Natural Disaster Reduction Research Articles

Enhancing Disaster Awareness - SDG 13th Goals Mid-term Review of Disaster Impact Global Natural Disaster Reduction Effectiveness Before and After the 2015 Sendai and Paris Agreement Conferences

The IPCC AR5 WGⅠhighlighted four priority areas for disaster risk reduction, with the first being the understanding of disaster risk. Meanwhile, the Earth is increasingly responding to climate change through natural disasters. This study proposes a Natural Disaster Impact Evaluate Formula （NDIEF）, focusing on six continents and utilizing data from 12 types of natural disasters recorded in the CRED EM-DAT database. The analysis is divided into two periods, before and after 2015, to evaluate changes over time. The findings reveal three key trends: First, the frequency of natural disasters continues to rise. Second, although the number of fatalities has significantly decreased, both exposure levels and economic losses have surged. Lastly, unlike the 2011 Global Assessment Report （GAR）, this study finds that the impact of natural disasters is not only severe in Oceania and island nations but is also increasingly affecting North America, particularly in terms of economic damage. In conclusion, enhancing our understanding of the social and economic impacts of natural disasters and raising awareness of disaster prevention can play a crucial role in effectively mitigating disaster risks.

Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Farmer Households in Flood and Earthquake Prone Areas Based on Multidimensional Information Diffusion Model

In recent years, the global practice of regional natural disaster reduction and comprehensive risk prevention has promoted the integration of multiple disciplines, and the theory and technology of comprehensive risk assessment for multiple natural disaster chains urgently need innovation. This article is based on multiple natural disaster chain scenarios and sets secondary indicators for multiple influencing factors based on the first level indicators composed of basic risk factors such as hazard factors, vulnerability of disaster bearing bodies, and disaster prevention and reduction capabilities. By using multidimensional information diffusion technology, multiple hazard factor hazard combination factors, vulnerability combination factors of disaster bearing bodies, and comprehensive disaster prevention and reduction capability combination factors reflecting various natural disaster scenarios are constructed, A household comprehensive risk assessment index system for multi-dimensional information diffusion assessment of natural disaster comprehensive risk was designed by quantifying risk factors such as the intensity of comprehensive disaster causing factors, vulnerability of disaster bearing bodies, and comprehensive disaster prevention and reduction capabilities in disaster scenarios. This paper expands the traditional information diffusion comprehensive risk assessment model, makes up for the lack of information on geographical units, establishes a multi impact factor multi dimension natural disaster risk comprehensive assessment model for multi risk factors of complex disaster scenarios with small samples, obtains the theoretical value of multi-dimensional information Diffusion model comprehensive risk assessment for complex disaster scenarios, breaks through the sample size limit of natural disaster risks, and makes up for the lack of information on small samples of small probability events, Improved the reliability and accuracy of comprehensive risk assessment for multiple natural disaster chains. Then, take the disaster scenario formed by the comprehensive risk of earthquake and flood in a place in the upper reaches of the Fujiang River basin as the analysis sample, calculate the comprehensive risk assessment value of flood and earthquake damage in the study area's micro samples (rural households in villages and towns). By comparison, it is found that the comprehensive risk value assessed by the multi-dimensional information Diffusion model has good reliability and high accuracy, which is significantly better than the traditional Kriging interpolation method and geographical weighted regression method. This article provides a comprehensive risk assessment of natural disasters at the micro household level, which can better reflect the diversity and regionality of risks, help clarify the hidden risks of rural natural disasters, and provide scientific basis for government emergency management decision-making.

Natural Disasters Occurrence, Reduction, and Restoration in Mountain Regions

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report [...]

