Natural Equivalent Research Articles

Bismuth–tellurium (Bi–Te) oxide compositionally analogous to smirnite (Bi2TeO5) from an alluvial goethite–gold aggregate: First occurrence in South America and its significance

Smirnite is the natural equivalent of Bi2TeO5, a compound that has piezoelectrical and nonlinear optical properties. The mineral has rarely been described worldwide. Here, we describe the finding of a Bi–Te oxide, compositionally similar to the mineral smirnite, from an alluvial gold nugget. The mineral occurs within a goethite pseudomorph after arsenopyrite, forming an aggregate with the nugget gold. Electron-microprobe analyses gave an empirical stoichiometry of (Bi1.6,Fe0.2)1.8Te1.1O5, on the basis of five atoms of oxygen. The occurrence of smirnite in the municipality of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, is noteworthy because the mineral: (i) is described in South America for the first time; (ii) represents a provenance indicator, connecting the gold nugget to auriferous quartz lodes with primary Bi–Te minerals in the Mariana anticline; (iii) indicates that Bi and Te were retained by goethite formation during oxidative weathering of gold deposits; (iv) has the critical metals Bi and Te as essential components, which should be considered in the economic evaluation of gold prospects as strategically important byproducts, in addition to the potential use of Bi and Te in the weathering zone as pathfinder elements to gold mineralisation at depth.

Chesterman’s Pragmatic Strategies in Translating Sundanese Folklore Into English

English scholar and translator Andrew Chesterman offers three major strategies of translation when dealing with any kind of source texts: syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. Moreover, these three strategies can be applied either separately or with two or all three of them used together depending on the need to get a natural equivalent in the target text. This article is about the emergence of one of Chesterman’s strategies – the pragmatic strategies - in the translation of Sundanese folklore from the Sundanese language into the English target text. The Sundanese language is a local language spoken by Sundanese people mostly living in West Java, Indonesia. Its existence is in such a critical situation that if there are no efforts from any communities, institutions, or government to preserve it, this local language will gradually go extinct. This research is one of the ways to participate in preserving the language. Using Chesterman’s concept of pragmatic strategies, this research aims to reveal the emergence of each type of pragmatic strategy in the English target text and identify the most dominant strategy used. The method used is a descriptive qualitative method focusing on the use of words either in the linguistic unit of the clause, the phrase or the word itself. The efforts made by the translator in giving the closest natural equivalent in the target text can be observed in the results of this research. The results show that all types of pragmatic strategies were used, but the strategy used most frequently was the explicitness change strategy.

Quarks species in a cold genesis theory; theoretic implications of a Vortical quark model

By the author’s cold genesis theory (CGT), based on the Galileian relativity, it was argued the possibility to explain the massic spectrum of the elementary particles by two species of preonic quasi-crystalline quarks: A) preonics –formed by basic preons z0(34 me) which form bosonic preons z2(4z0) and zpi(7z0) , and B) quarkonics – formed by 3n preonic quarks (4≥n≥1) (mainly –v- or/and s-quarks) or as crystalline cluster of 7x5 = 35 preonic or quarkonic quarks: (p+;n−) –nucleonic quarks or l±, s±,v± -preonic quarks, or c- or b- quarkonic quarks, (‚charm’, ‚botton’), in two flavors: f=1-of Standard model’s variant and f = 2 –of Souza/CGT’s variant. Because the basic z0-preons are explained as cluster of paired degenerate electrons, the strong forces between quarks and particles can be naturally explained by the existence of a permanent etherono-quantonic vortex around the super-dense kernel of electron generated by etherono-quantonic winds of the quantum vacuum and by an etheronic centripetal force of Magnus type. As consequence, in CGT can be argued a model of‚ gravistar’ having a shell of dark energy but also of photons vortexed around a rotational hard core (HC) of black hole type which –by matter→energy conversion can obtain periodically an antigravitic (pseudo)charge MA, by the releasing of heavy etherons of the destroyed degenerate electrons’ vortices. The antigravitic field of an enough high value of MA, produced by the friction between the surface of an internal hard core (HCi) of HC, of black hole type, and the interior surface of a crystalline shell of current strange cold quarks, HCe, could be –in this case, a natural equivalent of the‚ dilaton’ field considered in the EMD theories.

