Natural Disaster Assistance Research Articles

Voter reaction to the government’s refusal of natural disaster assistance: Experimental evidence from Turkey and India

How do citizens respond to their government’s decision to accept or reject foreign assistance in the face of a natural disaster? While the increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters necessitate international cooperation for effective response, there have been numerous instances where states have declined foreign assistance offers due to reputation concerns. In this article, we focus on the domestic audience dynamics of such behavior. Drawing on experimental survey data from Turkey and India, two middle-income countries with geopolitical ambitions and recent experience in refusing foreign assistance, we find that accepting foreign assistance during natural disasters leads to higher evaluations of government performance, though this positive effect is driven by opposition voters only. Incumbent voters, conversely, solidify their support for the government regardless of its decision toward foreign assistance. The domestic political effects of government decisions in response to aid offers are largely independent of the identity of the country offering assistance.

Analisis kebijakan bantuan internasional bencana alam dalam dinamika ketahanan nasional dengan pendekatan Delphi

This study uses the Delphi method to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of receiving international assistance for natural disasters in a country against the dynamics of national resilience. The Delphi method is one of the techniques used in mixed methods approaches. The researcher carried out several stages, from in-depth interviews, compiling variables for the questionnaire, and calculating the questionnaire result data to answer the research questions. The analysis will elaborate on several factors in national resilience: economy, politics, ideology, socio-culture, and defense and security. Based on the research results, four factors need to be taken into account by the government in responding to international natural disaster assistance: the type and scale of the disaster, assistance, the origin of the donor country, and the motives or interests of the donor country. It is advisable for the government to formulate policies related to its attitude to accept or reject international aid for natural disasters based on several possible conditions.

Operation LENTUS and You: An Emergency Manager’s Guide to the CAF


 
 As the scale and frequency of natural disasters and other emergencies continues to rise in Canada, the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) has increasingly taken part in domestic disaster assistance operations. Operation LENTUS, being the CAF’s name for all domestic natural disaster assistance operations, has seen the deployment of thousands of CAF personnel over recent years. The same is true for Operation LASER and VECTOR—the CAF’s operations in support of COVID-19 mitigation and vaccination efforts respectively. As such, emergency management (EM) practitioners are increasingly interacting with CAF personnel, both in headquarters environments for operational planning as well as in field conditions during the execution of specific EM tasks. Despite this, and by no fault of their own, many EM practitioners are unfamiliar with the CAF and are subsequently unsure how best to integrate CAF resources into their operations. Due to the complex nature of interagency EM operations, fostering mutual understanding and awareness is crucial to conducting effective EM operations. As such, this paper seeks to bridge this gap in the general knowledge of emergency managers towards their CAF partners during domestic operations.
 In doing so, this paper will explain and discuss various aspects of the CAF in domestic operations across the complete spectrum of operations, from legislative/strategic considerations to aspects of local execution of EM tasks. These explanations will serve as a starting point for emergency managers to improve their understanding of the CAF and guide their considerations when working in partnership with the CAF. It is hoped that bridging this gap will improve the operational effectiveness of CAF-Civil authority interagency operations and subsequently benefit Canadians in their times of need.
 

The rise in climate change-induced federal fishery disasters in the United States.

Commercial, recreational, and indigenous fisheries are critical to coastal economies and communities in the United States. For over three decades, the federal government has formally recognized the impact of fishery disasters via federal declarations. Despite these impacts, national syntheses of the dynamics, impacts, and causes of fishery disasters are lacking. We developed a nationwide Federal Fishery Disaster database using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fishery disaster declarations and fishery revenue data. From 1989-2020, there were 71 federally approved fishery disasters (eleven are pending), which spanned every federal fisheries management region and coastal state in the country. To date, we estimate fishery disasters resulted in $2B (2019 USD) in Congressional allocations, and an additional, conservative estimate of $3.2B (2019 USD) in direct revenue loss. Despite this scale of impact, the disaster assistance process is largely ad hoc and lacks sufficient detail to properly assess allocation fairness and benefit. Nonetheless, fishery disasters increased in frequency over time, and the causes of disasters included a broad range of anthropogenic and environmental factors, with a recent shift to disasters now almost exclusively caused by extreme environmental events (e.g., marine heatwaves, hurricanes, and harmful algal blooms). Nationwide, 84.5% of fishery disasters were either partially or entirely attributed to extreme environmental events. As climate change drives higher rates of such extreme events, and as natural disaster assistance requests reach an all-time high, the federal system for fisheries disaster declaration and mitigation must evolve in order to effectively protect both fisheries sustainability and societal benefit.