The Present Situation and Improvement Countermeasures of Multi-subject Participation in Disaster Relief in Hebei Province

The prevention, reduction and relief of natural disasters is a worldwide problem. In recent years, with the vigorous promotion of the social governance system of "government-led, social coordination and public participation", Hebei Province has achieved phased results in the field of natural disaster relief by formulating relevant regulations and policy documents, actively guiding multiple social entities to participate in disaster relief in an all-round way, establishing disaster early warning mechanisms and giving play to the role of the market. But at the same time, there are some problems, such as unclear legal status, lack of interactive platforms and lack of professional skills of disaster relief participants. In view of the above problems, this paper puts forward some countermeasures to improve the rules and regulations for the participation of disaster relief subjects, improve the information communication mechanism among disaster relief subjects and enhance the professional level of disaster relief subjects.

Mitigating infectious disease risks through non-stationary flood frequency analysis: a case study in Malaysia based on natural disaster reduction strategy.

The occurrence of floods has the potential to escalate the transmission of infectious diseases. To enhance our comprehension of the health impacts of flooding and facilitate effective planning for mitigation strategies, it is necessary to explore the flood risk management. The variability present in hydrological records is an important and neglecting non-stationary patterns in flood data can lead to significant biases in estimating flood quantiles. Consequently, adopting a non-stationary flood frequency analysis appears to be a suitable approach to challenge the assumption of independent and identically distributed observations in the sample. This research employed the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to examine annual maximum flood series. To estimate non-stationary models in the flood data, several statistical tests, including the TL-moment method was utilized on the data from ten stream-flow stations in Johor, Malaysia, which revealed that two stations, namely Kahang and Lenggor, exhibited non-stationary behaviour in their annual maximum streamflow. Two non-stationary models efficiently described the data series from these two specific stations, the control of which could reduce outbreak of infectious diseases when used for controlling the development measures of the hydraulic structures. Thus, the application of these models may help prevent biased prediction of flood occurrences leading to lower number of cases infected by disease.

Special Issue on the 100th Anniversary of the Great Kanto Earthquake

On September 1, 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area of Japan. It was an extremely powerful earthquake that caused a great fire. The death toll reached approximately 105,000, and the economic loss is estimated to have exceeded 30% of the Japanese gross national product at that time. For September 2023, the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) has planned a special issue to commemorate 100 years since the Great Kanto Earthquake. While previous special issues by the JDR have focused on specific disasters, this special issue will focus on the lessons and findings from the catastrophe and will cover even the progress of disaster research since then. We received fourteen important and thought-provoking manuscripts not only on scientific and engineering aspects but also on social and cultural aspects, including comparisons with other disasters, historical views, reconstruction issues, and future perspectives. These fourteen articles can be categorized into the three groups described below. The first four articles are the English translations of articles that originally appeared in “Koho Bosai,” the bimonthly journal on natural disaster reduction that is complied and published by the Disaster Management Section, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. The JDR believes that these four articles provide a concise English description of various aspects of the Great Kanto Earthquake disasters. Dr. Takemura summarizes the seismic features of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Sekizawa summarizes the large scale urban fires that it caused. Dr. Suzuki describes various aspects of the emergency responses. Dr. Murosaki details the recovery project in Tokyo. Those articles discussed various lessons learned from the 1923 Kanto Earthquake and emphasized the importance of transferring the lessons toward future disaster mitigation. The next six papers were originally works studying various aspects of the Great Kanto Earthquake disasters. Dr. Midorikawa reviews the strong ground motion of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Kaneko evaluates the resulting tsunami. Mr. Mammen sheds new light on the relationship between Charles A. Beard and Goto Shinpei in terms of the recovery. Dr. Albini studies the voices of foreign residents who left impressive disaster processes at that time. Dr. Murao reviews the urbanization of Tokyo after the Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Shima studies the response of the Tokyo Electric Light Company, Inc. to the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The last four papers are works on various aspects of disaster risk reduction, but all of these works were inspired by the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake in one way or another. Dr. Shaw provides a framework for repositioning earthquake risk reduction. Dr. Shimbo explores the Phase Free Concept. Dr. Shoji focuses on the possibility of Medium-Wave AM Radio Broadcasting. Dr. Yamaguchi studies the Risk Communication Method. The Editorial Board of the JDR thanks all of these contributors and hopes that these articles serve as great sources for further research in disaster risk reduction.

