Native Administration Research Articles

Ethno-Cultural Associations as Shadow States: The Case of Ijebu Province in Western Nigeria, 1900-1960

Extant scholarly works on ethno-cultural associations (ECAs) have done little to provide a robust historical perspective on their roles in community development of British colonies in continental Africa. Thus, this paper is an attempt to fill the gap in the body of knowledge on ethno-cultural associations in colonial Africa with specific reference to Ijebu province in Western Nigeria. The study is aimed at providing a critical historical discourse on the social, economic and political roles of ethno-cultural associations in colonial Ijebu province of Western Nigeria. The study utilises primary and secondary sources. While archival materials and oral interviews provide the primary data in this discourse, books, journal articles and newspaper reports are explored as secondary data. The study found out that the efforts made by the ECAs through several strategies in colonial Ijebuland brought about meaningful development at the community level. We also found out that the ECAs represented indigenous organizational structures developed by the Ijebu people and functioned as community-wide forums for problem identification and prioritization, social and financial resource mobilization and development project implementation at the community level in colonial Ijebu province of Western Nigeria. The study concludes among other things that the ECAs were more or less shadow states and that their efforts must be seen against the background of the failure of the colonial state and the Ijebu Native Administration between 1900 and 1960.

Western Sudanese marginalization, coups in Khartoum and the structural legacies of colonial military divide and rule, 1924-present

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the long-term history underpinning the tension between the “national” army and provincial “militias” that led to the outbreak of conflict in Sudan in April 2023. Sudan’s British colonizers created the distinction between what would later become a professional military in the northern region of the country, and what were deemed as “tribal”, irregular and ethnically defined forces elsewhere. The aspiring revolutionaries of the post-independence era hoped they could use the military as a short-cut to social change and modernization that would sweep away the neo-tribal system of “Native Administration” imposed by the British, but by aligning themselves to an unreformed colonial army and economic system, found that they forced violent reactions in marginalized regions. The reactions included Western Sudanese involvement in attempts to change the regime in Khartoum by force in 1971, 1975, 1976, and 2008, which this paper documents. These crises exposed the broader tensions within Sudanese nationalism, based as it was on the ideal of synergy between military and people. The paper draws on a wide range of Arabic and English sources, including newspapers and archival content.

Exploring Outcomes of Monitoring and Evaluation for Sustainable Development (MESD) Mechanisms in Sedibeng District Municipality

This paper sought to investigate the outcomes on Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) mechanism for Sustainable development in Sedibeng District Municipality (SDM), which were recommended by the investigator in the year 2014. The reorganisation of indigenous ascendency in South Africa necessitate municipalities to assist the societies surrounded by their regions of authority. That has conveyed capability encounters for the most metropolises. They are anticipated to provide adequate ideals of amenities to the citizens. Absence of provision is stagnant deceptive in the dominant disputes by public associates exhibition their hindrance with poor provision distribution and accumulations. Moreover, metropolises were permitted as well as mandatory to articulate their particular regulations to advance the lives of public fellows, and to contrivance their legislative mandates reasonably. In directive for the metropolises to accomplish extra professionally, a transformative classical was required. The excellence of services delivered at municipal level were reviewed. Monitoring and evaluation, key elements of appraisal must be commenced. The justification after this observing and appraisal is to create the system of governance more effective by smooth handed assessment of policies, sequencers, assignments, approaches, enactment of workers, and certainty of the institute entirely. The critique is grounded on a research accompanied to deliberate on the employment of observing and appraisal apparatuses at South African metropolitan glassy. The native administration organisation necessitates additional contemplation since of noticeable talent trials. Nonetheless, there is a necessity not merely to augment the recital of workers nonetheless similarly the excellence of facilities delivered and the actual administration of metropolises as an entirely. The emphasis region of this investigation is Sedibeng District Municipality (SDM), a Category C metropolis in the Gauteng Province. The research was grounded on the notion that operative observing and appraisal apparatuses might afford maintainable progress in Sedibeng District Municipality with enhanced provision distribution. In imperative to authenticate the theory, empirically founded arranged surveys on the observing and appraisal, and service delivery were utilized. Frequency analysis, which lends itself to association breakdown, of workers’ answers and residents’ replies was directed by means of the surveys. The investigation appalled to detect breaches inside metropolitan competences to consider public necessities. The qualitative study has discovered breaches in substructure distribution related to lack of capability mainly in primary resources, viz. financial, technical and human. The competencies of Sedibeng District Municipality necessitate operative application of these main possessions, consequential in suitable principles of provision conveyance to fulfil public necessities. The metropolitan enactment to discourse public requirements was recognized, revised, highlighted and manoeuvred over a Metropolitan Impost Device, deliberated in a recommended prototypical called as Monitoring and Evaluation for Sustainable Development (MESD). The ideal was located in the metropolis in an endeavour to assistance on attaining a glassy of competence concerning maintainable growth.

