Native Authors Research Articles

Auditor's professional judgment and opinion

The paper is devoted to such an actual problem in the field of audit activity as professional judgment and an auditor's opinion. A proper clarification of the logical content of these concepts significantly affects the effectiveness of the audit according to requirements of International Standards on Auditing (ISA). To date, in scientific publications the various approaches to the interpretation of the given concepts are expressed. A significant part of the authors is limited to general definitions and only some of them make attempts to substantiate their research with the laws and categories of logic. At the same time, native authors in every possible way avoid a full-fledged logical definition of content of the concept "auditor's opinion". The main reason is that there is an unsuccessful translation from English terminology into Ukrainian. In some cases, the term "opinion" has been translated as "opinion", and in others it has been called "conclusion". Therefore, if the term "opinion" is preferred, it turns out that the audit begins with an auditor's opinion and ends with it. An auditor's opinion fully encompasses such forms of logical thinking as concepts, judgments and inferences. The paper not only shows the misinterpretation of the concepts of "professional judgment" and "auditor's opinion" in a number of scientific studies. Also it is proposed the own vision of the cognition process in the auditing field based on the laws of general and dialectical logic. A related scheme of an auditor's professional judgment is given. From this scheme it can be seen that the opinion of a professionally competent auditor from the very beginning of the audit is being transformed through rationale into the concepts and requirements of the ISA. Further, an auditor's rationale is being transformed into judgments and conclusions. Based on them, as a result of proving or proving and planning, the specific conclusions of an auditor are formed as a report. The paper states that an auditor's professional judgment, like the professional judgment of other specialists, is subordinated to the general laws of logic. Its specificity lies in the fact that it is carried out with professional skepticism in conditions of uncertainty and risk and is subject to the requirements of legislation and ISA.

Decolonizing Law: Language and anthropology in the Lusosphere

In the Lusophere, under the appearance of homogeneity of law, due to the influence of Portuguese law, are hidden linguistic and anthropological aspects that are still untied from the State institutions and formal law of the new independent Countries. Thus, this paper, after an overview of the historical events of Portuguese law — from the presence of ius commune in Portugal, to the colonial era, to the post-independence legal systems — focuses on the linguistic and anthropological aspects of millions of people, only conventionally of Portuguese mother tongue and who regulate their lives according to spontaneous unwritten rules. Comparing within the Lusophere, this paper carries out its observation from three different perspectives: law, language, and anthropology. Portuguese now ranks sixth in terms of the number of native speakers and is spread across at least four continents; therefore, it is surprising to observe the scant consideration within the comparative studies for the law and language of Lusophone areas, with few exceptions and mostly confined to native authors. Even more unexplored is the field of comparative law among Portuguese-speaking countries, and except for a few contributions between Portuguese and Brazilian law, attention to Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde, São Tomé e Princípe, Equatorial Guinea and East Timor is sporadic, rare or nonexistent. This scenario appears to be due to a kind of self-referentiality of the Lusophone legal systems, mainly due to a strong academic dependence on Portuguese universities, a common erudite and administrative language, and a low diffusion of foreign language study. A decolonization of law is for these reasons desirable and, instead of being perceived an intimidating path, should be seen as a chance for new development opportunities.

Toward a Literature of Landed Resistance: Land’s Agency in American Literature, Law, and History

This article draws on Native American theory and archival sources, and colonial archival sources, to reframe land as an agent, partner in cultural production, and ally in resistance to colonialism. The article explains how land structures Haudenosaunee and Mohegan society in narrative and law. It examines how land’s agency appears in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Mason Land Case. It does so first from a colonial perspective, where land is inert property and Native peoples are unable to comprehend land as such, then from a Mohegan perspective, where land is a societal member and partner in resisting colonialism. Mohegan recognition of land’s agency and land’s influence on Native resistance is representative of what this essay calls literature of landed resistance. This framework elucidates how Native authors situate their relationships to land in order to move across colonial boundaries, continue active relationships with land in spite of colonialism, and resist colonialism alongside land. Through literature of landed resistance, this article shows how Mohegan leaders Uncas, Appageese, and Samson Occom detail responsibility to land that allows them to represent land’s agency in a manner not seen in settler texts and legislation, and to partner with land in acts of resistance. Understanding land as an active member of society and legislator shows land’s role as an agent and influence in community- and nation-building. (Re)animating land across history opens up new avenues in environmental justice studies to think about history, cultural production, and rights beyond the human and strengthens Native sovereignty through evidence of historic Native relations to land beyond property law.

