Natural Disintegrants Research Articles

Investigation of Groundnut Shell Powder as Potential Super Disintegrant in Chronotherapeutic Delivery of Sacubitril–valsartan

ABSTRACT Context: Chronotherapeutic delivery of antihypertensives plays a potential role in the treatment by providing a therapeutic amount of drug at the target site in the body. Sacubitril–valsartan (SV), an angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, has been indicated for the treatment of hypertension. The study explores the formulation and evaluation of compression-coated tablets (CCTs) of SV using a natural super disintegrant in the core tablet for chronotherapeutic drug delivery. Aim and Objective: The main objective of the current investigation is to study the applicability of groundnut shell powder (GSP) as super disintegrant and its role in chronotherapeutic drug delivery. Materials and Methods: Core tablets of SV were prepared using different concentrations of natural excipient (GSP) and compression coated. The CCT was evaluated for the postcompression tableting properties, in vitro drug release, Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), and stability studies and compared the disintegrating property with a synthetic excipient (crospovidone). Results: The results of the in vitro dissolution performance of core tablets indicated that the incorporation of GSP as a super disintegrant significantly reduced the disintegration time. Optimized core tablets were subjected to compression coating using a graded concentration of cellulose acetate phthalate as coating polymer and evaluated tableting properties and dissolution performance. Among all the formulations, CCT5 with 8% GSP in the core, coated with 300 mg coating polymer shown 6 h lag time followed by the rapid release of the drug within 1 h. Accelerated stability studies on optimized formulation revealed that there were no significant changes in the tableting parameters after storage indicating the stability of the formulation. Conclusion: The use of natural disintegrant in the core tablet offers a promising approach for rapid release of drug from CCT after a lag time of 6 h to achieve chronotherapy of SV.

Radon Concentration Level in Selected offices at Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State

Radon, a radioactive gas that emanates naturally from the earth crust is accountable for about 50% of the effective dose of ionizing radiation received by humans. Most radon susceptiveness occurs in homes and work places, it comes from the natural disintegration of uranium in soil, rock and water and escalate to the air that we breath, hence it is important to monitor the actual level of exposure in most buildings. This work analysed the indoor radon concentration in air at twenty different offices of different building at Bells University of Technology using Rad7 detector. The mean measured radon concentration ranges from 0-56.7 Bq/m3 for all the study locations. The mean absorbed dose, equivalent dose and effective dose were calculated with the radon concentration which are 0.152 mGy/y, 3.045 mSv/y and 0.365 mSv/y respectively. The results obtained are below the world set limit as recommended by International Commission on radiological protection, except for office 7 which slightly exceed the recommended limit. Thus, the study concluded that good ventilation is very important in the reduction of radon concentration level in our work places.

Controlling the lifetime of biodegradable electronics: from dissolution kinetics to trigger acceleration

Biodegradable electronics have revolutionized the field of medical devices by offering inherent advantages such as natural disintegration after a useful functional period, thereby eliminating the need for removal surgery. This paradigm shift addresses challenges with long-term implantation, the risks of secondary surgeries, and potential complications, offering a safer and more patient-friendly approach to temporary implantable devices. This review delves into the dissolution kinetics of materials and strategies for lifetime control providing a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in biodegradable electronics. Understanding the kinetics is crucial for meeting the required functional lifetime for implantable medical applications, which varies based on application scope and target diseases. The dissolution kinetics of silicon and biodegradable metals form the core of the discussion, focusing on recent studies aimed at controlling the dissolution rate and enhancing properties. The exploration extends to ideas for accelerating material degradation or initiating on-demand degradation in biodegradable electronics after stable function. Additionally, the compilation of encapsulation layer materials and strategies enhances understanding of how to improve the stable operation time of devices. Emphasis is placed on efforts to adjust the lifetime of biodegradable electronics, particularly in medical applications.