Analysis of speed of improved maize (BH-540) variety adoption among smallholder farmers in Northwestern Ethiopia: count outcome model

Low maize yield and productivity are major contributors to Ethiopia’s severe food insecurity and poverty. Generous efforts have been made by various stakeholders such as producers, and governmental and non-governmental organizations, to increase the country’s maize yield and productivity. However, the outcome is not as expected to achieve food security and poverty reduction. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine factors influencing the speed of adoption of the improved maize (BH-540) variety in the Central Gondar zone. A three-stage sampling method was used to select a total of 385 smallholder farmers. Moreover, a negative binomial regression was used to determine factors influencing the speed of adopting the improved maize (BH-540) variety. The negative binomial regression model revealed that the age of the household head, farm size, and membership of the cooperative were statistically significant and positively affected the speed of adopting the improved maize (BH-540) variety, whereas distance to the nearest market and access to credit were statistically significant and inversely affected the speed of adopting the improved maize (BH-540) variety. Therefore, this study suggests that the native administration ought to organize skill division and provide short-range keeping fit packages to input suppliers, producers, traders, and development agents in each district. Moreover, supporting and strengthening the current agricultural cooperatives is advisable to strengthen farmer-to-farmer skill allotment by providing mindfulness conception, benefits, and numerous infrastructures. Furthermore, the trade and market development department should be designed to establish improved seed market institutions in each district.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON REPLACEMENT OF RCA IN GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE INSTEAD OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Globally, the employment of concrete significantly high-strength concrete has been increasing dayby-day thanks to fast industrial enterprise and infrastructural developments. a huge amount of natural coarse mixture is needed for creating concrete to fulfill the massive demand. The natural resources of coarse mixture ar depleting apace everywhere the globe and desperately have to be compelled to be preserved. On the opposite hand, ample tonnes of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes ar being generated from totally different sources. The disposal of those large quantities of C&D waste is motility an enormous downside to the native administration and surroundings. Further, there ar aras wherever the natural coarse aggregates ar scarcely on the market and are hauled from long distances. These problems got to be addressed desperately. A review of the literature suggests that getting the coarse aggregates from C&D waste may be a attainable resolution to those problems. Therefore, within the gift work, associate degree experimental try has been created to utilize the recycled coarse mixture (RCA) from C&D waste to the utmost attainable extent for manufacturing the high-strength concrete. The experimental work has been distributed in 2 phases: (i) Influence of process technique on RAC and (ii) Influence of blending approaches on RAC. the combo proportion of M75 grade was unbroken constant throughout the study. First, the influence of process technique on the properties of high-strength RAC has been studied to pick out the foremost appropriate processed recycled mixture for creating high-strength concrete. within the second part, the influence of assorted two-stage mixture approaches on the properties of high-strength RAC has been studied to pick out the foremost acceptable two-stage mixture approach at the moment the resultant concrete mixes are: i) Mechanical properties (Compressive Strength, Flexural strength, Split enduringness, ii) sturdiness properties (Acid Reistance , ocean Water Resistance) are studied. And compared with nominal cement concrete

Tax collection in Northern Ghana during British Colonial Rule from 1898-1950 (Part Two)