프랑스어 기술 한국 고전서사 연구

This study aims to investigate the identity of classical Korean narratives in French, and based on this, to explore the possibility of expanding the field of Korean literature research and to refine the research methodology. This study focuses on three classic Korean narrative texts written in French by Seo Young-hae: Autour d’une vie coréenne(1929), Miroir, cause de malheur (1934), and La fille d’un cordonnier (unknown). The last text, in particular, is the first to be introduced in this study and translated that Seo Young-hae has been writing Korean classical narratives in French throughout her stay in France.
 This book, described in French by a Korean native author, has classical narratives as its main object of description. The classical Korean narratives, reinterpreted from Seo’s perspective, represent Korea as he interpreted it, or Korea as he translated it. The pursuit of Korean independence, which was consistent with his stay in France with a clear purpose, and his understanding of the Korean tales based on it, are the fundamental elements that constitute Seo’s rewriting, or translation. Therefore, this paper will examine how Seo interprets and translates Korean classical narratives by focusing on the external and internal relationships surrounding writing. To do so, I will analyze the three texts interactively and examine the adaptation of classical narratives and the linguistic and cultural translation of Korean classical narratives through them. While Seo emphasizes the inheritance of folk traditions and customs, he also emphasizes that it is not simply an inheritance without transformation, and that existing traditions can be reconstructed within an expanding network rather than closedly linked. This is Seo’s interpretation of the classics, tales, and oral tradition, and his hope for a post-modern Korea.

Sandinista Revolution: a Postcolonial Approach to USA Interventionism

"The Sandinista Revolution was a watershed moment in Nicaraguan history that forever altered the course of the country's history. First, it dismantled the Somoza family's dynasty, which had ruled for 43 years, not all of them consecutively, and established a political system dependent on their despotic regime. Second, and more significantly for international relations, the Sadinistas' denunciation of the neo-colonialism committed by the leader of the western democracies was a direct attack on US interventionism in Central America. Unfortunately, it was also the point at which the FSLN established its roots in Nicaraguan society and transitioned from a socialist movement to an authoritarian regime under Daniel Ortega. In order to analyse these evolutions of events I propose a postcolonial theoretical approach. The fact that postcolonialism is a relatively new addition to the international relations theory that first appeared in literature is one of the primary justifications for why this theoretical approach relies on information from native authors. This theory mainly focuses on the former colonies and criticises how the colonial past and present interactions with the former colonists have an impact on how those colonies have developed. I will examine the key ideas of these approaches in the international arena with respect to the particular case of the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua. Keywords: Latin America, postcolonialism, Sandinista Revolution, discourse analysis, United States of America."

Research Article Introductions in Applied Linguistics: A Comparative Study on the Use of Appeals

Introduction: Although extensive studies have been carried out on the rhetorical structure of research article introduction (RAI), centrality as a promotional strategy has received very little attention.
 Purpose: To address this lacuna in research literature, this study investigates centrality claims and how the appeals are realized strategically and linguistically.
 Materials and Methods: 60 RAIs from three-corpora, i.e., 20 English L1 corpus (written by native authors in English), 20 English FL Corpus (written by Indonesian authors in English), and 20 Indonesian L1 corpus (written by Indonesian authors in Indonesian Language), in the field of applied linguistics (AL) were analyzed. The analysis started from the step of claiming centrality found in the authors’ RAIs using the Swales’ (1990) framework. Wang and Yang’s (2015) framework was used to identify the types of appeals in the claiming centrality.
 Results: This study indicates that the three groups of authors use four types of appeals, namely the appeal to salience, magnitude, topicality, and problematicity. The appeals appear in varied ways, i.e., referring to the research world and the real world. Although application of each appeal in the step of claiming centrality is relatively different in the three groups, some share similarities in using the appeals in terms of referring to the research world and the real world.
 Conclusion: This study provides pedagogical implications for teaching academic writing, particularly in writing research articles for publication.