Development and Evaluation of Pullulan Based Mouth Dissolving Film of Furosemide

Mouth dissolving oral film is an innovative approach as Oromucosal route for systemic delivery of therapeutically/medicinally active drug substance. As we know Furosemide belongs class IV in BCS classification of drug, having low solubility and permeability due to the presence of strong inter and intramolecular bond. Due to low aqeous solubility, it exhibits low oral bioavailability. Here we are preparing mouth dissolving film of furosemide to increase its solubility, which ultimately will enhance its bioavailability. By this way, we will achieve more rapid drug absorption, desired pharmacological effect with quick onset of action by avoiding degradation in GIT and first pass metabolism. This system will provide maximum therapeutic efficacy and maximum stability by reducing the frequency of dosage and as well as improve patient compliance. The present research aimed to prepare pullulan based mouth dissolving oral films of furosemide used in treatment and control of hypertension. Pullulan was selected as film former exhibit better moisture retention, oxygen barrier and uniform film forming properties. Due to the hydrophilic nature of pullulan, it provides quick dissolution. By considering above points, the film was prepared through solvent casting method by pullulan as film-forming polymer, glycerol as plasticizer and lepidium sativum mucilage as a natural disintegrant known as Asaliyo. Disintegration time, drug release, moisture loss and folding endurance of film were evaluated. Promising batch F6 exhibited better drug dissolution 98.75±0.09% within 8±0.4 minutes than the other films. The disintegration time for batch F6 was 23±5 sec. It is evident from the above results that it is an innovative dosage form to improve the drug delivery, onset of action as well as improve patient compliance.

Comparative study of natural disintegrants, selection criteria for superdisintegrants

Natural super disintegrants have been used for fast dissolving tablets because they are biodegradable, chemically inert, non-harmful, more affordable and widely available. The natural polymer improves the properties of the tablet as it is commonly used as diluents and binders. Super explosives are those substances that promote rapid decomposition in a lesser amount compared to explosives. Super disintegrants are the vehicles added to the tablet formulation to promote the breakdown of tablets and capsules into small microparticles in aqueous media, leading to an increase in surface area and promoting rapid drug release. Some research is going to develop safe and effective medication with super disintegrating agents that can be dissolved rapidly to treat the disease.

An overview on FDA-approved natural super disintegrants efficacy in a fast dissolving drug delivery system

FDTs are defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a solid dosage form containing the therapeutic substance or when applied on the tongue, the active ingredient disintegrates quickly, usually within seconds. The goal of this study is to create a fast-dissolving tablet that uses natural disintegrants. Fast dissolving tablets have grown in popularity in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. They have a quick disintegration activity that dissolves with saliva without the use of water when placed within the mouth. Furthermore, FDT aims to provide quick medication absorption, reduced toxicity, and higher drug bioavailability, and it is especially popular among geriatric and paediatric patients. Natural disintegrants, which are obtained from natural sources, have a number of advantages, including low cost, nontoxicity, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, and less adverse effects. As a result, it has been established that natural disintegrants are often safer than synthetic disintegrants. Natural disintegrants includes Chitin and chitosan, Guar gum, Gum karaya, Agar and treated agar, Fenugreek seed mucilage, Soy polysaccharide, Gellan gum, Mango peel pectin, Lepidium sativum mucilage, Plantago seed mucilage, Agele marmelos gum, Locust bean gum, Mangifera indica gum, Hibiscus rosa sinensis mucilage, Dehydrated banana powder.

Studies on properties of Novel natural disintegrant after processing of Spray dried and Freez dried technique

Natural disintegrant are widely used in the development of mouth dissolving tablets and other formulation because of easily available, low cost and rapide onset of action in the mouth dissolving tablet and it enhance the bioavalaibility and disintegration properties as comparaed to synthetic polymer. But aftrer freeze drying and spray drying technique the properties of dsintegrant is increases because its improve the bulkiness and flow property of a powder such as bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, hausner raio, carrs index etc. by freeze drying the powder are dried and thereby increase the dissolution and disintegration time and highly porous powder is produced by spray drying technique.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PRAVASTATIN FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLETS USING NATURAL SUPERDISINTEGRANT

The basic concept of FDT is the incorporation of superdisintegrants, which promotes breakdown of tablet quickly when kept or positioned on the tongue, allowing the drug to be released into the saliva. The rate of absorption is regulated by the solubility of the medication. The faster the dosage form of the medication dissolves in solution, the faster the therapeutic action is absorbed and initiated. In FDT, a medicine or dose form should dissolve or disintegrate in the saliva within 60 seconds. The objective of this research work is to formulate a Pravastatin tablet that disintegrated quickly using natural disintegrants. As a diluent, we employed microcrystalline cellulose. Synthetic superdisintegrant such as crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium were used, they were replaced with natural superdisintegrant. In this study, natural superdisintegrant dehydrated banana powder were used synthetic superdisintegrants viz. croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone. A Natural superdisintegrant was used in this formulation at concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8% of total weight of tablet i.e. 4, 8, 12 and 15 mg respectively in 200 mg tablet. According to the data, the tablet formulation containing 6% banana powder (i.e., 12 mg per tablet, formulation code FB4) showed a faster and higher drug release of 97.75% during the in-vitro dissolution investigation.

