increasingly recognized. Here, the extended specimen approach was applied to re‐describe the lectotype of T. suessii. The approach included research of historical information and whole genome sequencing, followed by genome assembly and phylogenetic analysis.

Taxonomic history and review of the Förster genera of Platygastridae (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea)

Platygastridae is a ʻdark taxonʼ, with many genera and species in dire need of professional attention. The taxonomic impediment is especially severe in the Palearctic Platygastrinae due to the abundance of names with vague concepts. Historical descriptions and their associated type material must be examined and clarified before further revisionary work can occur. Arnold Förster described 18 genera of Platygastridae, most of which represent distinct and recognizable lineages. The present study reviews their taxonomic history, providing diagnostic remarks, English translations, and illustrations of important specimens from the Förster collection in the Natural History Museum Vienna. The collection also includes original exemplar specimens of European species whose types have been lost. Neotypes and lectotypes are designated from this material to improve nomenclatural stability in the group. Neotypes are designated for Amblyaspis forticornis (Nees, 1834), Isocybus grandis (Nees, 1834), Platygaster striolata Nees, 1834, and Trichacis tristis (Nees, 1834). Lectotypes are designated for Leptacis spinigera (Nees, 1834) comb. nov. and for Platygaster corvina Förster, 1861, with Platygaster henkvlugi Buhl, 1996 treated as a junior synonym. Platygaster mutica Nees, 1834 stat. rev., nomen dubium, is transferred from Synopeas.

Osteobiographical re-individualisation of the Selk'nam human remains at the Natural History Museum Vienna

Osteological collections are key sources of information in providing crucial insight into the lifestyles of past populations. In this article, we conduct an osteobiographical assessment of the human remains of fourteen Selk'nam individuals, which are now housed in the Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Austria. The aim is to bring these individuals closer to their communities of origin by using non-invasive methods aimed at rebuilding their biological profiles (i.e., age-at-death, biological sex and health status), adding to these with results from provenance research. This way, the human remains were assigned a new identity closer to their original one, through a process that we call ‘re-individualisation’. This is especially significant since it must be assumed that the individuals were exhumed against their cultural belief system. We conclude that building strong and long-lasting collaborations between Indigenous representatives and biological anthropologists has a pivotal role in research for reappraising Indigenous history.

Re-telling the story of Selk’nam ancestors

Museums are places characterised by collecting objects, displaying them for public education and also subjecting their collections to research. Yet knowledge can not only be created by using the collection for research. The history of a collection can also be reconstructed, albeit mostly in a fragmentary way. This is important when there is evidence that the collection was acquired in a colonial context, when the collection contains human remains and more so if these were taken from Indigenous peoples. Reconstructing the history of a collection can assist source communities in strengthening their identities and help to regain lost knowledge about their ancestors. This study analyses the provenance of fourteen crania and calvaria of the Selk’nam people from Tierra del Fuego, stored at the Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna. Additionally, the significance of these results and their meaning for today’s Selk’nam community Covadonga Ona will be contextualised within the framework of colonial history and museum systems.

The pathological anatomical collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna.

The pathological anatomical collection Vienna (Pathologisch-Anatomische Sammlung Wien; PASW) is aliving and still growing research collection. It was established as early as 1796 as part of the Medical University of Vienna, acquired the status of an independent federal museum in 1971, and was assigned to the Natural History Museum Vienna in 2012. It houses awide range of human wet and dry specimens and further objects, such as moulages, medical devices, microbiological and histological specimens, and aphoto archive (approximately 50,000objects), which, as ameaningful source, may contribute to disclosing not only aspects of the medical history and the development of corresponding museums in Vienna, but is also considered acollection of cultural and current scientific relevance, quite comparable to today's biobanks. Most of the tissue amassment represents wet organic specimens and human skeletons or skeletal elements representing, e.g., congenital and metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, injuries, neoplasms, or musculoskeletal diseases, basically collected as descriptive anatomical teaching aids. This article reviews the current medical issues on which research has been and is being conducted by including PASW specimens (hereby using the ICD-10 code), and the extent to and ethical conditions under which this important heritage could be used as areference collection for clinical and bioanthropological (paleopathological and palaeoepidemiological) studies; finally, this article reflects on the value and future research prospects, taking into account different positions and the ongoing discussions in pathological anatomical human tissue collections.