Company characteristics and CSR disclosure toward environmental performance

The term CSR in Indonesia has been known in the 1980s. But long before that, the application of CSR has been carried out as a philanthropic or humanitarian activity, for example, natural disaster assistance, hunger, and scholarships. But in terms of the application on the CSR fund management, the company is considered to merely maintain a reputation for stakeholders. In addition, with the publishing of the regulation Number 40 of 2007 concerning the obligations of Limited Liability Companies, companies were considered to be merely complying with the government regulations. This research aimed to examine the characteristics of the company proxies through Profitability and Environmental Performance as an independent variable on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure as the dependent variable. The population of this research was companies registered in the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) during the period 2013-2017. The data collection used in this research was a purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings of this research revealed that profitability has no effect on CSR because it has a significant level of 0.595 or greater than 0.05 while the environmental performance has an effect on CSR because it has a significant level of 0.012 or less than 0.05. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that profitability cannot guarantee that companies will disclose CSR in their financial statements while environmental performance through the Ministry of Environment (KLH) assessment program can have an influence on the disclosure of corporate CSR.

Dinamika Perempuan Berpolitik: Strategi Pengembangan Partai Keadilan Sejahtera di Era Reformasi

Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) is a unique and phenomenal party, it was born from the womb of a social-religious movement named Jama'ah Tarbiyah which later morphed into an Islamic political party. The PKS social base is a middle-class, educated and young Muslim community. This research explores the strategy of developing PKS in Kebumen District from 1999 to 2014 in the dynamics of Indonesian Islamic politics. This research reveals the unique pheno­menon of PKS Kebumen's role in an electoral manner in the distribution of votes and seats in the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD). The method of approach uses pheno­menological studies. The results of this study are that PKS was born of an ideology or Islamic religious thought. His birth was acceptable to the community because PKS approached the community through collective actions such as; <em>majlis ta'līm</em>, social services, natural disaster assistance, channeling financial loan funds, establishing school buildings, and places of worship.

SICOT contribution to natural disaster assistance: the external fixator.

SICOT contribution to natural disaster assistance: the external fixator.

Termination of the Emergency Post-Conflict and Natural Disaster Assistance Administered Subsidy Account

Termination of the Emergency Post-Conflict and Natural Disaster Assistance Administered Subsidy Account

SICOT contribution to natural disaster assistance: the triage

After the earthquake in Pakistan in 2005, SICOT began collaborating with Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) to allow volunteer orthopaedic surgeons to participate in humanitarian missions following a natural disaster [1]. After the SICOT Annual International Conference in Gothenburg, where we had a symposium debriefing the medical response in Haiti, it seemed worthwhile to prepare civilian orthopaedic surgeons for specific problems which they are not used to facing in their daily practice. The mass casualties and the limited resources impose new rules in order to save the largest number of victims. At the SICOT Triennial World Congress in Prague, we explored the controversies around amputation. The presentations at this symposium were published in International Orthopaedics in 2012 [2–6]. The following year in Dubai, the topic of the symposium on Natural Disasters was triage. It is perhaps the procedure which is least known by civilian surgeons. In addition, the context can be very different from one disaster to another. The lectures held during this symposium have been collected in this issue. They present the different approaches of MSF [7], of military operations [8] and the experiences of Haiti [9] and Muzafarabad [10]. With these publications and other reports published in International Orthopaedics on the Turkish experience [11], we hope to expose readers to a variety of experiences which could be a basic preparation for volunteer orthopaedic surgeons before their missions. A common agreement is also that all the decisions facing amputation or triage should be preferably taken collegially (if possible at least by one orthopaedic surgeon and one anaesthetist). This will significantly alleviate the responsibility put on the surgeon and obviously make the indication more objective. This year in Hyderabad, the topic will be the use of external fixation during natural disasters. Besides its intrinsic advantages in the treatment of factures, external fixation represents a very useful technique in such conditions, provided that it is not used as a plaster cast but as an accurate and definitive fracture fixation procedure. In the SICOT News of December [12], we published the mission report of one of our Egyptian colleagues in the MSF-Kunduz Trauma Centre in Afghanistan. Last year in Dubai, the MSF booth was a great success and no less than 132 orthopaedic surgeons from all parts of the world registered as potential volunteers. This year, MSF will also be present at the scientific exhibition in Hyderabad and you will be able to obtain all the information you need about volunteering at their booth.

Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust Interest Rate Mechanism - Extension of Temporary Interest Rate Waiver

In recent months, a number of Directors have expressed support in the Executive Board for a further extension of the temporary exceptional interest waiver on concessional lending. An extension would send a signal of the Fund’s continued support for Low-Income Countries at a time when the global economic crisis is still ongoing. In view of the related downside risks to the global economic recovery and a decline in the ability of Low-Income Countries to respond to a further weakening of global growth, this paper proposes a further extension of the exceptional interest waiver by two years, to end-2014. This paper also proposes to further extend to April 2013 the existing subsidization of the rate of charge on outstanding Emergency Natural Disaster Assistance and Emergency Post-Conflict Assistance purchases by PRGT-eligible members.

Disaster Preparedness—Formalizing a Comparative Advantage for the Department of Defense in U.S. Global Health and Foreign Policy

Disaster preparedness is a comparative advantage of the Department of Defense (DoD) in the global health arena. It is in line with the domestic interest of sustaining foreign natural disaster assistance and the foreign policy interest of maintaining national security. The DoD humanitarian assistance policy guidance published in 2009 states Disaster Preparedness should be considered as a key priority in humanitarian assistance engagement. Unfortunately, a whole of government disaster preparedness program framework does not exist to facilitate effective and efficient implementation. Leveraging the United Nations Hyogo Framework for Action agreed upon by 168 nations to take action and reduce disaster risk by 2015, the DoD could synchronize disaster preparedness efforts with other interagency and international partners. Increased civilian-military cooperation in disaster risk reduction supports the whole of government approach to work in a more coherent manner in pursuit of shared foreign policy goals. It also maximizes the ability to deliver critical national capacity in the health sector and beyond. Disaster preparedness is an essential element of U.S. global health and foreign policy, and the DoD must be a critical partner in a whole of government approach.

DETERMINANTS OF FAMILY BUSINESS RESILIENCE AFTER A NATURAL DISASTER BY GENDER OF BUSINESS OWNER

Using National Family Business Panel data combined with national natural disaster and federal disaster assistance data, the purpose of the study was to investigate relative contributions of human, social and financial capital; natural disaster exposure; and federal disaster assistance to business-owning family resilience over time for male and female family business owners. With a theoretical foundation of Sustainable Family Business and Conservation of Resources theories, the study examined 311 small family firms from the National Family Business Panel. Federal disaster assistance explained a significant amount of variance in firm-owning resilience. Higher levels of federal disaster assistance were associated with lower family firm resilience for male-owned businesses and higher family firm resilience for female-owned businesses. This study advances knowledge of firm sustainability after natural disasters by adding to the conceptualization and measurement of family firm resilience; by having baseline firm financial data prior to disaster exposure; by utilizing a national, representative, longitudinal family firm sample; by including a range of natural disasters and federal disaster assistance; and by including family resilience over time.

Deconstructing Reconstruction in Post-tsunami Aceh: Governmentality, Displacement and Politics

Rolled out as a solution to the problem of displacement in the new post-tsunami context of sudden natural disaster and unprecedented international humanitarian assistance, so-called “barracks camps”, it is argued here, must be understood against the backdrop of pre-tsunami militarized conflict, internal displacement, forced relocation and involuntary return. However, this analysis also shows that, once introduced, barracks camps also emerged as (contested) sites for the further elaboration of the problem of displacement in the wider context of the far-reaching transformations underway in post-tsunami Aceh. That is, the materialization of barracks as a preferred mode of governmentality of displacement in post-tsunami Aceh anticipated the (in this context novel) institutionalization of (international) humanitarian needs assessments and aid delivery targeting such camp-like relocation complexes. In this way, the barracks camps also contributed to the making of new experiences of displacement, which, in turn, came to shape the orientation and practice of barracks populations. As such populations have mobilized in collective protest, this article seeks to show, they have also rendered visible the political effects of the very governmentality that has formed such an integral part of the conceptualization and implementation of the reconstruction of displaced communities in post-tsunami Aceh.

St. Kitts and Nevis: 2009 Article IV Consultation and Request for Emergency Natural Disaster Assistance: Staff Report; Public Information Notice and Press Release on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Kitts and Nevis

"Volume 2009 (2009): Issue 180 (Jun 2009): St. Kitts and Nevis: 2009 Article IV Consultation and Request for Emergency Natural Disaster Assistance: Staff Report; Public Information Notice and Press Release on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Kitts and Nevis" published on 08 Jun 2009 by International Monetary Fund.

