Natural Drying Process Research Articles

The role of ultraviolet radiation in the flavor formation during drying processing of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira).

Traditional sun-drying aquatic products are popular and recognized by customers, owing to their unique flavor and long-term preservation. However, the product quality and production efficiency cannot be guaranteed. Cololabis saira is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which are susceptible to hyperoxidation during the drying process. This study aimed to make clear the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in flavor formation during drying processes of Cololabis saira to develop a modern drying technology. Lipid oxidation analysis revealed that moderate hydrolytic oxidation occurred in the UV-assisted cold-air drying group due to the combined influence of UV and cold-air circulation, resulting in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value being higher than that of cold-air drying group but lower than the natural drying group. Hexanal, heptanal, cis-4-heptenal, octanal, nonanal, (trans,trans)-2,4-heptadienal, (trans,trans)-2,6-nonanedial, 1-octen-3-ol, heptanol, 2,3-pentanedione, 3,5-octadien-2-one and trimethylamine were identified as the characteristic flavor odor-active compounds present in all Cololabis saira samples. Yet, during the natural drying process, sunlight promoted the lipid oxidation, resulting in the highest degree of lipid oxidation among three drying methods. Light and heat promoted lipid oxidation in Cololabis saira prepared through natural drying process, leading to a large accumulation of volatile compounds, such as 3-methylbutyraldehyde, 2,3-pentanedione, 1-propanol, and 3-pentanone. Cold air circulation inhibited lipid oxidation to some extent, resulting in a blander flavor profile. More cis-4-heptenal, cis-2-heptenal, octanal and 2-ethylfuran accumulated during the UV-assisted cold-air drying process, enriching its greasy flavor and burnt flavor. UV-assisted cold-air drying could promote moderate lipid oxidation, which is beneficial for improving product flavor. To sum up, UV radiation played a crucial role in the flavor formation during the drying process of Cololabis saira. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Jointed Rock Mass on Seismic Response of Metro Station Tunnel-Group Structures

Effect of Jointed Rock Mass on Seismic Response of Metro Station Tunnel-Group Structures

Effects of Different Natural Drying Methods on Drying Characteristics and Quality of Diaogan apricots

Drying is one of the best methods to preserve the quality of fresh fruits and prolong their shelf life. This study focuses on Prunus armeniaca L. cv. ‘Diaogan’ (commonly known as Diaogan apricot) sourced from Xinjiang, China to explore the impact of two natural drying methods (shade drying and open-air drying in the rocky desert) on the drying kinetics, color, textural characteristics, microstructure, chemical properties, and antioxidant capacity of Diaogan apricots. The experimental results indicate that throughout the natural drying process, the time required for open-air drying in the rocky desert was reduced by 26.47% compared to shade drying. The L*, a*, and b* values of the shade- and ventilation-dried Diaogan apricots were higher than those sun-dried in the rocky desert, exhibiting a lower color difference (ΔE) than apricots dried through rocky desert sun drying. Specifically, the ΔE for shade-dried Diaogan apricots was 19.66 ± 0.24. The Diaogan apricots dried in the rocky desert exhibited greater hardness, lower elasticity, stronger adhesiveness, and higher chewiness compared to those dried in the shade, with the hardness, adhesiveness, and chewiness being, respectively, 14.71%, 18.89%, and 35.79% higher. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that the high temperatures experienced during open-air drying in the rocky desert caused rapid dehydration of the Diaogan apricot’s skin, leading to clogging and crust formation in the flesh pores, along with deformation or tearing of the tissue structure, ultimately resulting in poor rehydration ability. After drying, there was a significant increase in the soluble solids in the Diaogan apricots, whereas titratable acidity, total phenols, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant capacity were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In summary, the quality of dried Diaogan apricots post-drying is dependent on the natural drying method employed, with shade drying resulting in superior quality of Diaogan apricots compared to open-air drying in the rocky desert. This study offers fundamental data and serves as a theoretical reference for the industrialized production of apricots.