One aspect of administrative history that was bequeathed by British colonialism in Northern Ghana from 1898 to 1950 was that of tax collection. This came in two phases: the first commenced from 1898 to1930. This study is concerned with the second period that lasted from 1930 to 1950. Within this period the purpose or objective of the study argues that a clear tax policy was formulated for Northern Ghana which marked the re-introduction of direct taxation that was systematically imposed under a system of Native Administration based on the principles of indirect rule. Much archival material was obtained in the Public Records and Archival Administration Department both in Accra and Tamale. Oral interviews were carried out that engaged elderly people who hail from the North. Information was equally gathered from chiefs and educated elites who come from the area. Some of the latter are teachers in universities in Ghana. Secondary source material such as books and journals enhanced the study. Thorough preparations were made by the British regime towards the re-introduction of direct taxation culminating in its return. The study outlines the nature and method of collection, the expenditure that was entailed, and the social effects that direct taxation bestowed on the traditional social life of the inhabitants. The article concludes that tax collection in Northern Ghana was thus one of the most successful policies that was carried out by the British and that actual developments resulting in the provision of social infrastructure began with the re-introduction of direct taxation under the Native Administration systemKeywords: Native Administration, Customary Tribute, Nominal Rolls, Native Authorities, Metal Discs

Settler Colonialism and Social Science in South Africa

Anthropology as a discursive practice ‘encodes and reproduces the hegemonic process of colonial settlement' (Wolfe 1999: 3). In South Africa, the discipline was formalised within the transatlantic movement and networking of philanthropists, missionaries, and academics between South Africa, the British Empire, and the United States in the early twentieth century. Some key moments in this historical drama include the work of C. T. Loram on ‘The Education of the South African Native' (1917), based on a doctoral dissertation completed at Columbia University, the appointment of English anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe Brown as the first chair in Anthropology at the University of Cape Town in 1921, and the advent of the Inter-University Committee for African Studies in 1932. The advent of the Native Affairs Commission in 1920, followed by the 1927 Native Administration Act, and the creation of the South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR) in 1929 constituted different iterations of and nodes within this developing schema of racial liberal praxis in South Africa. This schema was interrelated, ideologically, intellectually and financially, within a broader transnational network of imperialism and white supremacy across the Atlantic. The SAIRR, a liberal research institute based in Johannesburg, together with the newly established Bantu Studies Department at the University of the Witwatersrand constituted social scientific iterations of liberal colonialism. This paper will consider the ways in which the advent and development of the social sciences, in the form of the Wits Bantu Studies Department and the SAIRR, in early 20th century Johannesburg depended on the silencing of the processes and structure of conquest in South African history, and the production of a scientific racial liberal discourse on the ‘Native Question'. In doing this, I will explore a particular ‘intimacy' of empire (Lowe 2015) through which imperialism was made ‘legible' across the Atlantic through social scientific production. The paper will also offer some reflections on the longue duree interconnections between the advent of settler colonial social science and research, and contemporary social science pedagogy and praxis in South Africa.

Gay Indians in Brazil: Untold Stories of the Colonization of Indigenous Sexualities by Estev�o Rafael Fernandes and Barbara M. Arisi (review)

