Natural Coagulation Research Articles

Relationship between Natural Coagulation Inhibitor and Obstetrics History in Predicting Thromboembolic Events during Pregnancy

Background: There is a low level of information on natural coagulation inhibitors in this environment and whether the early detection of its deficiencies could serve as a risk assessment tool for thromboembolic events in pregnancy. This study aims to determine the relationship between natural coagulation inhibitors and obstetrics history in predicting thromboembolic events during pregnancy. Methods: The study was a comparative cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted among one hundred and fifty pregnant women and age-matched healthy non-pregnant control. Obstetrics history was obtained via questionnaire and other information was extracted from case notes. Blood specimens were obtained for laboratory assessment of natural coagulation inhibitors (Protein C, S, and antithrombin III) at various trimesters of pregnancy. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: All NCIs decreased across the three trimesters of pregnancy but only the mean protein S and antithrombin III decreased with statistical significance (p = 0.001). Protein C, S, and antithrombin III did not show a statistically significant association when correlated with obstetrics histories. Conclusion: Although this study demonstrated a progressive decrease in the levels of NCIs across various trimesters of pregnancy, the use of NCIs as predictive tools for thromboembolic events in women with past bad obstetrics histories was not established but rather for risk assessment during pregnancy regardless of past obstetrics history.

IRON OVER LOAD AND ITS RELATION WITH HAEMOSTATIC PARAMETERS IN BETA-THALASSEMIA PATIENTS

Background: Patients with beta-thalassemia major have been observed to experience changes in their coagulation profile. These changes include an elongated prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time as well as bring down levels of natural anticoagulants and coagulation factors. The mechanisms underlying the occurrence of thrombotic tendencies in some thalassemia patients remain unclear. This study aims to examine the alterations in the iron and coagulation profile among beta-thalassemia patients. Methods: After informed consent, 50 children having beta-thalassemia, and 50 healthy controls were included in this study. Blood samples were collected and serum ferritin, haematological and haemostatic parameters were measured. Data was analysed on SPSS-24. Results: The laboratory assessment revealed 43.5% of the patients had thrombocytopenia, 54% had prolonged prothrombin time (PT), and 56% of the patients had prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). All estimated coagulation factors exhibited lower activity levels in comparison to the control group. Serum ferritin exhibited a positive relationship with PT and aPTT and a substantial negative relationship with total platelet count. Conclusion: High serum ferritin levels are associated to abnormal haemostatic parameters in thalassemia patients. Regular monitoring of serum ferritin levels is essential to ensure that thalassemia patients receive appropriate treatment and support. Pak J Physiol 2024;20(3):71–3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i3.1742

Synergistic Procoagulant Mechanism and Application of Kaolin-Zeolite Composite Hemostat for Effective Hemorrhage Control.

Achieving timely and effective hemorrhage control is imperative for the survival of individuals with severe bleeding. Hemostatic materials, by enhancing the natural cell-based coagulation response, are essential tools in modern and military medical practice for controlling bleeding, especially in emergency and surgical settings. Here, we report a new type of composite hemostatic material with two different aluminosilicate-based components, kaolin and zeolite, which synergistically work together in different stages of the coagulation cascade reactions. Kaolin can effectively activate the clotting factor FXII in the early stage, and zeolite can accumulate and assemble FXa and FVa on its surface and thereafter lead to the formation of highly active thrombin in the later stage. The synergistic action mechanism between kaolin and zeolite significantly boosts the levels of FXIIa and FXa, and it also greatly enhances plateau thrombin activity. For practical application, a kaolin-modified zeolite gauze is fabricated, and it demonstrates excellent hemostatic effectiveness. Compared to the combat gauze currently used in front-line treatment, it reduces blood loss by 75% and shortens hemostasis time by 33% in a rabbit femoral artery injury model. In addition, this kaolin-zeolite gauze has no heat release problem and a nearly zero particle shedding rate, which greatly decreases the safety risk compared to current commercial inorganic-based hemostatic gauzes.

Effects of platelet-rich fibrin on human endometrial stromal cells behavior in comparison to platelet-rich plasma.

Intrauterine transfusion of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become a new treatment for thin endometrium (TE) in recent years, but its low efficacy due to rapid release of growth factors limits its clinical use. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) starts the coagulation cascade reaction immediately after the blood comes into contact with the test tube. The natural coagulation process results in stable platelet activation and the slow release of growth factors. In our study, primary human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) were extracted from endometrial tissue. PRP and PRF were prepared from the patient cubital vein blood. Stromal cells were cultured in conditioned medium supplemented with PRP and PRF. Differences in cell behavior were observed by cell proliferation test and cell migration test. The relative expression levels of apoptotic Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 genes were measured by qRT-PCR. The release of growth factors from PRP and PRF was detected by ELISA. We found that both PRP and PRF inhibited apoptosis of hESCs, which favored cell proliferation and migration. In addition, PRF releases growth factors for a longer period of time compared to PRP. PRF offer a more sustained therapeutic effect compared to PRP, which provides a new idea for endometrial regeneration and repair.