Influence of temperature on ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmon drying. Quality characteristics and drying kinetics

A physico-chemical characterization and drying kinetics study was performed for whole ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmon subjected to hot-air drying at 35 ᵒC, 40 ᵒC and 45 ᵒC. Fruit was dried until a moisture content of 30 g water/100 g product, which is required to be considered dried persimmon. This moisture value was obtained after 12, 8 and 7 d when the drying process was applied at 35 ᵒC, 40 ᵒC and 45 ᵒC, respectively. All the drying treatments caused flesh structure changes, shrinkage and secondary epidermis formation. The final product's quality characteristics especially the texture, strongly depended on drying temperature. The fruit dried at 35 ᵒC exhibited a gelatinous internal texture and a thin secondary epidermis, similarly to that obtained during a natural drying process. The drying treatment at 40 ᵒC resulted in fruit having more rubbery flesh. However, the fruit dried at 45 ᵒC had a corky texture, with a very thick secondary epidermis that resulted in excessively tough fruit for commercialization purposes. The differences in flesh structure were revealed in the microstructural study by Cryo-FESEM. In all cases, soluble tannins content lowered to non-astringency values. Hot-air drying technology proved to be a good alternative to valorize discarded ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmon.

Pectin Nanoporous Structures Prepared via Salt-Induced Phase Separation and Ambient Azeotropic Evaporation Processes.

Polysaccharide nanoporous structures are suitable for various applications, ranging from biomedical scaffolds to adsorption materials, owing to their biocompatibility and large surface areas. Pectin, in particular, can create 3D nanoporous structures in aqueous solutions by binding with calcium cations and creating nanopores by phase separation; this process involves forming hydrogen bonds between alcohols and pectin chains in water and alcohol mixtures and the resulting penetration of alcohols into calcium-bound pectin gels. However, owing to the dehydration and condensation of polysaccharide chains during drying, it has proven to be challenging to maintain the 3D nanoporous structure without using a freeze-drying process or supercritical fluid. Herein, we report a facile method for creating polysaccharide-based xerogels, involving the co-evaporation of water with a nonsolvent (e.g., a low-molecular-weight hydrophobic alcohol such as isopropyl or n-propyl alcohol) at ambient conditions. Experiments and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that salt-induced phase separation and hydrogen bonding between hydrophobic alcohols and pectin chains were the dominant processes in mixtures of pectin, water, and hydrophobic alcohols. Furthermore, the azeotropic evaporation of water and alcohol mixed in approximately 1:1 molar ratios was maintained during the natural drying process under ambient conditions, preventing the hydration and aggregation of the hydrophilic pectin chains. These results introduce a simple and convenient process to produce 3D polysaccharide xerogels under ambient conditions.

Efisiensi termal mesin pengering egg tray tipe rak

Drying is a process that aims to prevent decay. However, the natural drying process can produce less than optimal results, especially during the rainy season. Uncertainty about the use of solar energy triggers to conduct this research. In addition, it takes a long time and requires a large area during the drying process, so this research aims to provide a more optimal value in terms of efficiency by using a rack-type egg tray drying machine. The dimensions of the shelf-type egg tray drying cabinet are 500 x 500 x 900 and a control box. The heating elements are arranged in parallel consisting of 3 tubular heating elements. The thermal efficiency generated in the rack type egg tray drying machine with an average thermal efficiency value of 32.18% and the highest thermal efficiency value produced on the first rack reached 38.32%

Lightweight Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Hollow Stellate Cellulose Films Derived from Juncus effusus L. Aerenchyma

AbstractThis study reports a facile delignification and natural drying process for synthesizing cellulose films using the unique surface roughness, porosity, and lightness of the hollow stellate cellulose (HSC) united aerenchyma of the wetland weed Juncus effusus L. By controlling the grafted amino/fluorine‐bearing group content of various silane coupling agents, this work successfully manipulates the triboelectric polarities of HSC films after silanization. Subsequently, a layer of Ag nanowire electrodes is coated on one side of the silanized HSC friction layers, resulting in flexible, lightweight, semi‐transparent HSC‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (HSC‐TENGs) featuring both macro‐scale surface roughness and micro‐nano inner pores. These all‐in‐one HSC‐TENGs achieve the highest output voltage of 4.86 V, which is 28 times that of TENGs employing two pristine HSC films as triboelectric layers (PHSC‐TENG). Finally, the HSC‐TENG with the optimum output power is applied as a wearable self‐powered sensor for gait analysis, demonstrating stable and sustainable performances in distinguishing different body motions such as walking, running, jumping, and calf raising. This study not only proposes a new cellulose‐based TENG for future in‐depth body locomotion analysis but also paves the way for converting differently structured aerenchyma from abundant problematic aquatic or wetland weeds into promising structural templates in multifunctional cellulose‐based applications.