Mini-review on Natural Disintegrants in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Disintegrants are agents which are integrated to tablets and some encapsulated formulations in order to promote the breakup of the tablet and capsule “slugs” into more small fragments in an aqueous environment which thereafter increment the available surface area and promoting a more rapid release of the drug substance. The development of new excipients for potential use as disintegrant agent in tablet formulations continues to be of interest. This is because different disintegrant agents can be useful in promoting penetration of moisture and dispersion of the tablet matrix and disintegration of tablet has received considerable attention at present as an essential step in obtaining fast drug release. Natural polymers such as starches, gums, mucilage, and dried fruits utilized as binder, diluent, and disintegrants to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug, decrease the disintegration time, and provide nutritional supplement. Natural disintegrants are safe and economical than synthetic disintegrants such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been made to reveal the importance of the natural disintegrants in the pharmaceutical formulations.

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablets of an Anti-Inflammatory Drug using Natural Super Disintegrating Agens

Fast disintegrating tablets are defined as solid dosage forms containing medicinal substances which disintegrate rapidly usually within seconds when placed upon the tongue. The present work is concerned with the formulation and in vitro evaluation of fast disintegrating tablets of an inflammatory drug using natural super disintegrating agents like jackfruit seed powder and oats powder. The objective of this study was to develop the aceclofenac tablets with rapid disintegration employing natural super disintegrants and to enhance the patient compliance by providing rapid therapy in the inflammation conditions. Natural super disintegrants were employed in the study as they are devoid of toxic effects. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Ten formulations were developed with different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%) of natural disintegrants like jackfruit seed powder and oats powder. FTIR and DSC studies showed no evidence of interaction of drugs with natural super disintegrating agents and other excipients. Precompression parameters were evaluated for all the formulations and were in the acceptance limits. The results of flow properties such as angle of repose, carr’s index and hausners ratio ensured that all the formulations exhibited good flow. Post compression parameters like hardness, friability, disintegration test and dissolution test were evaluated. Among all the formulations, tablets developed using jackfruit seed powder showed best results with respect to disintegration and drug release. The in vitro drug release profile shows that formulation F5 which contains jack fruit seed powder exhibited 98.7% of drug release at the end of 30 min and the disintegration time was found to be 32 seconds. The drug release from F5 formulation follows first order kinetics. F5 formulation is considered as the promising formulation which ensures the patient compliance by providing rapid disintegration.

Application of Lepidium sativum Seed Mucilage as a Disintegrant in Pharmaceuticals Formulations: Exploring the Myth vs. the Reality

Introduction: The uses of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) as a disintegrant in various pharmaceutical formulations were already discussed. Researchers claimed that the different functional properties of the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum enable it to use as a natural disintegrant. Furthermore, scientific research on the disintegrant activity of the LSSM has revealed that it could be effectively used as an alternative to synthetic disintegrant. However, certain factors restrict its use as a disintegrant on the large scale. Aim: In the current scientific discussion, we technically analyzed the prospective obstacles that limit the use of Lepidium sativum seed mucilage as a natural disintegrant in pharmaceuticals. Discussion: In the present discussion, the real case scenario of the functional use of LSSM as a disintegrant on the large scale in different pharmaceutical formulations was summarized. Diligence effort was given to evaluate the different factors associated with the isolation process as well as the intrinsic functional properties that restrict its use as a disintegrant. Conclusion: In conclusion, we opined that Lepidium sativum seed mucilage (LSSM) can be used as a disintegrant. However, before its use in the pharmaceutical industry on a commercial scale, a lot of research and development must be done.

DEVELOPMENT OF BILAYER TABLETS OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM AND METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE LAYER USING NATURAL GUMS AS POLYMERS

Objective: The aim of this research work was to develop and evaluate a bilayer formulation of losartan potassium and metformin hydrochloride for the treatment of diabetic patients with hypertension. In the present study, losartan potassium as immediate-release (IR) layer and metformin hydrochloride as a sustained-release (SR) layer were selected.
 Methods: The polymers selected were fenugreek gum, sweet potato starch, and ispaghula gum as natural disintegrants for IR layer and guar gum, xanthan gum, and pectin for SR layer. Bilayer tablets were developed by employing the two layers.
 Results: For IR layer, L4 formulation with 5% ispaghula gum as natural disintegrant showed 98.94% drug release was selected as an optimized layer. For sustained layer, F2 formulation with 18.75% guar gum as drug retardant showed 97.17% drug release was selected as optimized layer. Optimized formulation followed zero-order kinetics. When the release data was plotted into Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas equations, then it was confirmed that the optimized formulation exhibited a Fickian diffusion type drug release.
 Conclusion: Tablets prepared with 5% ispaghula gum and 18.75% guar gums as drug retardants were found to be useful for bilayer tablet formulation with desired drug release characteristics.