Application of Circular Economy to Natural Coagulation / Flocculation of Surface Water: A Review

Application of Circular Economy to Natural Coagulation / Flocculation of Surface Water: A Review

Innovative approaches to assessing risk factors, diagnostics and treatment of neonatal thrombosis

Compared to children of other ages, neonates especially seriously ill and premature subjects comprise a high thrombotic risk group. A decline in the incidence of neonatal thrombosis may be accounted for by improved treatment of severe conditions in newborns and increased survival of premature infants. Neonatal and adult hemostasis exhibit distinct physiological features: difference in concentration, synthesis rate of blood coagulation factors, metabolic rate, thrombin and plasmin levels. At the same time, neonatal threshold values for natural blood coagulation inhibitors (protein C, protein S, antithrombin, heparin cofactor II) and vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (FII, FVII, FIX, FX) are quite low, whereas that of FVIII and von Willebrand factor exceeds those found in adults. Thus, newborns have lower plasma fibrinolytic activity. The main risk factors for developing thrombotic complications are as follows: central venous catheters, altered body fluid volume, liver disease, as well as sepsis and inflammatory processes particularly COVID-19. The significance of congenital and acquired maternal and neonatal thrombophilia may pose an additional risk factor for thrombotic complications. Low-molecular weight heparins are the first-choice drugs in treatment and prevention of neonatal thrombosis.

Ramadan intermittent fasting is associated with improved anticoagulant activity among healthy people: a case–control study

Data on the pathophysiological mechanisms of hemostatic alterations in the thrombotic events that occur during Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF), particularly in the natural coagulation inhibitors, are very limited. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effect of RIF on the natural anticoagulants level, antithrombin, protein C, and total and free protein S (PS) in healthy participants. Participants were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 29 healthy fasting participants whose blood samples were taken after 20 days of fasting. Group II included 40 healthy non-fasting participants whose blood samples were taken 2–4 weeks before the month of Ramadan. Coagulation screening tests including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and plasma fibrinogen level, natural anticoagulants; antithrombin, protein C, free and total PS and C4 binding protein (C4BP) levels were evaluated in the two groups. High levels of total and free PS without change in antithrombin, protein C, and C4BP levels were noted in the fasting group as compared with non-fasting ones (p < 0.05). PT and APTT showed no difference between the two groups. However, the fibrinogen level was higher in the fasting group. In conclusion, RIF was found to be associated with improved anticoagulant activity in healthy participants, which may provide temporal physiological protection against the development of thrombosis in healthy fasting people.

Natural flotation and coagulation–flocculation: a dual approach to refinery wastewater treatment

Natural flotation and coagulation–flocculation: a dual approach to refinery wastewater treatment

Sustainable sewage water treatment based on natural plant coagulant: Moringa oleifera

In response to global water scarcity and environmental degradation, one promising technique in natural plant coagulation that has gained attention in recent years is the use of Moringa oleifera a plant native to the Indian subcontinent. This study investigates the potential of Moringa oleifera as a sustainable solution for sewage water treatment. The problem of effective wastewater treatment was addressed by employing Moringa oleifera as a natural plant coagulant (NPC). The methodology involved the use of a jar test as a qualitative technique in coagulation and flocculation to assess the plant’s effectiveness in reducing turbidity and impurities in sewage water. The physical and chemical parameters of raw and treated water were analyzed, revealing that an optimum dose of 0.4 g/1000 mL resulted in significant reductions in various water quality parameters: turbidity by 92%, COD by 88%, total solids by 96%, chloride by 75%, total hardness by 74%, and inorganic phosphorous by 68%. The specific reduction in BOD was not provided, indicating a need for further investigation. The results suggest that Moringa oleifera could offer significant improvements in water quality and societal health while promoting sustainability and environmental harmony. The study concludes that Moringa oleifera presents a promising green technique for sustainable sewage water treatment, with implications for future research focusing on the scalability of this method and its effectiveness in treating different types of wastewater.