Reviewed by: Gay Indians in Brazil: Untold Stories of the Colonization of Indigenous Sexualities by Estevão Rafael Fernandes and Barbara M. Arisi Alexander M. Cárdenas-Jara Estevão Rafael Fernandes and Barbara M. Arisi. Gay Indians in Brazil: Untold Stories of the Colonization of Indigenous Sexualities. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2017. 70 p. Gay Indians in Brazil is a decolonial critique of Iberian colonialism's imposed heteronormativity on Amerindian peoples in Brazil during and after colonization. Chapters 1 and 5 are, above all, a brief introduction and an epilogue. In the three central chapters, the authors underscore the repercussions up until the present day of Catholic and Eurocentric understandings of sexuality and of the degradation and massacres of peoples whose sexual lives fell outside of colonial norms. In the chapter "'Between the Cross and the Crown': Missionaries and Indigenous Sexuality," Fernandes and Arisi describe the historical, theological and legal aspects of the colonization of Amerindian sexualities. They analyze historical accounts of the first centuries of colonization of Brazil in which—through European and colonizing eyes—Amerindian sexualities were disciplined. Both in Iberia and Brazil, individuals whose sexual lives did not conform to norms of heterosexuality were called sodomites. After an instructive etymological explanation of the term and their conclusion that it initially referred primarily to "the idea of obedience under penalty of severe punishment of God" (14), the authors contend that the punishable aspect of sodomy came to shape the idea that any threats to the Iberian Peninsula's emerging States during the Late Middle Ages was to be punishable by death and was adopted by legislation. Indeed, as a threat to the very existence of the state and the Church, sodomites were ordered by royal law to be executed and were denigrated with labels that belonged to the semantic field of crimes against natural law. Indeed, most depictions of Amerindians made by Jesuit missionaries, who Christianized them up to the mid-eighteenth [End Page 205] century, linked "savage" natives to sodomy, lust, polygamy, cannibalism, and debauchery. Such a bestial representation of Amerindians came from the Aristotelian notion of nature, as interpreted in a Christian framework by Aquinas. Here the notion of "Nature" entailed a hierarchy in which the male, portrayed as a rational and self-disciplined being, controls, dominates and protects the female, who is associated with uncontrollable passions, desires, and lust, among other similar signifiers. It is safe to say that Amerindians were placed alongside women at the bottom of the hierarchy. Regarding their Christianization and the resulting disciplining of the body, the book covers—although very briefly—the methodology of catechization by the Jesuits in Brazil. Their conversion method, based mainly on fear, was performed in special settlements. The chapter "Becoming 'Useful Citizens': The Control Over Natives and Their Sexuality" covers the colonization of Amerindian sexualities from the mid-1750s, when the Jesuits were expelled from Portuguese colonies in America, until the proclamation of the Republic of Brazil in 1889. The authors approach the heterosexualization of Amerindian sexualities as part of a complex process that was interrelated with the racialization and the civilization of colonialism. Also, the colonial control of sexuality went beyond sexual practice; it pointed to colonial dynamics of power relations in marriage, kinship, and political alliances. After the expulsion of the Jesuits, Portugal's emerging "enlightened despotism" looked for ways to optimize the Portuguese economy. Amerindian lands and labor gained a greater interest for the Crown who issued laws such as the Directory of Indians, in order to partially secularize native administration and to civilize the Amerindians. Additionally, the Crown advocated turning former missions into villages and implanting in them full-scale urban administration and taxes. Regarding the somewhat secularized civilizing of Amerindians, the laws dealt with replacing native housing practices and clothing with Western living and sartorial standards. Furthermore, they encouraged white settlements to occupy former missions and stimulated marriage between natives and Europeans. The authors contend that this type of initiative came from the Enlightenment model that held that human redemption could be obtained through education and by reason. In this way, during the first half of nineteenth century, regulatory legislation was issued in order to further "civilize" and...

An Accommodation of Patriarchs: Theophilus Shepstone and the Foundations of the System of Native Administration in Natal

shrewd, observant, silent, self-contained, immobile.1 His ‘desire [was] to speak with all people’2As remote as the arguments in this paper might appear, they should be seen as part of the process o...

Virtual Abolition: The Economic Lattice of Luwalo Forced Labor in the Uganda Protectorate

Luwalo was a type of traditional, unpaid forced labor used during the colonial period in the Uganda Protectorate until the mid-1940s. After the passage of the International Labour Organization's Forced Labor Convention in 1930, the British Colonial Office put pressure on the various colonial administrations to phase out forced labor. In Uganda the administration eventually abolished luwalo . With the looming prospect of abolition, the administration was forced to assess the monetary value of luwalo to better determine the scale of a new tax that would replace the labor. This paper examines this episode of forced labor abolition in the Uganda Protectorate to highlight two points regarding the use of unpaid traditional forced labor during the colonial era in Africa. First of all, although luwalo was construed as an artifact of tradition that was in some ways outside the market, the administration's own appraisal of luwalo showed that the unpaid labor actually served as an important revenue generation stream for the various local administrations within Uganda Protectorate, contributing tremendously to their base revenues. Secondly, despite the ideological and administrative effect of the Forced Labour Convention, the abolition of luwalo in Uganda shows that forced labor was not so much abolished as converted into an extractive tax. Even before abolition, the administration was, essentially, converting luwalo into a tax through the progressive extension of commutation payments paid by African males in order to avoid the work. With abolition, the administration simply made real what was already apparent by shifting the burden of the financial loss of luwalo onto the backs of Africans through a new Native Administration Tax. This virtual abolition of luwalo was a reflection of its economic importance.