Explicitation Strategy in Translating Indonesian Novel into English

This research article is about the use of translation strategy namely explicitation in the translation of a novel from Indonesian into English. The data source is an Indonesian novel entitled Lelaki Harimau written by Eka Kurniawan and its English translation, Man Tiger as the data source. The translation of a novel from Indonesian into English may not as many as the translation work from English into Indonesian. The novel creates commands and critics regarding its content as well as its language use. It is interesting to see how Indonesian culture reflected in the novel is presented in English through translation. The translator tries to do his best to provide equal information in the target language text as given in the source language text. The uniqueness in the source language text needs a hard work to do in delivering the closest natural equivalent in the target language text. Untranslatability is no longer issue as there are strategies of translation that can be applied, one of them is explicitation. The explicitation strategy used is the one proposed by Klaudy. Using descriptive qualitative method, this research is aimed at revealing the kind of information being explicitated, the forms of explicitation used, and the semantic information of the words explicitated. The results show that the kind of information is both cultural and non-cultural, and the forms of explicitation identified are all five of them and semantically all the words being explicitated become clearer, specific, and more informative

A total Cuntz semigroup for C*-algebras of stable rank one

In this paper, we show that for unital, separable C*-algebras of stable rank one and real rank zero, the unitary Cuntz semigroup functor and the functor K⁎ are natural equivalent. Then we introduce a refinement of the unitary Cuntz semigroup, say the total Cuntz semigroup, which is a new invariant for separable C⁎-algebras of stable rank one, is a well-defined continuous functor from the category of C⁎-algebras of stable rank one to the category Cu_. We prove that this new functor and the functor K_ are naturally equivalent for unital, separable, K-pure C⁎-algebras. Therefore, the total Cuntz semigroup is a complete invariant for a large class of C⁎-algebras of real rank zero.

Influence of Frictional Melt on the Seismic Cycle: Insights From Experiments on Rock Analog Material

AbstractThe formation of frictional melt likely impacts the coseismic and, when solidified (pseudotachylyte), the interseismic strength of faults. Here we investigate these effects through experiments using a new energy‐controlled rotary shear machine (ECoR) on simulated faults made of a transparent rock analog material (polymethyl‐methacrylate). As in nature, ECoR allows (a) elastic strain energy to accumulate at different loading rates and (b) the spontaneous nucleation of slip events. ECoR is equipped with a high‐speed camera, thermocouples, and transducers to monitor the surface, temperature, and acoustic emissions (AEs), respectively. We perform experiments at normal stresses of ∼3.5 MPa across loading rates from 0.15 MPa/s, phase A, to 2.5 MPa/s, phases B‐C‐D. In phase A, the temperature remains constant, and slip events occur without visible melting every 3.3–6.4 s with 0.5–0.7 MPa stress drops and 3–7 mm displacements. In phases B‐C, slip events occur in the presence of melts every 0.5–0.9 s, and the bulk temperature increases progressively. Melt solidification increases static friction yielding slip events with stress drops up to 5 MPa and displacements up to 3 cm. Samples produce high‐frequency AEs during slip acceleration and deceleration. Once the bulk temperature reaches ∼110°C, a “final” and silent long displacement event occurs in the presence of melts (phase D). Experimental observations suggest that melt formation modulates the coseismic (flash melting, melt lubrication, and viscous braking) and interseismic (welding) stages. Furthermore, AEs associated with coseismic fault weakening and strengthening may have their natural equivalent and could be observed in seismograms through near‐fault instrumentation.