A Comprehensive Study on Causes of Oil Spills and Remediation-A Review

This review aims at spreading awareness about the serious issue of oil spills. Till date, a number of discoveries have been made for its treatment. We will discuss about the remediation techniques for oil spills. The focus is mainly on marine spills, since the events of spills have occurred majorly in marine environment. The remediation techniques involve the traditional use of boom barriers, dispersants or emulsifiers, development of nanofibrillated cellulose sponge, natural disintegration of oil, development of wetting meshes, use of CuO nanowires, biosorption and use of lodestone particles. We will also discuss about how oil spills can be hazardous. We will discuss about the major oil spills occurred till date and how they have affected the ecosystem. There will be a brief discussion about causes of oil spills and the applications used in its treatment.

Reconstructing an Ethics of Credit in an Age of Neoliberalism

One of the most formidable socio-economic challenges which Christian communities are facing today is the growing dominance of neoliberalism. From wheat fields in Brazil to Wall Street in New York City, neoliberalism is marching on everywhere with its massive credit (or credit money). The purpose of this paper is to address a key structural injustice of neoliberalism—the deepening colonization of “social capital” by “financial capital.” Since the 1980s, a new economic process known as “financialization” has structurally changed the global economic system entailing an extreme income and wealth gap between the haves and the have nots. It has also rendered a countless number of ordinary people vulnerable to various types of debt entrapment while destroying the environment on a global scale. Behind all these forms of social and natural disintegration lies a crucial neoliberal apparatus fueled by credit. This paper engages in such problems by attempting to reconnect the lost link between social capital and financial capital. In doing so, it first analyzes the genealogical origin of the separation between financial capital and social capital. The author then comes up with ethical principles to re-anchor financial capital in social capital through a critical and interdisciplinary exploration.

Experimental study of loess disintegration characteristics

AbstractLoess structures with large joints and fissures often undergo natural disintegration when subjected to contact with water. The slaking of loess results in the formation of loess gullies, caves, and landslides. To study the disintegration properties and the factors influencing them, we carried out field and laboratory tests. First, we carried out an in situ disintegration test using different sample shapes obtained from Heifangtai and analysed the effect of soil sample shape on loess disintegration. We then developed an improved disintegrator and tested the effect of different factors on the disintegration of loess. The effects of water content, salinity, and composition on disintegration are discussed. The results show that the loess disintegration process can be divided into three broad stages – wetting, softening, and subsidence – the disintegration is mainly concentrated in the third stage, while the first two stages are short and show very weak disintegration. The main factors influencing the disintegration of loess samples are shape, size, and clay mineral content. During the in situ disintegration test, the edge angles of soil samples are disintegrated, to soften all their edges. Disintegration duration increases with increasing sample size, but the extent of disintegration was found to decrease. Disintegration duration is inversely proportional to the loess disintegration rate. The loess disintegration rate is positively correlated with water temperature within a certain range; however, the reverse is observed with soil sample size and initial water content, and salinity was found to have little effect on the disintegration rate. Higher clay content of cohesive soil and weaker permeability leads to a slower disintegration rate. Additionally, lower cementation may easily cause loess disintegration. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Experimental radon exhalation measurements: Comparison of different techniques

Radon is a gas produced from the radioactive natural disintegration of radium and uranium, which is present in soils and different building materials. Due to its gaseous nature, it emanates to the surface and penetrates both by convection and diffusion into the houses. According to recent studies, radon is considered the second leading cause of lung cancer, and it has prompted legislative changes to reduce exposure to this gas.In Spain, the current legislation -R.D. 783/2001 Regulation on Sanitary Radiation Protection and IS-33 Instruction of the Nuclear Safety Council, establishes uniform rules for workers’ health protection in radioactive installations. In 2013, the European legislation was updated with Directive 2013/59/EURATOM which sets limit values and action plans for radon exposure for homes, public buildings and workplaces for any entrance roads (soil, building materials or water). This Directive must be incorporated before 18th February 2018 into Spanish legislation, so it is necessary to perform, prior to that date, appropriate protocol techniques and methodologies for the measurement radon concentrations in air. This work aims at a preventive approach to the situation. That is, to measure the concentration levels of radon exhaled prior to the design and construction of the dwellings to avoid their accumulation insideThe main purpose of this work is the comparison of different radon exhalation measurement techniques in order to define the most appropriate methodology in different cases for the implementation of the new radon control Directive.