Application of ChatGPT in natural disaster prevention and reduction

Improving disaster prevention, reduction, and emergency response capabilities is crucial in a country prone to frequent natural disasters. Since the release of ChatGPT, it has garnered widespread attention and sparked extensive discussions in various fields due to its powerful language processing and reasoning abilities. This paper explores the application of ChatGPT in natural disaster prevention and reduction, building upon its language capabilities. The paper examines ChatGPT's ability to gather information and its potential for disaster prevention science popularization and education. It describes the rapid response and availability of ChatGPT in natural disaster prevention and highlights its potential to assist emergency response efforts. The paper also outlines ChatGPT's assistance in the pre-disaster, during-disaster, and post-disaster phases. Additionally, it points out the current limitations and challenges in applying ChatGPT and provides prospects for future research directions in natural disaster prevention and reduction.

Perancangan Kawasan Pantai Puri Gading Yang Tanggap Terhadap Potensi Bencana Tsunami Di Kota Bandar Lampung

One of the natural disasters that can occur in Indonesia is a tsunami caused by geological factors. Indonesia is an area located on the "Ring of Fairness" or the circle of fire, which is an area that often experiences earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Natural disasters that can occur in Indonesia are caused by geological and hydrometeorological factors. Volcanoes and earthquakes are caused by the collision of the Eurasian, Australian and Pacific plates on the active plate which is also the meeting place for the three plates. In this case disaster management is a dynamic, integrated and sustainable process. The aim is to improve the quality of measures related to various activities, such as disaster prevention, impact mitigation, preparedness, emergency response, victim evacuation, and rebuilding damaged areas. One way to be prepared for natural disasters is to design areas so that they are more likely to be protected from them. In the case of Puri Gading Beach in Lampung, the authors have used a disaster-prone area (KRB) mitigation approach to ensure that the area is protected from the Tsunami. There are two types of tsunami management strategies based on disaster reduction in the City of Bandar Lampung which are prone to natural disasters, namely: (1). Structural mitigation in the form of explaining the construction of flood protection buildings such as the construction of embankments, the construction of drainage network structures, and the construction of drop structures; (2) Mitigation of non-structural disasters in the form of disaster mitigation training and simulations, as well as assessment of the impact of natural disaster reduction on risk reduction policies for affected areas in Bandar Lampung City, Lampung, Indonesia.

Determining Maintenance Project Priority Based on Disaster Risk Assessment: Case of TOPSIS Applications

Recently, damage to steep slopes in Korea has been increasing because of abnormal regional torrential rains. The Ministry of Public Administration and Security amended the criteria for a comprehensive plan for natural disaster reduction and selected a technique for determining investment priorities. However, it did not properly reflect the calculation of the damaged area, disaster risk zone, and amount of damage. In this study, the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), a decision-making technique considering multiple criteria that are widely used in various fields, was applied to derive the results of priority selection for collapse risk zones. As a result, problems were derived through a comparative analysis of the results of existing investment priority techniques. Furthermore, a priority selection plan for the collapse risk zone improvement project was developed based on the Disaster risk assessment evaluation indicators, and a comprehensive natural disaster plan report was created.

Characteristics of Disaster Losses Distribution and Disaster Reduction Risk Investment in China from 2010 to 2020