Study on Deterioration Process of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement under the Environment of Dry–Wet Cycles

To reveal the deterioration process of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) in an outdoor, alternating dry-wet service environment, the evolution of the macro- and micro-structures of the surface layer and inner core of MOC samples as well as their mechanical properties and increasing dry-wet cycle numbers were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a simultaneous thermal analyser (TG-DSC), a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and an microelectromechanical electrohydraulic servo pressure testing machine. The results show that as the number of dry-wet cycles increases, the water molecules gradually invade the interior of the samples, causing the hydrolysis of P 5 (5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O) and hydration reactions of unreacted active MgO. After three dry-wet cycles, there are obvious cracks on the surface of the MOC samples, and they suffer from warped deformation. The microscopic morphology of the MOC samples changes from a gel state and a short, rod-like shape to a flake shape, which is a relatively loose structure. Meanwhile, the main phase composition of the samples becomes Mg(OH)2, and the Mg(OH)2 contents of the surface layer and inner core of the MOC samples are 54% and 56%, respectively, while the P 5 amounts are 12% and 15%, respectively. The compressive strength of the samples decreases from 93.2 MPa to 8.1 MPa and reduces by 91.3%, and their flexural strength declines from 16.4 MPa to 1.2 MPa. However, their deterioration process is delayed compared with the samples that were dipped in water continuously for 21 days whose compressive strength is 6.5 MPa. This is primarily ascribed to the fact that during the natural drying process, the water in the immersed samples evaporates, the decomposition of P 5 and the hydration reaction of unreacted active MgO both slow down, and the dried Mg(OH)2 may provide the partial mechanical properties, to some extent.

Effects of post-harvest natural drying on seed quality and endogenous hormones of Camellia oleifera

Camellia oleifera Abel. (C. oleifera), one of the four woody oil-producing plants in the world produces edible oils with high percentage of unsaturated fatty acid content in seeds. The mature C. oleifera seeds continue to undergo a series of physiological changes after harvest. To this end, the dynamic changes in nutrients, oil content, fatty acid composition, and endogenous hormone content in C. oleifera seeds under different natural drying times after harvest were investigated. The content of soluble sugar and soluble protein of C. oleifera seeds increased with the extension of natural drying, especially soluble sugar content increased nearly 2-fold at 30 d after post-harvest natural drying compared with that of the control group. The content of oil reached a peak (23.6%) at 30 d after post-harvest natural drying. During the post-harvest natural drying process, the relative content of palmitic acid and oleic acid increased, while the relative content of palmitic acid and linoleic acid decreased. Furthermore, the levels of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid) increased significantly with increasing natural drying time. The overall trend of endogenous hormones SA, SL, and ACC concentrations increased with the post-harvest natural drying process. Furthermore, the concentration of SA, SL, and ACC were positively correlated with oil content. Altogether, post-harvest natural drying for 30 days significantly promoted the anabolism of oil and improved the quality of C. oleifera seeds. These findings provide a scientific basis for reasonable post-harvest treatment to improve Camellia oil yield.

Impact of drying-wetting cycles on shear properties, suction, and collapse of sebkha soils

Sebkha soils are known as saline formations that was rencontred generally in arid and semi-arid regions. With the alternation of drying-wetting cycles (D-W) these soils present variable morphological and geotechnical properties. These cycles D-W have an important effect on the mechanical behavior of sebkha soils which poses enormous problems for the construction of structures in general. In this study, compacted sebkha soil samples from Ain M'Lila, Algeria were subjected to three D-W cycles based on the natural drying process to reach the targeted water contents of 13, 11.4, 7 and 4%, in a laboratory environment. For each of these water contents, laboratory tests were conducted to study the effect of the D-W cycles on the collapse potential Cp, suction, and shear strength of the soil. The results obtained showed that the three components of suction, i.e., total, matric, and osmotic suctions decreased when the number of D-W cycles increased. Moreover, the collapse potential Cp increased with an increase in the number of D-W cycles. Moreover, the results obtained illustrated that the shear strength parameters were affected by the number of D-W cycles a significant decrease in cohesion and an increase in the internal friction angle were observed when the number of D-W cycles was increased. Finally, a correlation was found between the soil salinity and the three factors studied these were affected by the decrease in salinity under the effect of D-W cycles.