A new species, Cricotopus cataractaenostocicola, living in a cyanobacterial colony on vertical rocky substrates with trickling water film in Japan (Diptera: Chironomidae).

Trickling water on nearly vertical rocky substrates is a common feature of mountainous regions of Japan. The thin water film is inhabited by discoid colonies of the cyanobacteria Nostoc. This species resembles the North American Nostoc parmelioides Ktzing, which forms ear-like colonies in stream beds and is inhabited by symbiotic chironomid larvae. The Nostoc colony in Japan was inhabited by a chironomid larva inside a ring-shaped burrow in the colony. Morphological analyses suggested that these individuals belong to a new species closely related to Cricotopus spp. symbiotic with Nostoc parmelioides. Here, we described the chironomid species Cricotopus cataractaenostocicola sp. nov. The species was distinguished from other congeneric species mainly by the morphology of male hypopygia. It has an anal point and long setae on the outside of the gonocoxite, and does not have setae near the apex of the inner lobe in the gonocoxite. Almost all the Nostoc colonies contained one large larva or pupa. The outer layer of the chironomid-symbiotic Nostoc colony had an elastic hardness. The 3D computer tomography (3DCT) scan showed a connected network of internal passages that are sufficiently wide to be traversed by the larvae, suggesting that cavities are present for the larvae to pass through. Future studies should investigate the formation of cavities and their purpose. As pioneers in the observation of living organisms using 3DCT, we provided the CT data to the Natural History Museum in Vienna.

Confirmed identity of Hebrus montanus Kolenati, 1857 (Hemiptera: Hebridae) based on types

The current interpretation of the West Palaearctic species Hebrus montanus Kolenati, 1857 is confirmed by morphological studies of the five syntypes housed in the Natural History Museum Vienna. The single male is designated as the lectotype and described in detail.

A new subspecies of the Asiatic softshell turtle Amyda ornata (Gray, 1861) from its northern distribution range

We describe a new subspecies ofAmyda ornata(Gray, 1861) from the southeastern parts of Bangladesh (Chittagong hill tracts), adjacent regions of north-eastern India (Mizoram, Assam and Tripura) and Myanmar, based on morphological characteristics. The holotype comprises some skeletal elements held by the Natural History Museum of Vienna; the five paratypes consist of living specimens in the private collection of PP “Turtle Island” (a turtle conservation zoo in Graz, Austria). After the genetic identity had been determined in a previous investigation, the morphological description was carried out by examining living specimens and photo documents; and additionally, by evaluating the computed tomography of further living animals with exact location data.Amyda ornata jonglissp. nov. differs from the otherAmyda ornatasubspecies mainly by its relatively compact and stout head in subadults and adults, its paler, greyish and less contrasting colouration missing distinct bright yellow pigments, ochre-coloured irises, and the existence of more distinct tubercles in the neck region and in the posterior section of the carapace than both other subspecies ofAmyda ornata. The tubercles along the front of the carapace protrude clearly in subadult and adult specimens. This softshell turtle is heavily exploited within its limited distribution. Therefore, special comments on conservation aspects are given together with a final discussion on distribution and systematics.