AN ANALYSIS OF TWO ENGLISH VERSIONS OF TUNE: CHOU NU ER WRITTEN ON THE WALL ON MY WAY TO BOSHAN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE THEORY

Song Ci is a treasure in the history of Chinese classical literature. As one of the representative works of Song Ci by Xin Qiji, a bold and unconstrained poet, Tune: Chou Nu Er Written on the Wall on My Way to Boshan has been favored by many translators at home and abroad, and there are many English versions in existence. The translation theory of "Functional Equivalence" points out that "Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style". Translation contains not only lexical equivalence, but also semantic equivalence, stylistic equivalence, and conveys superficial lexical information and deep cultural information. Poetry stands on the beauty of sound, meaning and form, and also has a great cultural connotation. Therefore, it is necessary to convey the source language information and reproduce the cultural connotation in translation. Based on this, this paper takes two English versions of Tune: Chou Nu Er Written on the Wall on My Way to Boshan as the research object, analyzes the functional equivalence in poetry translation from three aspects: meaning, sound and form, and discusses the guiding significance and rationality of functional equivalence theory in the translation of Song Ci.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0591/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Marchettiite, (NH4)C5H3N4O3, a new organic mineral from Mount Cervandone, Devero Valley, Western–Central Alps, Italy

ABSTRACTThe new mineral marchettiite (IMA2017-066) is the natural equivalent of ammonium hydrogen urate. It has a simple molecular formula C5H7N5O3 and can be alternatively written as (NH4)C5H3N4O3. Marchettiite was found in a cleft at Mount Cervandone, Devero Valley, Piedmont, Italy, where it occurs as aggregates of opaque pale pink to white, platy prismatic crystals. This mineral has a white streak, dull and opaque lustre, it is not fluorescent and has a hardness of 2–2.5 (Mohs’ scale). The tenacity is brittle and crystals have a good cleavage parallel to {001}. The calculated density is 1.69 g/cm3. Marchettiite is biaxial (–) with 2V of 47.24°; the optical properties of marchettiite were determined by periodic-DFT methods providing the following values: α = 1.372, β = 1.681 and γ = 1.768. No twinning was observed. Electron microprobe analyses gave the following chemical formula: C4.99H6.97N4.91O3.00. Although the small crystal size did not allow refinement of structural data by single-crystal diffraction, we were able to refine the structure by powder micro X-ray diffraction. Marchettiite has space group P$\bar{1}$ and the following unit-cell parameters: a = 3.6533(2) Å, b = 10.2046(7) Å, c = 10.5837(7) Å, α = 113.809(5)°, β = 91.313(8)°, γ = 92.44(1)° and V = 360.312 Å3. The strongest lines in the powder diffraction pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 9.784(50)(001); 8.663(80)(01$\bar{1}$); 5.659(100)(011); 3.443(100)(10$\bar{1}$); 3.241(70)(003) and 3.158(100)(1$\bar{1}\bar{1})$. Marchettiite is named after Gianfranco Marchetti, the mineral collector who found this mineral.

Alteration in the Translation of Indonesian Novel into English

This research article discusses one of the adjustment techniques namely alteration found in the translation of an Indonesian novel into English. The data source is an Indonesian novel entitled Lelaki Harimau and its translation in English, Man Tiger. The novel in the source language shows sophisticated style of writing involving the use of poetic as well as expressive words that it becomes a challenging task for the translator to find the equivalents. It needs a special skill to provide the same messages to the readers of the target language text. It is therefore the translation involves not only one kind of adjustment but also two other kinds under Nida’s adjustment techniques as an effort to get the closest and natural equivalent. This research just focuses on the third kind of adjustment technique, alteration. The objectives of this research are to reveal the types of alteration adjustment technique found in the first one hundred sentences of the novel considered as the introduction part and to identify the kind of information adjusted. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. The results show that all types of alteration adjustment technique are involved and the kinds of information adjusted are syntactical as well as cultural.

Programmable Matter: The Nanoparticle Atom and DNA Bond.

Colloidal crystal engineering with DNA has led to significant advances in bottom-up materials synthesis and a new way of thinking about fundamental concepts in chemistry. Here, programmable atom equivalents (PAEs), comprised of nanoparticles (the "atoms") functionalized with DNA (the "bonding elements"), are assembled through DNA hybridization into crystalline lattices. Unlike atomic systems, the "atom" (e.g., the nanoparticle shape, size, and composition) and the "bond" (e.g., the DNA length and sequence) can be tuned independently, yielding designer materials with unique catalytic, optical, and biological properties. In this review, nearly three decades of work that have contributed to the evolution of this class of programmable matter is chronicled, starting from the earliest examples based on gold-core PAEs, and then delineating how advances in synthetic capabilities, DNA design, and fundamental understanding of PAE-PAE interactions have led to new classes of functional materials that, in several cases, have no natural equivalent.