Design and Evaluation Small Scale Dome Dryer of Corn For Small Industry

Corn is still an important commodity for small farmer industries in Indonesia. However, one of the problems is the natural drying process with direct sunlight which is quite long and is often disturbed in the rainy season. Reaching 14% moisture content often takes up to 6-7 days so it is not efficient. This is because the direct drying temperature is relatively low, and when it rains it must be moved around, thus increasing labor costs. Several artificial dryers have been developed, but the price is relatively expensive so it is not affordable for small industrial scale. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a simple small-scale dome-type dryer. The results showed that the dryers that have been designed and made are quite practical and effective to use for small-scale farmers. Drying time from 35-40% water content to 13.5-14.5% within 2 days with an average drying temperature in the tool 40-56 oC.

A Free-Space-Based Model for Predicting Peanut Moisture Content during Natural Drying

This study aimed to investigate the water dissipation pattern from peanut pods under natural drying conditions after harvest. The Shandong peanut Luhua 22 was used to examine the effects of varying moisture content, bulk density, and porosity on the relative permittivity of the peanut at a signal frequency of 5.8 GHz. The peanut dielectric constant, porosity, and bulk density were used as inputs and peanut kernel moisture as outputs. Support vector regression (SVR), extreme learning machine (ELM), sparrow search algorithm-support vector regression (SSA-SVR), and sparrow search algorithm-extreme learning machine (SSA-ELM) were used to create a prediction model of peanut kernel moisture content. The results show that the water content of peanut kernels decreased in a fast and then slow manner throughout the drying process and that the water content of kernels was stable at 5–8% at the end of drying. The relative permittivity of peanut kernels increased with an increase in the water content and bulk density but decreased with an increase in porosity. The developed SVR, ELM, SSA-SVR, and SSA-ELM water-content prediction models were validated and analyzed in this study, with the model test set coefficients of determination of 0.936, 0.949,0.984, and 0.994, respectively. In comparison to SVR, ELM, and SSA-SVR, the SSA-ELM root mean square error was reduced by 0.0080, 0.0060, and 0.0012, respectively. According to the findings, the ELM neural network model, which is based on the optimization of the SSA, has an improved prediction accuracy. This prediction model provides a theoretical foundation for the variations in peanut seed moisture content during the natural drying process after harvesting peanuts in Shandong, which will be useful for future peanut storage and transportation.

Cleaner Potential for Natural Rubber Drying Process Using Microwave Technology Powered by Solar Energy

To reduce carbon dioxide emissions from traditional drying methods, this research investigated the use of microwave technology for drying Standard Thai Rubber (STR) in Thailand. Commercial microwave ovens were modified and integrated with the microwave emitting power control system to maintain the appropriate temperature levels to evaporate the moisture from rubber. Throughout the drying process, the temperature of the rubber was measured both internally and outside. The results revealed that STR5L and STR20 could be dried satisfactorily and met the requirements for standard Thai rubber properties by utilizing 500 W for 140 and 120 min, respectively. By keeping the temperatures less than 150 °C, rubbers’ molecular structure is not destroyed from internal heat stress. Although utilizing less power for a longer period of time is possible, more energy was used, which is unfavorable. Compared to traditional hot air drying technologies, which take approximately 4–6 h for the drying process, microwave technology potentially reduces the drying time by half or more. If solar energy is used to supply electrical energy, 300,000 tons of Carbon dioxide can potentially be eliminated annually in the STR drying industry in Thailand by promoting approximately 1115 MW of Photovoltaic technology installations with the solar resources in southern Thailand.