Presence in the Book

Presence in the Book Gerald Vizenor (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Native dream songs are forever in the clouds, and once more the empire wars are underway. The lilies and daffodils are in bloom, and at the same time we hark back to the stories of shamans that war never ends, since evil, envy, greed, and predatory vengeance never end. The last empire war started with a royal murder, and the next world war of resentments and revenge starts with the fiery purge of books and libraries. —Gerald Vizenor, Satie on the Seine: Letters to the Heirs of the Fur Trade (2020) "I AM IN THE BOOK," pronounced Edmond Jabès in The Book of Questions. "The book is my world, my country, my roof, and my riddle. The book is my breath and my rest. . . . I have followed a book in its persistence, a book which is the story of a thousand stories as night and day are the prow of a thousand poems. I have followed it where day succeeds the night and night the day, where the seasons are four times two hundred and fifty seasons," wrote Jabès. Native American authors are in the book and reveal the trouble and timely tease of books, or as Jabès commented, "the torment of the books." Natives are in three leagues of torment in the books, as the misnamed natives of discoverers, colonists, and counterfeit histories, the grandeur of the noble savage, and the critical tease and creative literary art by native authors. The gossip theories of race and betrayals of nations were denounced in the first books by native authors in the eighteenth century, and later ethnographic monographs were rightly mocked, and the rush of cultural models were deconstructed as ironic native stories of survivance. Cristoforo Colombo misnamed natives the Indians, and Amerigo Vespucci described natives as "worse than heathens; because we did not see that they offered any sacrifice, not yet did they have a house of prayer." Puritan John Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay Colony declared natives "enclosed no land, neither have they any settled habitations, nor any tame cattle." Critical literary memories are the future of books, the very nature and presence of printed books in the familiar world of libraries, timely ironies, and poetic perceptions of the colophon, deckle edge, and cover art. The reminiscences of printed books are not present in the future tense of computer technology or the algorithms of [End Page 43] artificial intelligence. The primary perceptions of the actual books are hardly realized on the internet or ebook readers. Click for larger view View full resolution "The books have voices. I hear them in the library," wrote Diane Glancy in Designs of the Night Sky. "I know the voices are from the books. Yet I know the old stories do not like books. Do not like the written words. Do not like libraries. The old stories carry all the voices of those who have told them. When a story is spoken, all those voices are in the voice of the narrator. But writing the words of a story kills the voices that gather in the sound of the storytelling. The story is singular then. Only one voice travels in the written words. One voice is not enough to tell a story. Yet I can hear a voice telling its story in the archives of the university library. I hear the books. Not with my ears, but in my imagination. Maybe the voices camp in the library because the written words hold them there. Maybe they are captives with no place else to go." Almost Browne, a native philosopher, always heard more than the voice of the author in a book. He heard the traces of dream songs, the seasons of hearsay, and the crowds of natives who created, enhanced, and mocked the books in libraries. Almost was born in the back of a rickety station wagon almost on the White Earth Reservation. Almost "signed and inscribed books in the name of Jesus Christ, Vine Deloria, Crazy Horse, Geoffrey Chaucer, and William Shakespeare" in the trickster novel Chair of Tears. "Many book buyers were curious about the...