A Study on Functional Equivalence in Translation of Lyric Prose — A Case of Autumn in Peiping by Zhang Peiji

The Functional Equivalence Theory put forward by Eugene Nida, an American translation theorist, notes that translation is a process of using the closest and most natural equivalent in the target language to reproduce the information of the source language. It emphasizes the equivalence of information content and form, and prose translation aims to convey information and reproduce the style of the source text. Therefore, the Functional Equivalence Theory has great application space in the text analysis of prose translation. In this paper, the author discusses how to apply the theory of Functional Equivalence to the translating of modern Chinese lyric prose into English. Taking Autumn in Peiping translated by Zhang Peiji as a case study, the author of this paper explores how the translator achieved equivalence in lexical, syntactical and stylistic aspects on the ground of citing typical examples. The method of qualitative research is used in this paper. In the framework of the Functional Equivalence Theory, the author tries to analyze and evaluate how word choice, sentence structure and style function in conveying the meaning of the source text. It is found that the theory of Functional Equivalence is of guidance in analyzing the translation effect of Autumn in Peiping. Lexically, equivalence is realized through correspondence, non-correspondence and zero in semantic translation. Syntactically, the translator used different sentence structures and cohesive devices to convey the intended meaning. Stylistically, some workable strategies are adopted to deal with translation difficulties in expressive function and aesthetic appeal.

The emergence of valency in colloidal crystals through electron equivalents.

Colloidal crystal engineering of complex, low-symmetry architectures is challenging when isotropic building blocks are assembled. Here we describe an approach to generating such structures based upon programmable atom equivalents (nanoparticles functionalized with many DNA strands) and mobile electron equivalents (small particles functionalized with a low number of DNA strands complementary to the programmable atom equivalents). Under appropriate conditions, the spatial distribution of the electron equivalents breaks the symmetry of isotropic programmable atom equivalents, akin to the anisotropic distribution of valence electrons or coordination sites around a metal atom, leading to a set of well-defined coordination geometries and access to three new low-symmetry crystalline phases. All three phases represent the first examples of colloidal crystals, with two of them having elemental analogues (body-centred tetragonal and high-pressure gallium), while the third (triple double-gyroid structure) has no known natural equivalent. This approach enables the creation of complex, low-symmetry colloidal crystals that might find use in various technologies.

THE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH IDIOMS USING PART OF THE BODY IN NOVEL “THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER” BY MARK TWAIN AND THEIR IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION INTO INDONESIAN

According to Larson (1984) there are two kinds of translation, they are literal and idiomatic translation. Literalism can only be avoided by carefully analysis of the source language (SL) understanding clearly the message to communicate. Idiomatic translations use the natural forms of the receptor language (RL) and the basic overriding principle is that an idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the SL. Nida (1974) states that translating consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the message, first in meaning and secondly in term of style or it is called Dynamic Equivalent. Both theories are applicable to analyze the data which are collected from bilingual novel from Mark Twain “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” and in Indonesian from Abdoel Moeis “Tom Sawyer”. The analysis of the data is presented descriptively, in order to find the English Idioms using part of the body include the word ear, eye, face, hand, heart, head, nose, and tongue

Culture in Translation: A Comparative study of the role played by Culture in Literary Translation

Human Language is one of the most prominent achievements of man in the course of evolution. These languages are intrinsic, multifaceted as well as extremely capricious. Yet, it is also crucial to identify that comprehension of the language of a certain community is the right way, if not the only way towards understanding the culture of the respective community. Culture encompasses a gamut of attributes varying from the assortment of dishes catering to our rich palate to styles of communication and translation which is the process of reproducing the receptor language the nearest natural equivalent of the source language, aids in transcending the language barriers existing amidst communities and universalising cultures. This study examines the role played by culture in the process of translation with special reference to Martin Wickramasinghe’s Madol Doova and its’ English Translation by Ashley Halpe. By means of secondary sources and a highly qualitative approach, which predominantly comprised content analysis of the afore mentioned literature, the study explores the cultural concepts inherent to Sri Lanka and the methods employed by the translator to transfer the notions behind them without any distortion to the source text as well as their purpose, efficacy and success. The findings suggest that there is an undeniable, rather an influential role portrayed by culture in creative fiction, and that it could be successfully transcended upon the depth of understanding the translator has on both source and target cultures, the techniques he or she employs as well as the creative use of language.