Study The Effect of The Main Variables on The Objectives of The Natural Gas Dehydration Plant by ASPEN-HYSYS v8.8

In the NGD process, TEG dehydration is commonly employed to prevent corrosion and blockage of equipment, valves, and piping systems. TEG is frequently lost in the system during this procedure owing to vaporization and carryover. Therefore, it is necessary to study the affection of variables of the dehydration process the process was simulated with ASPEN-HYSYSV8.8 and the thermodynamic model was glycol-package; the process was validated by comparing the Plant results with the simulation results and demonstrating good acceptance. ASPEN-HYSYS conducted a sensitivity study to investigate the impact of variables on the main objectives. , as this study showed that not all of these variables have a strong effect, some of them have a weak effect, for example (wet gas pressure and same case of solvent pressure) and the rest of the variables have a strong effect on this process, so it must be taken into consideration by the station operators where this The changes were targeted because they are subject to change within the plant, and the highest value and the smallest value were taken according to the factory's parameters. As these variables are taken into account and the requisite improvements are made, the natural gas drying process will improve, and the dry gas requirements needed will improve, resulting in increased benefit.

Weight loss of logwood piles stored under winter conditions in Poland

Our work focuses on the natural drying of woods in winter. It aimed to compare the natural drying process of three wood species: Scots pine as coniferous species, sessile oak as ring-porous species with a marked heartwood and silver birch as a sapwood species with a diffuse-porous structure. The research was carried out in central Poland. We collected logs from a 41-year-old stand destined for thinning. We stacked the logs randomly in one pile. The experiment took place between November 30, 2016 and April 4, 2017. All the samples were measured individually every two days throughout the experiment. We found logs lost weight during the experiment, especially pine (12% of total mass), less so oak and birch (7%). We recorded the biggest decrease during the last month (in spring). The wood’s moisture content decreased the most in pine and the least in oak heartwood. The stepwise regression model explains the impact of weather at 58%. Relative humidity was the most significant factor (0.58), followed by temperature and wind. We observed that weight loss and diameter are related to different degrees in the tested species, which probably depends on the sapwood area. Our observations show that natural wood drying in winter is a slow process that speeds up in the spring. Keywords: natural drying, woodpiles, wood storage, moisture content.

Effects of Triple-Pass Drum Dryer on Enzyme Activity and Quality of Forage Oats

HighlightsOats retain better quality under outlet conditions of 100°C to 110°C and 0.169 to 0.172 kg water/kg dry air.Inactivation of POD maintaining the pectin content increases the oats’ hardness.The color-changing is alleviated when higher RH and high-temperature drying.DARE-EM method can evaluate the forage oats’ overall quality.Abstract. Mechanical drying processing influences the quality changing of the materials. To investigate the differences, the qualities of mechanical dried and naturally dried forage oats were evaluated. The changes in dried oats' enzyme activity, color, texture, and nutritional value were analyzed. A combined analysis of the decision alternative ratia evaluation system (DARE) and entropy weight method (EM) were adopted to evaluate the overall qualities of oats. The results showed that the drum drying process performed better than the natural drying process. Compared with natural drying, oat grass can inactivate enzymes such as CAT and POD quickly during drum drying, shorten the time of browning reaction, and further reduce the loss of color and nutrients. Research showed that the dryer's outlet air temperature and relative humidity severely affected the quality of dried oats. The most suitable conditions were the outlet air temperature of 100°C to 110°C and humidity ratio of 0.169 to 0.172 kg water/kg dry air. Under these conditions, the dried oats’ color change was alleviated, and antioxidant enzymes were inactivated. The retention of the plant cell wall and pigment ensured the quality of oat hay. These results can provide the reference for producing high-quality forages. Keywords: Color, DARE-EM, Enzyme activity, Forage oats, Nutrient content, Triple-pass drum drying.