China is one of an increasing number of countries in the world that is suffering from frequent and severe natural disasters, which cause serious loss of life. The Chinese government has set up a special financial fund for natural disaster mitigation and reduction. Therefore, based on the financial expenditure data and disaster losses data obtained from ministries of emergency management and the China Statistical Yearbook, we analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of natural disaster losses at the economic zonal scale during 2010–2020, and then evaluated the efficiency of disaster mitigation and reduction using a DEA model. The results showed that the natural disaster losses decreased significantly in most provinces from 2010 to 2020. The distribution of precipitation is extremely uneven (more in the southeast and less in the northwest). Moreover, the Central and Western Economic Zones are the most earthquake-prone regions in China, especially Xinjiang, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan and Gansu. Among all natural disasters, floods were the leading natural disasters, causing the most severe losses in China on the national scale. Furthermore, the cities with higher comprehensive efficiency, mean the ratio between the effects and funding on disaster mitigation and reduction, were either economically developed or geographically large and sparsely populated. Finally, we used an exponential regression equation model to explore the relationship between financial input and direct economic losses caused by natural disasters in 2019 and 2020; we found that there is a negative correlation between the financial investment and the direct economic losses. In conclusion, it is necessary to improve the technology of natural disaster mitigation and reduction and to adjust the scale of investment according to the actual situation of each region and the different disasters in China. This paper aims to provide relevant experience and basis for China’s comprehensive disaster mitigation and reduction work.

Towards stronger local government and educational institutions in climate change impact mitigation: A policy paper on fiscal sustainability on climate change

Through a careful analysis of official government documents such as national statutes, national agency memorandum orders, policy directives reports, and national and local plans, among others, pertinent to the Philippine Government's response to climate change mitigation and adaptation, the paper elucidated the policy directions of the country concerning climate change response. Aimed at proposing recommendations to enhance the current legal, organizational, and fiscal frameworks of the Philippine Government in its efforts to mainstream its climate change strategy, the paper identified some of the gaps and possible areas of improvement in the standing legal and structural constellations of policies employed in the country. It has been found by the research that though there have been actions related to the international mandate of promoting sustainable development, there are still areas that can be reformed and revisited if the government programs and institutions are to remain in fidelity to the commitments of the Philippines to combat the impacts and mitigate the effects of climate change. As the title suggests, the paper offers policy directions to strengthen government and academic institutions to better respond to this daunting challenge.References2013 Typhoon Haiyan: Facts, FAQs, and how to help. (n.d.). World vision. https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/2013-typhoon-haiyan-facts.Asian Disaster Reduction Center. (n.d.). Information on disaster risk reduction of member countries. https://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=608&Lang=en.Asian Development Bank. (2012). Addressing migration and climate change in Asia and the Pacific: Final report. ADB.Blair, H. (2000). 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Brookings Institution Press.Dorotan, E. & Carizo, J. (2014). Issues and critical actions in local governance. Galing Pook Foundation.Hannah, R. (2014). Climate change and human development. Zed Books Ltd.Griggs, G. (2017). Coasts in crisis: A global challenge. University of California Press.Jha, A. & Geddes, Z. (2013). Strong, safe, and resilient: A strategic policy guide for disaster risk management in East Asia and the Pacific. The World Bank.Local Government Academy of the Philippines. (2013). User’s manual for LGUs: Guidebook for the preparation of LCCAP. Fabi’s Enterprises.Manila Observatory for the Congressional Commission on Science and Technology and Engineering. (2010). COMSTE Technical primer on climate change in the Philippines conference engineering resilience, confronting risk beyond adaptation. Sofitel ManilaMayon mud buries 100 in Bicol amid ‘Reming’ fury. (2006, Nov. 30). GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/22465/mayon-mud-buries-100-in-bicol-amid-remingfury/story/.National Climate Change Commission. (2021). 2020 Accomplishment Report: Adapting for a sustainable future.National Climate Change Commission. (2011). National climate change action plan.National Climate Change Commission. (2019). The Philippine national climate change action plan.NDCC: Typhoon ‘Frank’ damage estimate now at P 10B. (2008, July 1). GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/104407/ndcc-typhoon-frank-damage-estimate-now-atp10b/story/.Perez, R. (2017). Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the Philippines coastal resources sector. Natural Disaster Reduction Branch – PAGASA.Remembering Milenyo’s wrath in 2006. (2014, July 15). Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/news-commentary/2014/07/15/1346515/remembering-milenyos-wrath-2006.Republic Act 9729, An act mainstreaming climate change into government policy formulations, establishing the framework strategy and program on climate change, creating for this purpose the climate change commission, and other purposes (2009). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/10/23/republic-act-no- 9729/.Republic Act 10174, An act establishing the people’s survival fund to provide long-term finance streams to enable the government to effectively address the problem of climate change, amending for the purpose Republic Act 9729, otherwise known as the 'Climate Change Act of 2009', and for other purposes (2012). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/08/16/republic-act-no-10174/.Republic Act 10121, An act strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management framework and institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds therefore and for other purposes (2010). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/.Republic Act 7160, An Act for a Local Government Code of 1991 (1991). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1991/10/10/republic-act-no-7160/.Walker, R. & Mason, W. (2015). Climate change adaptation for health and social services. CSIRO Publishing.