EVALUATION OF RESPONSE PANELIST ABILITY SOLUTION OF YOUNG PINEAPPLE IN CLUMPING MILK PROTEIN INTO MILK TOFU

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study aims to evaluate the response of the panelists to milk tofu with the use of a natural coagulation agent, namely young pineapple juice. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications. Each replication using 1000 ml of cow milk, the four treatments were adding 30cc of pineapple juice (P1), adding 40cc of pineapple juice (P2), adding 50cc of pineapple juice (P3), and adding 60cc of pineapple juice (P4). The observed variables were the hedonic test for the level of preference and the sensory quality test, namely color, taste, scent, elasticity and overall acceptance. The results of this study indicated that the manufacture of milk tofu using natural coagulation ingredients of young pineapple juice (Ananas comosus) from all variables (color, taste, scent, elasticity, and overall acceptance) and each treatment (P1, P2, P3, P4) showed that the results were significantly different (P&lt;0.05). The hedonic test value (preferred level) on color, taste, scent, and overall acceptance was highest in P1 with a sequential value of 4.12; 4.16; 4.08; and 3.88, while the highest value for elasticity was found at P3. The conclusion of this study can be suggested using 30 cc of young pineapple juice as a natural coagulation material in the manufacture of milk tofu because it produces milk tofu with a milky white color, the scent of cow milk, a slightly chewy texture, and a slight milk taste.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Efficacy of natural coagulants in reducing water turbidity under future climate change scenarios

There is a growing need for sustainable solutions to mitigate poor water quality with the uncertainty of climate change. Natural coagulants, substances derived from organic materials that help to bind together particulate matter in water, have arisen as potential alternatives to synthetic coagulants, which typically contain harmful chemicals such as aluminum sulfate. The objective of our research was to 1) determine the effects of temperature on the efficacy of natural coagulants and synthetic coagulants in reducing water turbidity, and 2) model how natural coagulation efficacy could vary across various segments of a watershed under future climate change scenarios. We hypothesized that both natural coagulants and their synthetic counterparts would have an inverse relationship between temperature and reduction in turbidity. Utilizing water samples from the Tennessee River Watershed, we conducted experiments that estimated the impact of water temperature on turbidity reduction efficiency of four coagulants. We found that turbidity reduction was higher at lower temperatures for only two of the coagulants. The eggshells, one of the natural coagulants, had a stronger association for increased turbidity reduction at lower temperatures out of those two. We then projected and mapped turbidity reductions under two climate change scenarios and three future time spans for eggshells. There were spatiotemporal variations of turbidity reduction for eggshells and a clear depreciation in natural coagulation efficacy with the progression of climate change. Our results suggest that site-specific and time-varying turbidity reductions utilizing natural coagulants under future climate change conditions can be vital for optimal water treatment plans.

Microplastic Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) by Natural Coagulation: A Literature Review.

Urban industrialization has caused a ubiquity of microplastics in the environment. A large percentage of plastic waste originated from Southeast Asian countries. Microplastics arising from the primary sources of personal care items and industrial uses and the fragmentation of larger plastics have recently garnered attention due to their ubiquity. Due to the rising level of plastic waste in the environment, the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of plastics threaten aquatic and human life. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are one of the major sources of these plastic fragments. WWTPs in Southeast Asia contribute largely to microplastic pollution in the marine environment, and thus, further technological improvements are required to ensure the complete and efficient removal of microplastics. Coagulation is a significant process in removing microplastics, and natural coagulants are far superior to their chemical equivalents due to their non-toxicity and cost-effectiveness. A focused literature search was conducted on journal repository platforms, mainly ScienceDirect and Elsevier, and on scientific databases such as Google Scholar using the keywords Wastewater Treatment Plant, Coagulation, Microplastics, Marine Environment and Southeast Asia. The contents and results of numerous papers and research articles were reviewed, and the relevant papers were selected. The relevant findings and research data are summarized in this paper. The paper reviews (1) natural coagulants for microplastic removal and their effectiveness in removing microplastics and (2) the potential use of natural coagulants in Southeast Asian wastewater treatment plants as the abundance of natural materials readily available in the region makes it a feasible option for microplastic removal.

An environmentally friendly and efficient technology to prepare high‐performance natural rubber: Electrophoretic coagulation

AbstractNatural rubber is bio‐based rubber, which plays an important role in carbon neutralization to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It is widely used in the national economy because of its strain‐induced crystallization properties. However, the preparation process for natural rubber is backward and in urgent need of reform. Electrophoretic coagulation, as a new natural rubber coagulation process, was proposed in this paper. We designed electrophoresis equipment and optimized it through finite element analysis. Compared with traditional coagulation methods electrophoretic coagulation has outstanding advantages: high efficiency, no wastewater, and low odor. Compared with commercial natural rubber, electrophoretic coagulated natural rubber has a stronger supramolecular structure, better mechanical performances, and dynamic compression heat buildup. We also revealed the relationship between the structure and properties of different natural rubber.