Modeling of Forced and Natural Convection Drying Process of a Coffee Seed

HighlightsThe forced and natural convection drying processes of a single coffee grain can be predicted.The moisture distribution profiles depict the drying phenomena and water concentration zones.With accurate predictive drying curves, coffee growers can ensure high-quality coffee beans.Abstract. Different coffee drying technologies face complex tasks in ensuring an acceptable final seed moisture content. This research performed a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) study, simulating a single coffee bean's drying process as a transient mass diffusion model under mechanical and natural convection conditions, so the drying behavior and data of both case scenarios can be foreseen and controlled by a predictive Finite Element Model (FEM). A wet bean was 3D-scanned and digitized as the FEA simulation geometry; the water diffusion between the grain and the atmosphere was defined by a diffusion coefficient subject to the drying air temperature and the grain's moisture content. Three cases were studied: mechanical grain drying at three different temperatures (50, 45, and 40°C) in a forced convection environment; variable natural convection drying under environmental conditions (wet and dry season); and constant natural convection (wet and dry season), including the variation in day/night temperature and relative humidity. The results agree well with the data found in the literature, obtaining the graphical moisture distribution of the phenomena, predictive drying curves, diffusion coefficients, and isotherms. Both simulated drying scenarios provide essential information for coffee growers to improve and control their drying processes, thus obtaining high-quality grains, reducing contamination by microorganisms, and ensuring the integrity of their products. Keywords: Coffea arabica, Coffee Drying, Coffee Seed, Finite Element Model, Moisture Diffusion.

English farmers’ wheat storage and sales in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries

AbstractHarnessing previously unused farm inventories and corn books, we provide data on wheat storage and sales by English farmers, 1750–1850. Wheat was predominantly stored outdoors in thatched stacks (or ‘ricks’)—often for more than a year, sometimes for multiple years—although carryover volumes were generally small. Farm stocks tended to be threshed and sold evenly across the year to meet demand. Storage costs were low, and carried over wheat sold at a premium as the natural drying process raised its quality. Wheat was frequently sold directly to millers, bypassing the open market, but private sale prices tracked market prices closely.

The Ancient Varieties of Mountain Maize: The Inheritance of the Pointed Character and Its Effect on the Natural Drying Process

The introduction of mechanized agricultural practices after the Second World War and the use of productive hybrids led to a gradual disappearance of local maize varieties. However, 13 landraces are still cultivated in North-Western Italy, in the Lombardy region; those that are cultivated in mountainous areas (roughly up to 1200 m in altitude) are often characterized by the pointed shape of their seeds (i.e., “Nero Spinoso”, “Rostrato Rosso di Rovetta”, “Spinato di Gandino” and “Scagliolo di Carenno”) and the presence of pigments (i.e., “Nero Spinoso”, “Rostrato Rosso di Rovetta”). The pointed shape of the seeds is an ancient characteristic of maize-ancestors, which negatively affects the yield by not allowing optimal “filling” of the ear. This study reports work on four different Italian varieties of pointed maize in order to assess the genetic bases of the “pointed character” and to try to explain the reasons for this adaptation to the mountain environment. The data obtained by genetic analysis, seed air-drying modeling and thermographic camera observations demonstrated that the “pointed trait” is controlled by the same genes across the different varieties studied and suggested that this peculiar shape has been selected in mountainous areas because it promotes faster drying of the seed, with the presence of pigments implementing this effect.

Scalable Fabrication of Ti3C2Tx MXene/RGO/Carbon Hybrid Aerogel for Organics Absorption and Energy Conversion.

High aspect ratio two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes with extraordinary mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties are ideal candidates for assembling elastic and conductive aerogels. However, the scalable fabrication of large MXene-based aerogels remains a challenge because the traditional preparation method relies on supercritical drying techniques such as freeze drying, resulting in poor scalability and high cost. Herein, the use of porous melamine foam as a robust template for MXene/reduced graphene oxide aerogel circumvents the volume shrinkage during its natural drying process. Through this approach, we were able to produce large size (up to 600 cm3) MXene-based aerogel with controllable shape. In addition, the aerogels possess an interconnected cellular structure and display resilience up to 70% of compressive strain. Some key features also include high solvent absorption capacity (∼50-90 g g-1), good photothermal conversion ability (an average evaporation rate of 1.48 kg m-2 h-1 for steam generation), and an excellent electrothermal conversion rate (1.8 kg m-2 h-1 at 1 V). More importantly, this passive drying process provides a scalable, convenient, and cost-effective approach to produce high-performance MXene-based aerogels, demonstrating the feasibility of commercial production of MXene-based aerogels toward practical applications.