Microarchitecture of historic bone samples with tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is among the leading causes of death from infectious diseases and affects many organ systems, including the skeleton. Skeletal tuberculosis is an extrapulmonary stage of tuberculosis, which occurs after the early and post-primary pulmonary stages of the disease. The aim of our study was to assess the microarchitecture of historic dry bone samples of subjects who have died of tuberculosis documented by post-mortem examinations. These preparations date to the pre-antibiotic era, and were provided by the Pathological-Anatomical Collection in the “Fools Tower” of the Natural History Museum Vienna (PASiN-NHM).We investigated macerated samples of 20 vertebral bodies, 19 femoral heads, and 20 tibiae of a total of 59 individuals diagnosed with tuberculosis from the nineteenth and early twentieth century. 10 femora and 10 tibiae from body donors that did not exhibit signs of infection and 10 (unaffected) vertebrae kept at the PASiN-NHM were studied as controls. The affected regions of the bone samples (and the corresponding regions of the control bones) were analyzed by microcomputed tomography using a Viscom X 8060 II system. Obtained images were analyzed semi-quantitatively. In samples with tuberculosis, independent of the investigated skeletal region, trabecular defects and decreased trabecular thickness were observed. Cortical porosity was seen in affected vertebrae and tibia; in tuberculous tibiae (but not in the femora) cortical thickness was decreased. In half of the individuals, cortical sclerosis was present; signs of ankylosis were observed mainly at the femoral heads affected with tuberculosis. We conclude that a combination of several alterations at the trabecular compartment could be suggestive of the presence of tuberculosis in historic skeletal remains.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00508-022-02017-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Supplementary descriptions of seven eriophyoid mite species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) recovered from the Viennese Nalepa collection and comparison with Japanese species

The reason for this study was to compare the morphology of mites from three Japanese samples with topotypes from the Nalepa collection, in order to correctly identify them. With this purpose eriophyoid specimens were recovered from five vials of the Nalepa mite collection in the Natural History Museum of Vienna. We identified seven species and a new combination is established for one of them - Aceria thomasi and Aculops thymi, from two vials labeled Thymus serpyllum (Lamiaceae); Eriophyes spiraeae from a vial labeled Spiraea crenifolia (Rosaceae); and Peralox longirostris n. comb., Shevtchenkella ulmi, Aceria filiformis and Aculus mastigophorus from two vials labeled Ulmus campestris (Ulmaceae). A supplementary description is presented for these species. The Japanese samples were collected from ‘Shiso’, Perilla frutescens var. crispa (Lamiaceae), from Spiraea thunbergia (Rosaceae) and from Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae). The mites collected from ‘Shiso’ were identified as A. thymi, but the other two Japanese samples did not match the topotypes. These two samples may be new species and require further taxonomic studies.

Franz Tappeiner (1816-1902): The physician who became headhunter. Portrait of a leading figure in 19th Century anthropology.

Franz Tappeiner (1816, Laas - 1902, Merano) was an Austrian physician and anthropologist. He studied at the universities of Prague, Padua and Vienna and in 1846 he moved to Merano. Tappeiner investigated the transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis in animal models and he dealt with public health. As an anatomist, he performed thousands of craniometrics measurements, creating a huge skull collection later donated to the Natural History Museum in Vienna. In 1878, Tappeiner turned to archeology and palaeoanthropology, with the aim of clarifying the origins of the Alpine population of Tyroleans. He was also active as a botanist.

Revised typifications of Isochilus pauciflorus Cogn. (Orchidaceae, Laeliinae) and its synonyms

Faced with ambiguities in a previous typification of Isochilus pauciflorus Cogn., we present a revised typification of this name and comment on its synonyms. Our current study reviews the original materials in open databases of the 23 main herbaria that house orchids from A. Duss, A. Cogniaux or H. G. Reichenbach. Among specimens filed as types, a lectotype (BR0000013217891) is recognized and a presumed isotype (NY00059032) is rejected. However, the lectotype material is not sufficient for precise application of the name. Thus, we designate an epitype based on the specimen K000079638 which refers to the heterotypic synonym Ponera punctulata Rchb. f. to support the name I. pauciflorus. Furthermore, the holotype of P. punctulata commonly accepted and used in the literature is said to be in the Reichenbach Orchid Herbarium, at the Natural History Museum in Vienna (Austria). Unfortunately, this unique gathering is no longer extant or is missing there, but a photograph is available. From this picture, we show that this specimen was not original material, so it was not the holotype. We therefore designate a neotype of P. punctulata Rchb. f. supported by the specimen K000079638. In addition, we designate an epitype of Tetragamestus isochiloides Regel (LE00011188), heterotypic synonym of these above taxa. Finally, the type of Hexadesmia dunstervillei Garay, AMES00287200, is demonstrated to be a lectotype, not a holotype.