Coagulation Abnormalities in Pediatric Patients with β-Thalassemia, An experience at a Tertiary Care Hospital

Life expectancy in thalassemia has markedly improved due to consistent blood transfer and amenability with iron chelation therapy, therefore this improvement is conditioned with various thromboembolic problems of this prolonged disorder including thromboembolic complaints. Objective: To determine coagulation abnormalities in beta (β) thalassemia major patients who have been multi transfused. Methods: This observational study was conducted at Department of Haematology &amp; Transfusion Medicine, Children hospital &amp; University of Child Health Sciences (CH&amp;UCHS), Lahore, from October 2022 to January 2023. The study included 60 β-thalassemic patient, age less than 16 years whose samples were compared with upper and lower normal value as regards to Prothrombin Time (PT), Active Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), Protein S, Protein C, liver enzymes (Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT). The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Results: When values were compared, natural clotting inhibitors (Protein S, Protein C) were remarkably reduced in β-thalassemic paeds patients (p&lt;0.001).PT and APTT were prolonged in thalassemic children (p&gt;0.05 and p&lt;0.05 correspondingly). There was substantial increase in concentrations of ALT and AST in β-thalassemic patients (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001 respectively) due to iron over load by multiple transfusions. Conclusions: Marked changes in coagulation inhibition supporting thrombotic tendency was observed in thalassemic children. There were reduced levels of protein C and protein S, independent of slightly prolonged PT and APTT and elevated levels of ALT, AST with normal GGT in thalassemic children.

Innovation in natural rubber latex coagulation using CO2 microbubbles

Traditionally, acids have been employed in the production of raw rubber sheets. Using concentrated acids to coagulate natural rubber latex has led to issues such as subpar product quality and the generation of a significant volume of acidic latex serum waste. In contrast, opting for weak acids results in increased production costs. To address these limitations, this research adopts an innovative approach that leverages CO2 microbubbles as a process intensification technique. CO2 was bubbling into a bubble column filled with fresh natural rubber latex and closely monitored the pH and coagulation percentage over time. The physical and mechanical properties of the solid rubber products were characterized, in comparison with the products gained from conventional techniques. The use of CO2 microbubbles yielded shorter processing times and reduced the generation of acidic waste serum. Notably, this approach also led to significant improvements in key properties such as initial Wallace plasticity (P0), plasticity retention index (PRI), nitrogen content, and biodegradability in soil of the rubber samples. Interestingly, the utilization of CO2 as a feedstock highlights its role in promoting a sustainable process. This innovative approach not only minimizes environmental impact but also results in the production of value-added rubber products with enhanced properties.

Moringa oleifera organic coagulant to eliminate pollution in olive oil mill wastewater

Wastewater from the olive oil mill (OMW) is an environmental hazard as it contains toxic and persistent compounds with significant organic load and high turbidity. The purpose of the present investigation is to assess the effectiveness of OMW treatment by flotation and coagulation procedure using Moringa oleifera. Physicochemical analysis of OMW showed high levels of the original chemical oxygen demand (COD) with a concentration of about 230.4 g/L, turbidity, and polyphenols with an initial concentration of around 5.4 g/L. After natural flotation, polyphenols, turbidity, and COD were reduced by 16.6%, 50%, and 31.2%, respectively. Turbidity, suspended solids, COD, polyphenols, and nitrates were all removed by natural flotation and coagulation by Moringa oleifera with percentages of about 83%, 74.5%, 57.6%, 65.6%, and 73.3%, respectively. Principal component correlation analysis between pollution removal parameters indicates that all variances are in the first component, with pH, nitrate, polyphenol, COD, and turbidity concentrations positively correlated. The proposed treatment process, which uses Moringa oleifera as a coagulant, can be applied in many industries due to its unique characteristics, including cheap cost and environmentally friendly approach.

Determination of the Procoagulant Activity of Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Using EV-Activated Clotting Time (EV-ACT).