ТЕМА ИММИГРАЦИИ В НЕМЕЦКОЯЗЫЧНОЙ ДОКУМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ДРАМАТУРГИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПЬЕСЫ М. ОБЕКСЕР «НЕЛЕГАЛЬНАЯ ПОМОЩЬ»)

The theme of migrants in Europe in general and in Germany in particular has been relevant in the past few years more than ever. A large number of migrant authors in different generations put this problem at the forefront of their creativity. However, it is somewhat of a taboo theme among EU native authors. It is interesting that even if they address the topic of migration, they consider it not from the point of view of migrants themselves, but the attitude of Europeans towards them. For example, Maxi Obexer creates her documentary play Illegal Helpers with the help of interviews with Austrians, Swiss and German who help refugees. The characters help because of various motives, while breaking the law. It turns out that helping illegal migrants is important not in itself, but as a kind of protest against the state. In addition, the theme of Nazism is crucial. They draw a parallel with the past of Europe, when many Europeans had to hide from the authorities.

Auditor's professional judgment and opinion. Their regulation by legislation and international standards on auditing

The paper is devoted to such an actual problem in the field of audit activity as professional judgment and an auditor's opinion. A proper clarification of the logical content of these concepts significantly affects the effectiveness of the audit according to requirements of International Standards on Auditing (ISA). To date, in scientific publications the various approaches to the interpretation of the given concepts are expressed. A significant part of the authors is limited to general definitions and only some of them make attempts to substantiate their research with the laws and categories of logic. At the same time, native authors in every possible way avoid a full-fledged logical definition of content of the concept "auditor's opinion". The main reason is that there is an unsuccessful translation from English terminology into Ukrainian. In some cases, the term "opinion" has been translated as "opinion", and in others it has been called "conclusion". Therefore, if the term "opinion" is preferred, it turns out that the audit begins with an auditor's opinion and ends with it. An auditor's opinion fully encompasses such forms of logical thinking as concepts, judgments and inferences. The paper not only shows the misinterpretation of the concepts of "professional judgment" and "auditor's opinion" in a number of scientific studies. Also it is proposed the own vision of the cognition process in the auditing field based on the laws of general and dialectical logic. A related scheme of an auditor's professional judgment is given. From this scheme it can be seen that the opinion of a professionally competent auditor from the very beginning of the audit is being transformed through rationale into the concepts and requirements of the ISA. Further, an auditor's rationale is being transformed into judgments and conclusions. Based on them, as a result of proving or proving and planning, the specific conclusions of an auditor are formed as a report. The paper states that an auditor's professional judgment, like the professional judgment of other specialists, is subordinated to the general laws of logic. Its specificity lies in the fact that it is carried out with professional skepticism in conditions of uncertainty and risk and is subject to the requirements of legislation and ISA.

The De-Subalternization of the Knowledge of Education? Lecturing Pedagogic Knowledge in Colonial India (approx. 1840–1882)

This article examines the import of Western pedagogic knowledge, knowledge about the theory and principles of education and teaching, in India from its very first formulations in Bengal in the 1840s until its inclusion at the University of Madras in 1882. The article follows the early trajectory of British pedagogical knowledge in the colonial setting, its associated knowledge practices related to its institutionalization in teachers’ education institutions and the main contents related to it. The research is based on a wide range of documents about colonial educational policy, particularly related to lectures in education and teaching, and a sample of early manuals of education and teaching. This article shows that, although not fully accepted as a relevant form of knowledge in Britain at the time, colonial educators introduced pedagogic knowledge as a manner of transforming inherited educational practices in India. In this process, colonial officials, missionaries, and upper-caste native authors authored manuals and embodied this kind of knowledge, in what can be interpreted as a de-subalternization of the knowledge of education in the colonial setting.