Privileged access to drugs in Russia and differential inflation of its monetary substitute

Abstract Background and Objectives One of the most acute problems of current healthcare in Russia is the absence of drug provision in ambulatory care. Only invalids and war veterans are eligible for the free drugs. In 2005 this and other natural privileges were monetized - eligible people were offered to opt out for the money equivalent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the monetary substitution of the social services, specifically the inflation of the money substitution of drugs. Materials and Methods We use the official state statistics and evaluate the inflation using the official inflation rate and using the BigMac Index from 2005 to 2019. Results Over the past 10 years, the nominal value of the monetary equivalent of the set of social services has grown by 149% in nominal prices (from 450 to 1121 roubles, years 2005-2018). Official inflation over these years was 197%. Measured by BigMac Index the set of social services depreciated from 10.7 to 8.3. The cost of the drug provision subset had depreciated even more - from 9.52 to 6.39 units. The pensions during this period had increased in nominal, inflation-adjusted monetary size, and as measured by BigMac index. A set of social services in the natural equivalent decreased by 22.4%. The drug subset had depreciated even more - by 67.1%. Conclusions During the period from 2005 to 2019, the cost of a set of social services provided to the eligible citizens in monetary terms grew, while inflation-adjusted value and in physical terms it depreciated. Especially significant was the decrease of the value of the drug provision due to incomplete indexation for inflation. The decrease in the real value of the set of social services provided to vulnerable groups of citizens is an alarming trend. It is long lasting, and reflect the low priority of the drug provision for the decision makers. Key messages The value of the drug provision package is insufficiently corrected for inflation. The depreciation of the drug provision is long term and different from the other components of social support.

Combined effects of polystyrene microplastics and thermal stress on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Human-induced changes in the environment have increased the number of stressors impacting aquatic organism. In the light of climate change and plastic pollution, thermal stress and microplastics (MP) have become two of the most intensively studied stressors in aquatic ecosystems. Previous studies, however, mostly evaluated the impacts of thermal and MP stress in isolation, thereby neglecting joint effects.To examine the combined effects of both, we exposed the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha to irregular polystyrene MP (6.4, 160, 4000, 100,000 p mL−1) at either 14, 23 or 27 °C for 14 days and analyzed mortality, mussel activity and clearance rate, energy reserves, oxidative stress and the immunological state. Further, we exposed the mussels to diatomite (natural particle equivalent, 100,000 p mL−1) at each of the three water temperatures to compare MP and natural particle toxicity.An increase in water temperature has a pronounced effect on D. polymorpha and significantly affects the activity, energy reserves, oxidative stress and immune function. In contrast, the effects by MP are limited to a change in the antioxidative capacity without any interactive effects between MP and thermal exposure. The comparison of the MP with a diatomite exposure revealed only limited influence of the particle type on the response of D. polymorpha to high concentrations of suspended particles.The results indicate that MPs have minor effects on a freshwater mussel compared to thermal stress, neither alone nor as interactive effect. Limited MP toxicity could be based on adaptation mechanism of dreissenids to suspended solids. Nonetheless, MP may contribute to environmental impacts of multiple anthropogenic stressors, especially if their levels increase in the future. Therefore, we suggest integrating MP into the broader context of multiple stressor studies to understand and assess their joint impacts on freshwater ecosystems.