The role of extracellular vesicles (EV) in various diseases is gaining increased attention, particularly due to their potent procoagulant activity. However, there is an urgent need for a bedside test to assess the procoagulant activity of EV in clinical settings. This study proposes the use of thrombin activation time of EV-rich plasma as a measure of EV's procoagulant activity. Standardized procedures were employed to obtain sodium-citrated whole blood, followed by differential centrifugation to obtain EV-rich plasma. The EV-rich plasma and calcium chloride were added to the test cup, and the changes in viscoelasticity were monitored in real-time using an analyzer. The natural coagulation time of EV-rich plasma, referred to as EV-ACT, was determined. The results revealed a significant increase in EV-ACT when EV was removed from plasma obtained from healthy volunteers, while it significantly decreased when EV was enriched. Furthermore, EV-ACT was considerably shortened in human samples from preeclampsia, hip fracture, and lung cancer, indicating elevated levels of plasma EV and promotion of blood hypercoagulation. With its simple and rapid procedure, EV-ACT shows promise as a bedside test for evaluating coagulation function in patients with high plasma EV levels.

Potential Applications of Natural Coagulants in Portable Filtration Device for Flood Zone Residents

Drinking water for residents who live in flood area is the concern of the government and environmental management. Using natural coagulants to transform flood water into potable water in order to reduce the number of chemical coagulants (aluminum salt) that have a negative impact on human health. The results of the flocculation procedure using agricultural residue extracts, dragon fruit branches (DFBE) and avocado seeds (ASE), did not meet the Vietnamese standard for the provision of potable water. Using DFBE and ASE as coagulation aides improves the flocculation efficacy of alum in high turbid water (150 to 175 NTU) and low turbid water (20 to 30 NTU). The ratio of ASE to Alum was determined to be 1/6 for high-turbidity water and 0.2 for low-turbidity water. The ratio of DFBE/Alum was determined to be greater than 1/3 for high turbidity water and less than 0.2 for low turbidity water. This ratio is also evaluated for a portable, simple, and user-friendly water filter that is suitable for flood-prone residents. Combining natural coagulation aides with Alum in water flocculation satisfies the Vietnamese standard with DFBE for sources with high turbidity and ASE for sources with low turbidity. This demonstrates the utility of natural coagulation aids derived from agricultural residues for water purification in flooded areas.

Use of Nature Based Materials for Textile Wastewater Treatment - A Review

Textile products remain one of the basic products the human being cannot do without. Textile manufacturing industry is an important source point of waste water as the production of textiles requires large amount of water and over 90% of the water is discharged as waste. Due to the fact that textile products are produced in varieties of colours and patterns, use of dyes and other chemicals are usually unavoidable. consequently, effluents from the manufacturing process contain a quite number of organic and inorganic chemical compounds that have been found to have hazardous impacts on the environment. Coagulation and adsorption processes are important parts conventional waste water treatment methods. The cost of acquiring chemical coagulants and activated adsorbent has triggered research towards low cost alternatives with eco-friendly properties. In this paper, the use of natural coagulants and adsorbents for treatment of textile wastewater is looked into to cover various types of the natural materials employed for the abatement of various pollutants from the industrial effluent. The principle of adsorption and coagulations, methods used in the preparation of the natural coagulants and adsorbents and their application to real textile wastewater-this covers the review of reported works in the recent decade and the latest trend in the treatment textile waste water in such a way that environmental protection and human health are prioritized as textile waste water is known for its toxic constituents. In addition, the survey reveals the research gap in the area of application of nature based materials to industrial textile waste water which may be of importance for intending researchers in natural coagulation and adsorption.

Hydrogel‐Based Artificial Mucosa Restores Local Immune and Microbial Homeostasis for Treating Ulcerative Colitis

AbstractUlcerative colitis (UC) is a common inflammatory bowel disease driven by the dyshomeostasis of intestinal immune system and microbiota, but its treatment options are limited due to impaired epithelial barrier integrity and function. Herein, a multifunctional biomimetic hydrogel is developed as artificial colonic mucosa, which can readily establish a bioadhesive barrier at the ulcer site and restore local immune and microbial homeostasis to exert potent anti‐inflammatory effect. The hydrogel framework is generated through the thrombin‐mediated activation and polymerization of fibrinogen that resembles natural blood coagulation mechanism. During this process, the antibacterial agent Ag+ is used for the crosslinking between the generated fibrin units and dopamine/thiol‐modified hyaluronic acid biopolymers via Ag+‐thiol coordination to convey enhanced bioadhesiveness, while the interconnected porous network is employed to encapsulate basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and alanyl‐glutamine (ALG) for mucosa regeneration. The hydrogel stably adheres to the ulcer site to protect and repair the damaged epithelium and establishes an anti‐inflammatory microenvironment by inducing locoregional M1‐to‐M2 macrophage repolarization while eliminating harmful gut flora, which can act in a cooperative manner to substantially alleviate UC symptoms. The biomimetic hydrogel here presents a promising approach for effective UC therapy in the clinics.