Review of Trachysphaera Heller, 1858 (Diplopoda: Glomerida: Glomeridae) in Serbia, with taxonomic notes on the genus.

The glomerid genus Trachysphaera Heller, 1858 in Serbia is revised, based on recently collected specimens and historical material. Six species are presently recorded from Serbia, viz., Trachysphaera corcyraea (Verhoeff, 1900), T. cristangula (Attems, 1943), T. schmidtii Heller, 1858, and T. similicostata (Radu Ceuca, 1951), all new to the fauna of the country, as well as T. costata (Waga, 1857a) and T. lobotarsus (Attems, 1943). All of these species are richly illustrated and mapped. To verify the identity of some species, historical material from the Natural History Museum in Vienna, including syntypes, is also studied, and two lectotypes have been designated. Some misidentifications from the literature have been corrected. Trachysphaera acutula (Latzel, 1884) syn. n., T. cultrifera (Verhoeff, 1906) syn. n. and T. multiclavigera (Verhoeff, 1898) syn. n. are all considered as junior subjective synonyms of T. schmidtii. Trachysphaera attemsi Golovatch, 1976 syn. n. is transferred from the list of synonyms of T. costata to the list of synonyms of T. corcyraea. One species, T. similicostata, is resurrected from synonymy. Relationships between some congeners and the taxonomic problems within the genus are briefly discussed.

New synonyms of Euconnus/ (Tetramelus/) kraussi/ Reitter, 1880 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae).

The subgenus Tetramelus Motschulsky, 1869 with its currently 109 palaearctic species, is the largest Palaearctic subgenus of the largest world scydmaenine genus Euconnus Thomson, 1859. The nomenclatural validity of the subgenus-name has been recently supported by a detailed morphological study (Jałoszyński 2015). Euconnus (Tetramelus) kraussi was described by Edmund Reitter (1881a), with the type locality indicated as Caucasus, Martkopi. This was the second species of the subgenus Tetramelus known to occur in the entire Caucasus region, after Euconnus (Tetramelus) reitteri Saulcy, 1878, the latter with unknown type locality. The former was treated as a junior synonym of the latter by Croissandeau (1898), and as a subspecies by Karaman (1973). A modern redescription and illustration of the aedeagus was given by Vít Hlaváč (1998), together with a key to all species of Tetramelus known at that time from the Caucasus. Castellini (2006: 102) placed Euconnus (Tetramelus) kraussi as a junior synonym of Euconnus (Tetramelus) reitteri. This taxonomic act was based just on the similarity of aedeagi of these two taxa illustrated by Vít Hlaváč (1998). No type material was studied. Euconnus (Tetramelus) reitteri is smaller, only 1.25-1.30 mm long, against 1.40-1.60 mm for Euconnus (Tetramelus) kraussi. To combine this with differences on the aedeagus and with the allopatric distribution, we regard these two forms as two different species. Later, two new species were described, Euconnus (Tetramelus) marinae Franz, 1979, the type locality "Kachetien nächst Shuamta" and Euconnus (Tetramelus) nachuzrischwilii Franz, 1986, the type locality "nördlich von Anamuri in etwa 1000 m". Both were included in the key of Vít Hlaváč (1998). The type material of both these species was found well-preserved in the Natural History Museum in Vienna (NMW), and thanks to Dr. Harald Schillhammer it was available to the senior author for study. A detailed study of this material proved that both species were conspecific with Euconnus (Tetramelus) kraussi, and their synonymy is formally established here. We are also providing new records for this species, which is so far endemic to eastern Georgia, well delimited by the Meskheti-Likhi range. The material treated in this study is deposited in the following collections: MNHN - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; NMW - Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria; PCAP - private collection of Andreas Pütz, Eisenhüttenstadt, Germany; PCHM - private collection of Heinrich Meybohm, Großhansdorf, Germany; PCMS - private collection of Michael Schülke, Berlin, Germany; PCPH - private collection of Peter Hlaváč, Prague, Czech Republic. The distributional map was created using Encarta software.