Some evidence on the reduction of the disasters impact due to natural hazards in the Americas and the Caribbean after the 1990s

This article identifies the method through which the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction and the subsequent frameworks affected the outcomes of Disaster Risk Reduction policies among the countries in the Americas and the Caribbean, particularly in data with high reliability in the databases used for monitoring the progress of these policies. This article will address the following research question: Did the international agenda adopted by the UN for Disaster Risk Reduction after the 1990s lead to a positive impact measured in terms of deaths caused by disasters due to natural hazards in the Americas and Caribbean? The EM-DAT disaster database includes data spanning over the course of 120 years, is long enough to match statistical criteria, and includes information for all countries; therefore, data from this database has been adopted for this research. The analysis was conducted on both regional and national scales, as well as for each natural disaster subgroup adopted by EM-DAT, and the results are divided into two periods: before 1990 and after 1990. On a regional scale, a 140% increase was noted in the number of disasters after the 1990s, whereas the number of deaths decreased by 70%. On the national scale, similar behavior was noted for majority of countries and for all subgroups of disasters. In this article, a simple but innovative methodology is proposed for analyzing the impacts in each country, thereby making it possible to exclude some disasters with an anomalous impact, without affecting the analysis and results.

Greedy copula segmentation of multivariate non-stationary time series for climate change adaptation

Non-stationary climate data are often encountered in dealing with natural hazards, climate change and disaster reduction. With drought, for instance, it is common to encounter such non-stationary data sets (time series). The objectives of this work are to formulate a rational data-driven approach that can consider non-stationary and time series on multiple random variables that can have generalized underlying probability distributions and dependence structures. The methodology proposed seeks to divide up the data into non-overlapping segments, each of which is treated as stationary with some underlying probability and dependence structure, while the long time series yields multiple such segments that are mutually independent. The Greedy Copula Segmentation (GCS) algorithm developed employs best-fit probability distributions and copula functions after data-driven time series segmentation. Validation of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using a benchmark problem as well as a single-site realistic drought example. The proposed GCS approach has potential use in climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) for any climate-related hazards involving non-stationary time series data.

건축구조기준 2016 기반 강풍 취약도 평가 방법론 개발

This paper presents a methodology to assess extreme wind fragility and vulnerability in the probabilistic domain based on KBC (Korean Building Code) 2016 for the first time in South Korea. In this study, wind load equation is derived based on KBC 2016 to consider the effects of 3-second gust wind speeds. Wind load related statistics is also proposed for the derived wind load equation based on related literature. A probabilistic analysis model is developed to assess extreme wind fragility and vulnerability by Monte Carlo Simulation method. The reliability of the proposed methodology is verified with the results of other fragility and vulnerability assessing methodologies based on ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) wind provision for roof sheathing panel system of a low-rise prototype building. This study shows that extreme wind fragility and vulnerability of buildings can be assessed using the wind load equation in KBC 2016 and confirms that the wind fragility and vulnerability by the proposed methodology agree well within small error ranges compared with the results of existing methodologies based on ASCE wind provison. The proposed methodology presented in this study can be used as a method for establishing extreme wind fragility or vulnerability when loss estimations are needed for the natural disaster reduction plan, etc.