Speaking for the People: Native Writing and the Question of Political Form

Speaking for the People: Native Writing and the Question of Political Form

Editorial Introduction: Toward Care, Healing, and Justice

Editorial Introduction:Toward Care, Healing, and Justice Patti Duncan As we near the end of 2022, I'm delighted to introduce this latest issue of Feminist Formations. A special highlight of this issue is a Dossier featuring writings about Hil Malatino's influential text, Trans Care, curated by Jack Jen Gieseking and David A. Rubin. This exciting body of work features essays by Jules Gill-Peterson, Andrea J. Pitts, Jack Jen Gieseking, Rox Samer, Cameron Awkward-Rich, David A. Rubin, Davy Knittle, and Elliott Fukui and Christoph Hanssmann. In their introduction to the Dossier, Gieseking and Rubin describe Trans Care as a central text in the emerging field of trans studies, describing the way the book engages trans care webs, and the writers of the dossier essays respond to the text expressing their own forms of trans care. About the pieces in the dossier, Gieseking and Rubin write: "Each reading offers manifold insights for trans scholarship, trans teaching, trans collegiality, and even everyday trans lives. We structure the dossier to begin from our own geography: the academy. Then we wander across positions and disciplinary boundaries, fuzzy and otherwise, which Malatino perspicuously deems a form of 'sprawl' in his reply . . . [until we] finally arrive where so many us inevitably wind up for our survival: community-engaged activism." This movement and relation between the academy and community-engaged activism animates the dossier in important ways that help bring the ideas of trans care to life, and illuminate the many generative possibilities of theorizing and practicing trans care. Preceding the Dossier are five articles highlighting feminist themes including contemporary attacks on feminist and anti-racist research in higher education, decolonial practices in art and literature, responses to collective grief and trauma, and the gendered effects of the US-NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan. We begin with Liz Montegary's "Anti-Gender, Anti-University: 'Gender Ideology' and the Future of US Higher Education," in which Montegary critically examines the figure of Robert Oscar Lopez, a conservative "pro-family" former professor at a California public university. Through an analysis of the ways far right discourses such as those disseminated by Lopez increasingly attack feminist, queer, and anti-racist knowledge production in higher education, Montegary is attentive to both the "form and function" of conservative hostility toward the US academy. "To fully apprehend contemporary rightwing hostility toward the [End Page vii] academy," she writes, "we need to situate attacks on gender/sexuality and race/ ethnic studies with respect to the broader offensive on university-based research, particularly around migration, climate science, vaccinations, stem cells, and evolutionary theory." Needless to say, Montegary's article offers a timely response to current attacks on justice-based knowledge production, reminding us that such assaults—occurring in more and more places around the world—are both systemic and interconnected. Then, in "Earth Bodies as Re-Existence: Ana Mendieta's Siluetas Beyond the Limits of Ecofeminism," Jessica E. Jones considers Cuban-American artist Ana Mendieta's relationship to ecofeminism through an analysis of her self-portraits in her 1973–1980 series, Siluetas. In the series Mendieta explored nonwestern cosmologies, centering Indigenous and African figures in her work. Jones draws on decolonial and postcolonial theories as well as critical race feminisms to give what she refers to as ontological weight to Mendieta's divergence from and interventions into white, mainstream feminisms. Relying on Adolfo Albán Achinte's notion of "re-existence," a concept underscoring the ways art can function as "a re-humanizing practice for the colonized," Jones reads Mendieta as "enacting an aesthetics of re-existence, working to decolonize her own being through art by 're-member[ing]' the negated—female, Black, Indigenous, and earthly—dimensions of her existence in the Americas through her Siluetas." In "Communicating Felt Knowledge to Decolonize #MeToo: A Native Feminist Approach to the Sherman Alexie Allegations," Cortney Smith intervenes into dominant narratives of the #MeToo movement by delving into the sexual harassment allegations leveled against Sherman Alexie through a close textual reading of two essays by Indigenous feminist authors. Through an analysis of Deborah A. Miranda's "Inmate #A-93223: In the San Quentin of My Mind" and Tracy Rector's "Best of 2018: Female Native Authors...