Lime-based Sacrificial Layers – Evaluation of a Traditional Conservation Method Applied in an Urban Environment

The use of modified lime slurry as a sacrificial layer to protect the original porous substrate has a long tradition in the practice of building and monument conservation in Austria. This paper presents the results of analyses performed on the Natural History Museum Vienna to get more insight into the long-term performance of this conservation method. Stone surfaces on the facade and roof area, covered with an acrylic tempered lime sacrificial layer and subsequently made water-repellent, were tested in situ and in the laboratory. Whilst coatings in the exposed zones were completely vanished in certain areas, the samples from the facade were in a good condition even after nearly twenty years of exposure. Hydrophobic activity could be verified up to a depth of five mm in the porous stone substrates. Despite the general good state of preservation of most surfaces, the existence of highly hydrophobic substrates will definitely restrict the implementation of any future sustainable conservation effort.

Checklist of Pseudoscorpions (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones) of Albania.

A checklist is presented comprising 42 species in 21 genera and 10 families of the arachnid order Pseudoscorpiones from Albania. Two taxa are identified only to the genus level -Neobisium Chamberlin, 1930 and Roncus L. Koch, 1873. The checklist was constructed according to available published data, material deposited in the Natural History Museum in Vienna and newly collected material. Individual families contained the following numbers of species: Chthoniidae (8), Neobisiidae (13), Garypinidae (1), Geogarypidae (2), Olpiidae (1), Cheiridiidae (1), Atemnidae (1), Cheliferidae (7), Chernetidae (7) and Withiidae (1). Sixteen species and four families (Garypinidae, Cheiridiidae, Atemnidae, Withiidae) are recorded for the first time in Albania -Chthonius jonicus Beier, 1931, C. rhodochelatus Hadži, 1933,C. tenuis L. Koch, 1873, Ephippiochthonius serbicus (Hadži, 1937), E. tuberculatus (Hadži, 1937), Amblyolpium dollfusi Simon, 1898, Geogarypus italicus Gardini, Galli and Zinni, 2017, Apocheiridium ferum (Simon, 1879), Atemnus syriacus (Beier, 1955), Beierochelifer peloponnesiacus (Beier, 1929), Hysterochelifer cyprius (Beier, 1929), H. meridianus (L. Koch, 1873), Rhacochelifer peculiaris (L. Koch, 1873), Dinocheirus panzeri (C.L. Koch, 1837), Lamprochernes chyzeri (Tömösváry, 1883) and Withius piger (Simon, 1878). Moreover, A. dollfusi and G. italicus are newly recorded from the Balkans. Data on European distribution, habitat preferences and taxonomic considerations are reported. The Albanian pseudoscorpion fauna is compared with that of other Balkan countries.

Neotype designation for Thymallus aeliani Valenciennes, 1848 from a museum topotype specimen and its affiliation with Adriatic grayling on the basis of mitochondrial DNA.