Translation Shift From Balinese Into English in the Puppet Shadow Script Lubdaka

Balinese and English have different grammatical structure and English does not have speech level like Balinese. The condition may cause both linguistic and cultural shifts to make the translation equivalent. This difference becomes a challenge for translators in finding the closest natural equivalent of Balinese terms of address in English or vice versa. 
 This study analyzed types of shifts in translation occurred in the translation of the terms of address from Balinese into English in puppet shadow script ‘Lubdaka’. This study belonged to qualitative study approach and used descriptive method. The primary data is the translation of terms of address from Balinese into English directly taken from puppet shadow script and its translation into English of the Lubdaka story in the book The Invisible Mirror of Siwaratri Kalpa (2008). Shifts in translation in the data occurred in grammatical (transposition) and in point of view (modulation). There are four types of shifts that belong to the grammatical: structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift. Meanwhile, there are three types of shifts found that belongs to the shift in point of view: lexical dense shift, lexical loose shift, and emphasizing on 2nd person.

Transposition in Garuda Magazine’s: English-Indonesian Translation

The aims of this study are at (1) identifying methods of procedures mostly used and (2) describing the reasons why the data belongs to those procedures occurring in the two bilingual articles of Garuda Magazine. The data was collected by note taking and comparing techniques. The classification method for translation proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti) was used to analyze the collected data. Based on the analysis, four procedures were found in translation, those are: transposition, modulation, borrowing and literal translation. The result showed that method of transposition (17 data) was mostly applied in the article, due to the pursuit to achieve a closest natural equivalent. Therefore, such procedure cannot be avoided in translation.Keywords: transposition, modulation, Garuda Magazine.

Novel members of the adipokinetic hormone family in beetles of the superfamily Scarabaeoidea

Eight beetle species of the superfamily Scarabaeoidea were investigated with respect to peptides belonging to the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) family in their neurohemal organs, the corpora cardiaca (CC). The following beetle families are represented: Scarabaeidae, Lucanidae, and Geotrupidae. AKH peptides were identified through a heterospecific trehalose-mobilizing bioassay and by sequence analyses, using liquid chromatography coupled to positive electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) and analysis of the tandem MS2 spectra obtained by collision-induced dissociation. All the beetle species have octapeptide AKHs; some have two AKHs, while others have only one. Novel AKH members were found in Euoniticellus intermedius and Circellium bacchus (family Scarabaeidae), as well as in Dorcus parallelipipedus (family Lucanidae). Two species of the family Geotrupidae and two species of the Scarabaeidae subfamily Cetoniinae contain one known AKH peptide, Melme-CC, while E. intermedius produces a novel peptide code named Euoin-AKH: pEINFTTGWamide. Two AKH peptides were each identified in CC of C. bacchus and D. parallelipipedus: the novel Cirba-AKH: pEFNFSAGWamide and the known peptide, Scade-CC-I in the former, and the novel Dorpa-AKH: pEVNYSPVW amide and the known peptide, Melme-CC in the latter. Kheper bonelli (subfamily Scarabaeinae) also has two AKHs, the known Scade-CC-I and Scade-CC-II. All the novel peptides were synthesized and the amino acid sequence assignments were unequivocally confirmed by co-elution of the synthetic peptides with their natural equivalent, and identical MS parameters of the two forms. The novel synthetic peptides are all active in inducing hypertrehalosemia in cockroaches.

Low-temperature roasted wollastonite in designingeasily meltable glazes of an increased hardness

The study explores the impact of wollastonite, synthesized by a two-stage technology of autoclave calcium hydrosilicate and its low-temperature roasting to silicate, on the process of melting ceramic glaze coatings, as well as on their surface properties, including microhardness. The research findings reveal the temperature points for softening, melting and spreading of wollastonite-based glaze coatings within the temperature range of 840-1100°С. We have studied how heated glaze melting processes depend on the amount of synthetic wollastonite and how the dynamics of diameter change in the cylindered samples due to the content of calcium silicate and the temperature of roasting. The research shows that the added synthetic low-temperature wollastonite increases the microhardness of the glazed surface samples, which is important for production of facing materials that are vulnerable to abrasion. The findings show that the optimal content of synthetic wollastonite is 20-30%, and the optimal roasting temperature for wollastonite-based glazes is 1050°C. The research has proved that synthetic wollastonite increases the microhardness of glazed surfaces more than the natural mineral equivalent.