US Government Natural Disaster Assistance: Historical Analysis and a Proposal for the Future

Governments often provide grants or low-interest loans to disaster victims. Yet these programmes have proven to be quite costly. In addition, questions have been raised about associated behavioural incentives. Conceptually, government disaster insurance programmes should be more efficient, consistent and equitable than ex post facto disaster relief in the form of grants and loans. Yet the performance of government disaster insurance programmes has been mixed, at best. This article reviews the history of US federal natural disaster assistance to individuals and concludes with a recommendation for a new government role in the provision of disaster insurance.

Regional distribution of environmental hazards in Norway

The registrations of out-payment due to hazards in Norway by the Norwegian National Fund for Natural Disaster Assistance (the NDAF-Statens Naturskadefond 1962-1994) and the Norwegian Natural Perils Pool (the NPP-Norsk Naturskadepool 1980-1994) are the basis for the regionalization of hazards in Norway. Four different regions at the county level are identified: 1. More og Romsdal, Sør-Trondelag, Nord-Trøndelag and Nordland, with most damage and highest disbursement; 2. Rogaland, Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Troms and Finnmark; 3. Østfold, Oslo & Akershus, Hedmark, Oppland, Buskerud and Telemark; and 4. Vestfold, Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder, with the lowest disbursement. Storms are the most important hazard, followed by floods. In Østfold and Sør-Trondelag clay slides rank second, as do snow avalanches in More og Romsdal. Rock falls are of surprisingly low importance.

Natural hazards along the North Sea coast of Norway

Klemsdal, T. 1996. Natural hazards along the North Sea coast of Norway. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. Vol. 50, 157–169. Oslo. ISSN 0029-1951. A summary of the coastal geomorphology, environment and landscape of Norway's North Sea coast is presented, followed by some historical notes regarding the coastal population. Use of coastal zone resources forms the prerequisite for the distribution of the coastal population. With regard to extreme events of a disastrous character along the coast, wave erosion of shores and beaches is negligible, whereas storm winds are the events that have the greatest effect on people and property. Norway's position in the zone of the northeast-moving cyclones of the Atlantic is a significant factor. The registers of damage due to hazards at the Norwegian National Fund for Natural Disaster Assistance and the Norwegian Natural Perils Pool have been used to illustrate the distribution of storm damage along the North Sea coast of Norway.

Introduction to Disaster Management: Lesson 3—Natural Disaster Assistance and Relief Operations

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Responses to natural disasters

Since 1964, natural disasters caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or extreme weather in the form of floods, droughts, or hurricanes, have been responsible for more than 2,756,000 deaths worldwide in nations other than the United States, the Soviet Union, and the Eastern European Bloc, according to figures tabulated by the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) of the Agency for International Development (AID). Over 95% of these fatalities occurred in developing or third world countries. Damage resulting from these calamities has been severe but extremely difficult to estimate in monetary terms. In 1986, U.S. government and voluntary agencies spent $303 million on natural disaster assistance around the world, 79% of total world assistance. In 1985 the U.S. total was nearly $900 million, 48% of the $1.84 billion world total.

Natural-Hazard Maps for Land-Use Planning in Norway

AbstractProblems concerning natural-hazard mapping have been discussed by the Norges Geotekniske Institutt in pilot projects sponsored by the National Fund for Natural Disaster Assistance. Hazard-registration maps, geomorphic hazard maps and hazard-zoning maps are defined. Hazard-zoning maps are preferable in land-use planning. Both survey maps (1 : 50000) and detailed maps (1:5000) are of interest. A survey map (c. 600 km2) would be mainly based on airphoto interpretation and could be prepared in about 150 h. Detailed mapping is more time consuming and should be limited to development areas. Mapping of “marine deposits” and “other areas” are handled by separate groups, mainly because of differences in technical and professional problems. This gives rise to two parallel series of survey maps and detailed maps.The proposed programmes for survey mapping states that 80% of the marine areas should be evaluated in 5 years (1980-84), and that one-third of the country should be examined for rockfalls, rock slides, and snow avalanches in 10 years. Other hazard types are impossible to identify by survey mapping. There is a rising demand for detailed maps but as yet there has been no research project to standardize methods.The hazard maps are intended primarily to be an aid in land-use planning.