In 1848, the grayling Thymallus aeliani (Valenciennes) was described from Lake Maggiore, Italy, in the north Adriatic basin. Genetic analyses of the mitochondrial control region showed a unique evolutionary history of grayling inhabiting the rivers of northern Adriatic basin, from the upper reaches of the Po River and its left tributaries in the west to the Soča River in the east, which resulted in the designation of this phylogenetic lineage as Adriatic grayling. Consequently, the name T. aeliani was connected to the Adriatic lineage, re-establishing the validity of this taxon. However, the mitochondrial haplotypes belonging to Adriatic grayling were never compared with the type specimens of T. aeliani, as their whereabouts were unknown. In this study, a neotype for T. aeliani was designated using topotypical specimens stored at the Natural History Museum in Vienna. The neotype (NMW 68027:2 labelled as “Lago Maggiore, Bellotti, 1880”) was designated pursuant to the conditions stipulated in Article 75.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Furthermore, the mitochondrial control region of the neotype was compared to haplotypes of the Adriatic lineage and showed high genetic similarity, which therefore connects the species name T. aeliani to the Adriatic grayling. This crucial step in fixing nomenclatural status of this species is very important for its protection and management.

Mayfly types and additional material (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) examined by F.-J. Pictet and A.-E. Pictet, housed in the Museums of Natural History of Geneva and Vienna

Here we revise the entire Ephemeroptera collection of F.-J. Pictet deposited in the Natural History Museum of Geneva (MHNG) and voucher specimens housed in the Natural History Museum of Vienna (NMW). Due to several unforeseen turns of events, the MHNG collection was already in bad condition at the end of the 19th century. However, the specimens sent by V. Kollar to F.-J. Pictet, and used by the latter for his monograph (1843-1845), have been well curated after their return to the NMW and allow an important nomenclatural change. The species Baetis forcipulaF.-J. Pictet, 1843 is now considered a junior subjective synonym of Ephemera venosaFabricius, 1775, currently Ecdyonurus (Ecdyonurus) venosus (Fabricius, 1775). The specimens described by Thomas in 1968b from southwestern France under the name Ecdyonurus forcipula (F.-J. Pictet, 1843) belong to a new species, Ecdyonurus alaini Bauernfeind sp. nov., which is described herein. Mayfly specimens described by F.-J. Pictet's son, A.-E. Pictet, are also reviewed. Furthermore, information is provided on some other valuable specimens housed in the MHNG and NMW, such as Ametropus fragilisAlbarda, 1878 which was already collected in Italy in the 19th century, or Rhithrogena cinctaNavás, 1921 from the Spanish Pyrenees, which is the second specimen currently known of this species.

The St. Veit Klippen Unit in Vienna (Austria) – Jurassic to Cretaceous biostratigraphy and facies based on historical fossil collections

Abstract Historical fossil assemblages from the Lower Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of the Sankt Veit Klippen Unit (SVK) on the western outskirts of Vienna were re-evaluated. Collections of the material from the St. Veit Klippen Unit comprise 3497 specimens. An appropriate nomenclature was used, and the taxonomy was partly revised. Historical collections from Franz Toula (1845–1920) and Friedrich Trauth (1883–1967) were investigated in the collections of the Natural History Museum Vienna, the Geological Survey Vienna, the Department of Geology and the Department of Palaeontology (both University Vienna). Additional collections were studied in the district museums Hietzing (13th district Vienna) and Liesing (23rd district Vienna), in the district municipal office of Hietzing and in the Wienerwald Museum (Eichgraben, Lower Austria). The study area is situated in the easternmost part of the St. Veit Klippen Unit in the Wienerwald (Vienna Woods), part of the 13th Viennese district Hietzing. New data allowed a revision of the biostratigraphy of several lithological units of the SVK. Two main fossil complexes could be distinguished: 1) the Hohenauer Wiese assemblage from the wildlife park Lainz (= “Lainzer Tiergarten”) and 2) the Glasauer quarry assemblage from St. Veit.

New water strider species of Eurymetra from Madagascar (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae)

The Madagascan material of the halobatine genus Eurymetra Esaki, 1926 (Hemi­ptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae: Halobatinae), which is deposited at the Natural History Museum Vienna, is revised. A close examination of “Eurymetra madagascariensis Poisson, 1945” revealed two new species, Eurymetra santamariae sp. nov. and Eurymetra papaceki sp. nov. A definition of the newly established Eurymetra madagascariensis species group is provided as well as keys to the freshwater halobatine genera and to Eurymetra species known from Madagascar.