Colonial Sudan: The Separate Administration of The South (1920-1933)

As a matter of fact, many educated Sudanese questioned whether there ever existed a coherent and comprehensive British policy toward the Sudan as a whole and toward its Southern Regions in particular. There was actually no room in Sudanese nationalism for continuing domination of the traditional leaders, and as Native Administration came under increasing attacks by the nationalists, so too did its resultant “Southern Policy”, with all its implications for separatism. Ten years after its promulgation, the Southern Policy was regarded by the nationalists as the very symbol of the British imperial dictum of Divide and Rule, intended to continue British control in the Sudan by perpetuating the separation of the country into two regions. Sudanese nationalists viewed the Southern Policy as part of a system which sought to search for the past not to look for the future, and to emphasize diversity not to encourage unity. Moreover, the language policy adopted in the South did not aim specifically at the exclusion of Islam and Arabic but more at the encouragement of English as a lingua franca. This created or intensified linguistic division, which still complicates North – South relations today. Sudanese nationalists continued to condemn the Southern Policy because its implementation, they considered, allowed the ultimate political arrangements of a unified Sudan to be indefinitely postponed. This section is reserved to the birth and execution of the Southern Policy, the factor most responsible for the Sudan’s present separation.

Conflict with Others at a Bleeding Frontier: The Case of Tagoi in the Northeastern Nuba Mountains – Sudan

This article looks at the escalating conflict between the Tagoi and Hawazma and their allies over natural resources and political authority in the north-eastern Nuba Mountains, from the Tagoi’s perspective. It explains why and how the Tagoi Area has become a free zone for settlement by the Hawazma and their allies, who have succeeded in developing an independent native administration in the area and have begun to contest the Tagoi’s rights to political authority and land. It illustrates how security concerns associated with the Second Civil War between the government of Sudan (GoS) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) first and the Sudan/South Sudan international border after the secession of South Sudan in 2011 have contributed to the escalation of this conflict. It also shows how this conflict has recently become entangled with the armed conflict between the GoS and the SPLM/A-North, thus attaining a new dimension.

Entangled Patriarchies: Sex, Gender and Relationality in the Forging of Natal: A Paper Presented in Critical Tribute to Jeff Guy

The arguments presented here are offered in critical appraisal of Guy's contribution to the scholarship of colonial Natal and are informed by two primary concerns: the first is a politics of producing desegregated historiography, and the second is the need for local historical studies to relate to areas of wider scholarly concern, in this instance relating Shepstonian politics to liberalism and the nineteenth-century British Empire. Theophilus Shepstone and the Forging of Natal (2013) is Jeff Guy's magnum opus and a meticulously researched and richly detailed book. Guy's finely considered archival narrative builds a vision of a colony forged out of the local contingencies of Native administration centred around Shepstone's mediations of power. In this telling, it is out of the struggles between the powerful Shepstone; a small, fractious settler elite – his friends and enemies; and an intricate network of chiefly authorities that Natal is made. It is clear from this tome, as it is in his considerable body of earlier work, that Guy was not one to countenance theoretical generalisations about Shepstone's Natal. It is the contention of this essay that Guy's writing of this history of the colony is, at best, a history in part, and that connections and generalisations beyond these groups and beyond the colony are political and scholarly imperatives. In addressing this, I will draw on instances of my own research on race, sex, marriage and state-making to demonstrate the necessity of, and the possibilities for, a broader, more complex telling of the history of colonial Natal.