Disharmonization of Logistic Management and Regulation of Natural Disaster in Indonesia: A Collaborative Governance Perspective

This research is at the ontological level of implementing logistic disaster management that is very significant in reducing the risk of natural disaster in Indonesia. The problem is very interesting to examine by conducting descriptive qualitative research. Sharpening the research was using the theory of public policy, collaborative governance, and supply chain management for logistics improvement. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with several key informants, direct observation, and related documentation. Data were analyzed using interactive models in data reduction, data display, and data verification supported by triangulation employed to obtain validity and reliability. The results were based on ontology, epistemology, and sociology research by empowering the logistic and equipment distribution for natural disaster and disaster management in Indonesia. Vision and mission of public policies related to natural disasters are needed to complete the facilities of prevention, equipment management, and logistics supervision, provide information to stakeholders regarding regulations and sanctions in natural disaster management that were carried out deliberately, and balance the provision of disaster management. Therefore, it will produce revised and detailed relevant regulations and state agencies as public officials in making natural disaster and disaster management regulations in Indonesia. The researchers suggested that relevant state institutions as public officials in making regulations on natural disaster management in Indonesia should form regulations and institutions to cover the collaborative governance of natural disaster reduction.

Exploring the gap between policy and action in Disaster Risk Reduction: A case study from India

The transition from a response-based paradigm to an anticipative, prevention-based approach remains a stubborn challenge in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Whilst the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) has advocated the latter since the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction in the 1990s, many countries have been slow to move from a response-focused approach to a preventative one. International policy guidelines have successfully informed the national DRR policies in various countries; however, their further translation down to the regional and local level is full of complex political challenges, exacerbated in many areas by an increased frequency of disasters. In this paper we explore the case of India, using the example of landslide risk management. Through an analysis of the evolution of landslide risk governance during the last two decades in two hilly regions – Darjeeling in the Himalayas and the Nilgiris in the Western Ghats – we demonstrate that while the national government appears to have made considerable efforts to move in line with the UNDRR approaches, the eventual outcome of these efforts at the regional and local level is largely an incremental improvement on the existing DRR approach and not a paradigm shift in understanding and addressing disaster risk. We argue that overcoming these issues requires attentiveness to a situated understanding of disasters and institutions at the local level, and not treating apparent gaps between policy and action as functional challenges to be overcome with new science from national level.

Conflict Analysis of Forest and Land Fires in Implementing Collaborative Governance on Disaster Management in Kalimantan Indonesia

This research combines the ontological and sociological levels of implementing collaborative governance that is very significant in reducing the risk of natural disasters in Indonesia. The problem is very interesting to be examined by conducting descriptive qualitative research. The research is based on public policy theory, collaborative governance theory, and conflict theory. Data were collected using the in-depth interview with several key informants, direct observation, and related documentation. Data were analyzed using interactive models in three steps: data reduction, data display, and data verification supported by triangulation to obtain better credibility. The results were based on ontology, epistemology, and sociology by empowering the collaborative governance theory and conflict theory in Indonesia's forest and land fires disaster. Vision and mission of public policies related to forest and land fires disaster are needed to complete disaster prevention management by providing relevant information to stakeholders regarding regulations and sanctions. The results were produced a revised and detailed relevant regulation and state agencies as public officials in making revised regulations on forest and land fires disaster and natural disaster in Indonesia. The results of this research should be improved related to the forest and land disaster management policies. The researchers suggested that state institutions should cover the collaborative governance of natural disaster reduction in making better regulations on natural disaster management in Indonesia.