Hibiscus sabdariffa Mucilage as a Disintegrant in Formulating Fast Dissolving Tablets

The aim of the present work was to prepare and evaluate fast dissolving tablets of nebivolol with a view to enhance patient compliance and minimize the side effects. In this study, fast dissolving tablets of nebivolol were formulated by direct compression method using mucilages of tapioca seeds (Manihot esculenta), basella climb (Basella alba), red sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa) as natural disintegrants and crosspovidone as a synthetic superdisintegrant in different ratios with directly compressible mannitol (Pearlitol SD 200) as a diluent to enhance the mouth feel. The prepared formulations were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content, in vitro dispersion time, wetting time, water absorption ratio, in vitro drug release, stability and excipients interaction. Among all the formulations, the formulation (FHD3) containing 8% w/w mucilage of Hibiscus sabdariffa was the overall best formulation (t50% 1.7 min) based on in vitro drug release studies. Stability studies on the formulations indicated that there are no significant changes in drug content and in vitro dispersion time (p<0.05). From the above studies, it can be concluded that fast dissolving tablets of nebivolol can be prepared using different mucilages as natural disintegrants for faster dispersion and disintegration in the mouth.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 15(2): 143-149, 2016 (December)

Preparation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Novel Orally Disintegrating Tablet of Clonazepam Containing Extracted Starch as Natural Disintegrant

Preparation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Novel Orally Disintegrating Tablet of Clonazepam Containing Extracted Starch as Natural Disintegrant

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLURBIPROFEN FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLETS USING NATURAL SUPERDISINTEGRANTS

ABSTRACTObjective: The main objective of this research was to formulate Fast disintegrating tablets of Flurbiprofen incorporating superdisintegrants, isolated from natural sources like Plantago ovata (PO) seeds, Lepidium sativum (LS) seeds and agar-agar.Methods: Superdisintegrants were isolated from their natural sources using reported methods. Swelling index and hydration capacity was determined for the natural superdisintegrants to know their disintegration capacity. The tablet formulations were designed using isolated natural superdisintegrants. The powder blends were evaluated for pre-compressional parameters like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, carr’s index, and hausner’s ratio. Fast disintegrating tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The compressed tablets were characterized for post compression parameters.Results: All formulations had hardness, friability, weight variation and drug content within the pharmacopoeial limits. The wetting time was 84 to 254 sec, in vitro disintegration time was between 59.2 to 221 sec, and in-vitro drug release was as low as 11.80% (LS1) to a maximum of 98.99% (PO4) after 4 min of study. Among all, optimized formulation was PO4, as it showed good wetting time (84 sec), fastest disintegration time (59.2 sec), dispersion time (135 sec) and drug release of 98.99.% within 4 min.Conclusion: Flurbiprofen FDT’s were successfully developed using isolated natural disintegrants. The natural disintegrants isolated showed promising results and can prove as effective alternative for synthetic disintegrants.

Orally Disintegrating Tablet Using Colocasia esculenta Tuber Polysaccharide as a Disintegrant and its Comparision with Commercially Available Superdisintegrants

Background: Colocasia esculenta is a fast growing plant and is cultivated for consumption of leaf and tuber. Polysaccharide obtained from the tubers of Colocasia esculenta is known as Taro polymer. Chemically it is neutral heteropolysaccharide of galactose, galactose and arabinose. Objective: The present research work was aimed at the development and characterization of orally disintegrating tablet of Valsartan using natural disintegrant to produce rapid onset of action and patient compliance. Method: Polysaccharide from Colocasia esculenta tubers was isolated using solvent precipitation method. The isolated polysaccharide was investigated as disintegrant in orally disintegrating tablets. Valsartan, an antihypertensive drug, was selected as a model drug. The drug excipient interactions were characterized by FTIR studies. The tablets of Valsartan were prepared separately using different concentrations [2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 % w/w] of isolated Colocasia esculenta polysaccharide and Kollidon®, Ac-Di-Sol® as synthetic superdisintegrants by using direct compression method. The tablets thus prepared were evaluated for various pre-compression and post-compression parameters. The disintegration time and in vitro drug release of the optimized formulation was compared with the available marketed formulation. The stability studies were performed on the optimised batch F12. Results: The formulation F12 containing 10 % of polysaccharide showed rapid wetting time and disintegration time and is comparable to formulations prepared using synthetic superdisintegrants at the same concentration level. Conclusion: Colocasia esculenta polysaccharide can be used as a disintegrant in the formulation of orally disintegrating tablets. Its disintegrating property was found to be comparable with that of the commercially available superdisintegrants. Keywords: Orally disintegrating tablet, polysaccharide, Colocasia esculenta, tubers, valsartan.