Black Landlords, their Tenants, and the Natives Land Act of 1913

This article uses an important family archive – that of the Molemas, educated and influential Barolong notables – as a key source in analysing the relations between black landlords and their tenants in the Molopo Reserve. Silas Molema was one of the most influential Barolong chiefs, whose territories spanned ‘British Bechuanaland’ (incorporated into the Cape in 1895) and the Bechuanaland Protectorate. The Molopo Reserve had negotiated a status guaranteeing a substantial level of autonomy at the time of incorporation. Molema, like other members of the Barolong nobility, included white settlers among his tenants; and the family papers contain a wealth of detail about leasing arrangements and social relations between the parties. In 1903 the Divisional Council of Mafeking imposed a Dog Tax on residents of the Molopo Reserve, a measure contested in court by the Barolong chieftaincy. The case concerned the imposition of the tax but, more broadly, the powers of the Cape/Union government over the Reserve. In 1904, the court found in favour of Barolong; the Cape colonial government responded with proclamations intended to make the Molopo Reserve subject to the control of the Divisional Council, and therefore the government. The article argues that this litigation impinged directly on the set of interests and manoeuvres that culminated in the passage of the Natives Land Act in 1913 – a story hitherto unobserved by historians. It argues further that the Natives Land Act of 1913 was a cornerstone instalment towards territorial segregation in South Africa. Its proposition is that the Natives Land Act of 1913 was intended to demarcate and fix the geographical boundaries of countryside that the colonial government wished to make ‘black’ in a context of racial fluidity in the early 20th century. The Act effectively installed the colonial government as the ‘supreme chief’ and principal landlord in the territory the Act defined as ‘Scheduled Areas’. This enabled it to intervene in African reserves directly as a sphere of ‘native administration’.

Decentring Shepstone: The Eastern Cape Frontier and the Establishment of Native Administration in Natal, 1842–1849

In spite of historians' sophisticated understanding of how Africans shaped colonial administration in Natal, in many accounts the European side of native administration remains highly personalised. In this article I challenge the widely held assumption that Theophilus Shepstone was the central colonial figure responsible for the establishment of indirect rule in Natal. I advance two interrelated arguments. The first is that Shepstone was just one of half a dozen imperial officials, located variously in Natal, the Cape and London, who together made key decisions that laid down the basic framework of native administration in the 1840s. This basic framework I take to be the establishment of Natal's first locations and the official recognition of chiefly rule and native law, all of which had been formalised by 1849. The second argument is that these officials specifically drew from their close experience of the eastern Cape frontier – and in particular the administrative policies trialled in Queen Adelaide Province from 1835 to 1836 and British Kaffraria in 1847 – in devising a model for governing Natal's Africans in the 1840s. I suggest that it is the Queen Adelaide Province experiment, along with the early government of British Kaffraria the following decade, that provided colonial officials with a distinct template for native administration in Natal.

Bantu Authorities and Betterment in Natal: The Ambiguous Responses of Chiefs and Regents, 1955–1970

While the Maphumulo and Nyavu chiefs, regents, and izinduna at Table Mountain (Pietermaritzburg, Natal) agreed to establish bantu authorities in early 1955, well before many other KwaZulu/Natal chiefdoms, they and their successors did little thereafter to suggest continued support for the apartheid system of African administration. Examining the actions of these apartheid-era traditional leaders requires avoiding depictions of chiefs as resisting or not resisting, with what Frederick Cooper called the capital ‘R’. Exactly what is or is not being resisted must be clear. Apartheid needs to be unpacked, as does the chiefdoms' internal politics that influenced the actions of traditional leaders. Rural opposition to the bantu authorities system included battles against collaborative chiefs, against the traditional authority system itself, and in support of traditional authorities. At Table Mountain, the people attacked symbols of betterment and the bantu authorities system, making clear to their leaders that co-operation with these policies would not be tolerated. The people here included groups of women, aspirant businesspersons, and members of the chiefly families. Drawing upon archival and media records and oral history interviews, this examination of the Nyavu and Maphumulo traditional leaders' complex engagement with the bantu authorities system shows how traditional leaders navigated pressure to co-operate from apartheid officials, the desires of their diverse followers, and the country-wide resistance to bantu authorities and betterment schemes. The actions of these four chiefs and particularly vulnerable regents show a generational divide in responses, with the elder leaders and regents more likely to tread cautiously in their interactions with apartheid officials. The leaders' lack of enthusiasm for the bantu authorities system forced officials in the Native Affairs and Bantu Administration departments not only to take on responsibility for the implementation of projects and budgets, but to craft incentives and disciplinary measures in efforts to co-opt the traditional leadership.