Assessment of flood prone zones in the Tarkwa mining area of Ghana using a GIS-based approach

Flood is one of the most imperious natural hazards that can cause economic damages to infrastructures and natural ecosystems. In view of the extensive mining activities in the Tarkwa area, there has been an increase in human intervention of natural water bodies via degradation of vegetation in the watershed area, inappropriate land-use change, soil erosion and expansion of paved surface area for settlement and industrialisation. This has increased the degree of flood susceptibility within the area, with major flood incidents recorded on a timely basis. In this study, a GIS-based approach was utilised to delineate flood-prone zone within the Tarkwa mining area using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A DEM-derived morphologic features including local slope and streamflow network were developed using ArcGIS. The flood susceptible map was generated by merging the slope map and the stream network maps. The results indicate that about 42.59% of the study area were highly prone to flooding. The areas susceptible to flooding were mainly made up of agricultural lands with high usage of chemical fertilizers for farming, which may leach into nearby rivers, streams, lakes and groundwater during flood occurrence. It is understood from this study that the mining areas within the Tarkwa Nsuaem municipality were less susceptible to flooding. The outcome of this study provides a simplified method of mapping and assessment of flood susceptible areas which can be used as a reference for flood risk management, prevention, and reduction of natural disasters in the study area.

国际预警体系研究进展及其对国内生态环境预警研究的启示

从1990年联合国"国际减灾10年"倡导构建灾害预警系统以来，国际预警研究迄今已有30年历程。通过回溯国际预警研究发展历程，解析预警体系要素构成框架，探究各类缓慢性、突发性灾害与风险研究进展，探讨不同社会参与主体在预警体系中的职能，指出未来若干年，我国国内生态环境预警研究亟需强化"以人为本"的研究理念，突破"区域综合性生态环境评估"粗放化、模糊化处理研究区各类生态环境风险的传统窠臼，对不同类型生态环境问题开展精细化探索，同时重视风险受众对预警信息接收、接受和响应能力，并与相关机构和组织建立跨地域、跨行业的信息技术交流与协作机制，让利益相关者更广泛地参与预警体系建设，从而接轨国际研究，使研究成果可为精准化生态环境应急管理工作实践提供强有力支撑。;The researches of early warning system have developed 30 years since the concept of early warning was advocated in The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction by the United Nations in 1990. By tracing the development processes of early warning research in international fields, the research framework and the main elements, the research advances of various slow and sudden disaster risks, the participants and their functions in early warning system were analyzed in details. Then the huge gaps between the Chinese environmental early warning researches and international research were pointed out. The suggestions were proposed:the domestic research of environment early warning needs to strengthen the concept of people-oriented urgently; the conventional research methods of extensive and fuzzy treatments of various environmental risks in the region should be broken through and the different issues of environmental risk are to be carried out with scientific and systematic study; the construction of software and hardware systems, as well as the operation details on public reception, acceptance and response to early warning information should be taken into account; the research should collaborated with relevant institutions and organizations in information technology exchanges in different regions and areas, and the mechanisms of allowing stakeholders to participate widely in building the early warning system need to be built urgently. The suggestions above will be helpful to enhance the applied value of the research findings of domestic environmental early warning researches in practice. The future domestic researches of environmental early warning can provide strong and effective supports for accurate environmental emergency management.

Analisis Penerapan Program Mitigasi Bencana Pada Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah

ABSTRACT
 The purpose of this research is the implementation of policies of the Bengkulu Province disaster management agency in disaster mitigation. This research method uses descriptive qualitative research. The results of the study explained that the implementation of policies of the Bengkulu Province Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) for the implementation of disaster mitigation policies had been running quite well. The Regional Disaster Management Agency of Bengkulu Province in Disaster Mitigation has issued a policy on natural disaster reduction, namely the Disaster Resilient Village policy and the proportion of Disaster safe schools. Apart from implementing this policy, the Bengkulu Province Disaster Management Agency also carries out socialization activities for disaster preparedness. In implementing this policy, we also cooperate with other agencies to carry out activities or policies in making Bengkulu Province safe from disasters. The conclusions of this study indicate that the policies issued by the Bengkulu Province BPBD in Mitigation are regulated in Governor Regulation Number 34 of 2018 concerning increased preparedness. Among them are disaster-disaster village policies and disaster-safe Madrasah schools.
 Keywords: Disaster, Mitigation, Policy.