Beyond Settler Time: Temporal Sovereignty and Indigenous Self-Determination

Beyond Settler Time: Temporal Sovereignty and Indigenous Self-Determination

Grypa w polskich podręcznikach o chorobach zakaźnych, drugiej połowy XIX w. i okresu dwudziestolecia międzywojennego (do roku 1937)

Influenza in Polish textbooks on infectious diseases from the second half of 19th century and the interwar period Influenza, as a disease, is still relatively unknown to the general public, despite the fact that it has quite an extensive pedigree, both in terms of etymology – the history of the term itself – as well as the period when it first became recognizable as a specific type of ailment. The following analysis attempts to uncover the regularities connected with learning about this disease, which has been known to plague mankind since ancient times. Another interesting aspect – besides reaching the reason for the phrasing used – is the question of the naming convention, which developed in Europe, one could say, along with the disease itself, which in turn was often known to take the form of an epidemic or even escalating to a pandemic. This analysis is based on the first Polish medical textbooks describing infectious diseases, which started being published in the Congress Kingdom of Poland in 1870s. Moreover, it should be added that initially those books were published on the basis of foreign literature and were passed on to the Polish public through translations. However, from the beginning of the 20th century, textbooks by native authors, the first national specialists in this field, started being written. The last position used for the purposes of the above analysis is a publication entitled doctors), edited by Leon Karwacki and Feliks Malinowski, published in Warsaw in 3 volumes, two years before the outbreak of the Second World War, in the year 1937.

Eulogy on King Philip

In the heart of New England, on the doorstep of the Pilgrim founding fathers, William Apess delivered this eulogy honoring their greatest enemy, Metacomet of the Wampanoags, known as King Philip, who led a coalition of Native peoples that came close to destroying the whole English colonial enterprise in 1675–76. In 1836, one hundred sixty years later, Apess chose to re-examine the circumstances of King Philip’s life and death, and pronounced him equal to or even greater than Washington in love for his country, military skill, and personal honor. While redeeming the memory of Philip as a martyr for his people, Apes takes opportunity to indict white Christian Americans for the false promises, broken treaties, murders, enslavements, and other oppressions visited upon the Native inhabitants by the European invaders. “We say, therefore, let every man of color wrap himself in mourning, for the 22d of December and the 4th of July are days of mourning and not of joy.… the prayers, preaching, and examples of those pretended pious, has been the foundation of all the slavery and degradation in the American colonies, towards colored people.” Apess’ was a brave voice amid the prejudice and Indian Removal policies dominant in the United States. His Eulogy is an early cry by a Native author for equity, for recognition, for common humanity, and for reconciliation: “you and I have to rejoice that we have not to answer for our fathers’ crimes, neither shall we do right to charge them one to another.” William Apess (1798–1839) was born to Pequot parents, grew up among whites as an indentured servant before running away to join the militia in the War of 1812. He became a Methodist minister, preacher, author, and publisher, advocating for Native rights and for anti-slavery causes.

Pleiotropic effects of statins in treatment of generalized periodontitis in patients with coronary artery disease: clinical and experimental study (literature review)

The high prevalence of generalized periodontitis in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) requires improving the existing ways of periodontal treatment of this category of cardiac patients and finding new ones. Statins are a group of lipid-lowering medications that are widely used for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases due to atherosclerotic vascular lesions. In addition to the cholesterol-lowering effect, statins have several pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulating, antibacterial, antioxidant, osteotropic etc. The analysis of scientific studies of native and foreign authors devoted to studying the influence of pleiotropic effects of statins on the condition of periodontal tissues revealed improvement of periodontal indicators, in particular, gum structure, reduction of the periodontal pockets depth, gum bleeding, and tooth mobility in patients on statin therapy. Experimental in vitro and in vivo studies show a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-a, etc.), which play a key role in the development of generalized periodontitis, as well as the acceleration of reparative processes in alveolar bone tissue when administering topical statins. Despite the prospects of using statins as the main or additional agent in the treatment of periodontal diseases, the question of dosage and method of local delivery of the medication for avoiding the undesirable side effects remains controversial and requires further research.