This man’s tracks: Laurie O’Neill and post-war changes in Aboriginal Administration in Western Australia

At the end of August 1951, the local officer for the Western Australian Department of Native Affairs, Laurence (Laurie) O'Neill, drove to the Kalgoorlie cemetery and took his own life. What drove him to do so is not known. What is known is that his brother Jim had been buried there two months earlier after a sudden illness. Certainly O'Neill had had his share of personal tragedy, both his children having died at birth in Halls Creek in the state's north in the mid 1930s. But it may have been the case, too, that he had struggled to adjust to the shifting culture of 'native administration' in Western Australia. When he joined the department in 1941 the skills and experience he brought with him from 12 years as a mounted policeman in the Kimberley made him eminently suited to a role in 'native administration', a Perth newspaper asserting that 'Native Affairs Branch is lucky to have so competent and experienced a representative'. By the end of the decade, however, O'Neill's approach in dealing with Aboriginal people was no longer viewed as appropriate for a Native Affairs officer, and his views were described as being 'diametrically opposed to those of the department'.

Cattle and Soil: Soil Erosion Discourse and Native Administration in Colonial Kenya

Cattle and Soil: Soil Erosion Discourse and Native Administration in Colonial Kenya

The Traditional Mechanisms of Conflict Resolution & Peace Building in Darfur; From an Anthropological Perspective

The study assesses the Volunteering & social interaction between components of Darfur that remain active and peaceful as long as these mechanisms remain active. Historically, Darfur society enjoys accumulative and stratified stage of norms and traditions that processed over experiments and experience of generation throughout centuries and converged to unrecorded law which all subjected to it. Norms and traditions were transformed orally from one generation to another. The research found that many indigenous affected by conflicts resolution in Darfur, i.e. the native administration, ajaweed council (al-judia), mechanisms of farmer, herder conflict the rakuba and so on. And on other side their mechanisms for peace building like: al- Nafeir, Social relations, Hunting group, al-fazza, al-darra, local markets, life cycle event, folke literature …etc. The study concludes with recommendations to for promoting these mechanisms in order to contribute efforts aimed at identifying ways of achieving sustained peace in Darfur. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p132

Define and rule: native as political identity

Define and Rule focuses on the turn in late nineteenth-century colonial statecraft when Britain abandoned the attempt to eradicate difference between conqueror and conquered and introduced a new idea of governance, as the definition and management of difference. Mahmood Mamdani explores how lines were drawn between settler and as distinct political identities, and between natives according to tribe. Out of that colonial experience issued a modern language of pluralism and difference. A mid-nineteenth-century crisis of empire attracted the attention of British intellectuals and led to a reconception of the colonial mission, and to reforms in India, British Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies. The new politics, inspired by Sir Henry Maine, established that natives were bound by geography and custom, rather than history and law, and made this the basis of administrative practice. Maine's theories were later translated into native administration in the African colonies. Mamdani takes the case of Sudan to demonstrate how colonial law established tribal identity as the basis for determining access to land and political power, and follows this law's legacy to contemporary Darfur. He considers the intellectual and political dimensions of African movements toward decolonization by focusing on two key figures: the Nigerian historian Yusuf Bala Usman, who argued for an alternative to colonial historiography, and Tanzania's first president, Mwalimu Julius Nyerere, who realized that colonialism's political logic was legal and administrative, not military, and could be dismantled through nonviolent reforms.