Native English and non-native authors’ utilisation of lexical bundles: A corpus-based study of scholarly public health papers

: This study examined the use of lexical bundles in the results and discussion sections of public health research articles (RAs) by comparing the native English writers with Iranian non-native English writers. To this end, four-, five-, and six-word lexical bundles were contrastively investigated in two different sub-corpora i.e. a native English corpus (NEC) and a non-native English corpus (NNEC). The corpus contained 496 985 words, and each sub-corpora included 100 RAs. The RAs were then examined structurally and functionally. The data were analysed both quantitatively, using frequency count and chi-square analyses, and qualitatively through content analysis. Based on the results, from among the lexical bundles, 29 four-word, 17 five-word, and one six-word bundles were identified in the NEC, while 52 four-word, 27 five-word, and five six-word bundles were found in the NNEC. The findings highlight that Iranian non-native English authors employed more four-word, five-word and six-word lexical bundles than native English authors. The descriptive and overall findings also suggested some differences in the two groups’ functional and structural patterns of lexical bundles, whereas statistically insignificant differences were identified in the structural patterns of bundles in the groups. These findings lay considerable emphasis on the central part that lexical bundles play in English for academic purposes (EAP) and English for specific purposes (ESP) courses.

Remote Stories, Local Meanings: Knowledge Transfer and Acculturation Strategies in Nahua Sociocultural History

AbstractIn this paper I carry out a microphilological study of a section of the Codex Indianorum 7, a colonial devotional manuscript in Nahuatl preserved in the John Carter Brown Library. It contains wisdom teachings derived from the biblical Book of Tobit and directed to both parents and their children. I argue that this hitherto unstudied text reveals the Native author's liberty to creatively mold and adapt a culturally remote European prototype into the Native genre of oratorical art—the huehuehtlahtolli, or “words of the elders.” The author also skillfully embedded and contextualized the content of the biblical instruction in local cultural meanings understandable and valid to an Indigenous audience. As an example of cross-cultural translation and colonial textual production, this source provides new insights into Native forms of agency, intellectual autonomy, and acculturation strategies reflected in creative dialogues with European traditions, developed and maintained despite the seemingly substitutive Christianization policies imposed on Indigenous people in the sixteenth century.

Semiotics with Style and Situation: Multi-modal Comparative Analysis of Title pages of Native and Non-native English Novels

The communicative function of text can be obtained through the multimodal analysis of the text which contains the interaction and integration of two or more semiotic resources, graphics and text. This study investigated the structure of the titles and graphics of the title pages along with the situation of the content of native and non-native title pages of English novels of modern age. 20 title pages including 10 modern native and non-native English novels are randomly selected from the Google search engine. Multimodal analysis including Jeffries (2016) model to analyse the structure of the text of the title pages, Davy (2013) model to analyse the graphical features of the title pages and Bernstein (2003) to investigate the situational features presented in the title pages of the novels have been followed. A bench mark technique was used to identify the graphics of title pages, structure of the title phrases and situation presented in the title pages. The results generated from qualitative analysis indicated that mostly the native authors observed all of the features mentioned by the great linguists, stylitions and graphic experts while selecting the design of title pages whereas, non-native authors and publisher have not kept these features in mind while selecting the contents of title page of their composition. It causes lack of readership as the readers cannot extract maximum information from the title page. The study has opened new dimensions to the new researchers and it also beneficial for the authors and publisher in the selection of the title pages.Key words: Semiotics, Graphics, Situation, Text, Title-page

The 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda

This study, written collaboratively with a native Rwandan author, briefly recalls the historical reality from a Rwandan perspective and addresses the consequences of the Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. Furthermore, the way the Western world was a passive spectator to the economic, political and social pillage and Genocide that occurred in the last part of the 20th Century, that was, in 1994, is discussed. 
 How is reconciliation fostered in the communities across Rwanda? In particular, the sites and communities where massacres were held? Strong community ties and community being central to social work practice is observed in most East African countries, with no exception to Rwanda. While social work pedagogy is something new and possibly introduced by Western idiom, the tradition of welfare and mutual caring (would have been/ has been part) of the Kinyarwanda culture, language, and manner of living. What factors have worked for reconciliation, reconstruction of the society? How were people made to understand violence, and what did they replace it with? How is the post-genocide moral narrative shaped? The traditional indigenous processes that have been utilised, including the Gacaca, unique court process, are briefly discussed. How do people implant hate into people? By the same token, how do people put peace and love into people? These are a few questions that were central to this study throughout.